Effects of ozone water irrigation and spraying on physiological characteristics and gene expression of tomato seedlings

Abstract

Tomato seedlings were used as experimental materials and treated with 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L ozone water irrigation and 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/L ozone water spray treatments. Indexes including the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), activities, soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) value, and nitrogen content of leaves were measured. Furthermore, the expression of antioxidant enzyme, chlorophyll synthesis and nitrogen absorption genes was analyzed after optimal ozone water treatment. The results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes in tomato leaves were significantly increased, and the MDA content in tomato leaves was significantly reduced by ozone water irrigation and spray treatment, which indicated that ozone water treatment can significantly improve the stress tolerance of tomato seedlings. Ozone water irrigation and spraying could also significantly increase the leaf SPAD value and nitrogen content of tomato seedlings, and the optimal concentrations of ozone water irrigation and spraying were 3.0 mg/L and 0.6 mg/L, respectively. The effect of ozone water irrigation on improving the physiological characteristics of tomato seedlings was better than that of spraying. After treatment with the optimal concentration of ozone water, the relative expression of antioxidant enzyme, chlorophyll synthesis, and nitrogen absorption genes was significantly increased, and the maximum expression level was reached at 12 h. In addition, ozone water irrigation could promote the expression of genes more than ozone water spraying, which was consistent with the improvements in the physiological characteristics of the tomato seedlings.

References

[1] Chen, B. An analysis on current status of tomato industry in Xinjiang. J. Xinjiang Fin. Econ. Inst. 3, 16-20 (2011).

[2] Lu, C. L., Pi, S. Q. & Liu, Y. F. Lycopene-nutritional supplement and colorant. China Food Add. 3, 55-57, 77 (2005).

[3] Wang, X., Gao, W., Xu, J., Wang, T. & Zou, Q. Main problems and countermeasures in the production of tomato plants in summer and autumn in Liaoning Province in 2017. J. Hortic. Seed 38, 32-35 (2018).

[4] Gong, J. L. Analysis on the cultivation of crops and the prevention and control of diseases and pests. South China Agric. 13, 1-2 (2019).

[5] Zhang, Z. On the harmfulness of pesticide and green plant protection technology. Mod. Agric. Res. 8, 32-33 (2018).

[6] Yang, W. L., Wu, J. & Gao, Z. X. Technical progress in industrial waste water treatment by advanced oxidation processes. J. Appl. Chem. Indus. 47, 1030-1032, 1037 (2018).

[7] Cheng, Y. et al. Effects of medical ozone on brain injury caused by hypoxia in juvenile zebrafish. Matern. Child Health Care China 30, 2376-2380 (2015).

[8] Liu, Q., Shen, Y. M., Zhang, Y., Xiao, H. F. & Song, Y. D. Effects of ozone treatment on preservation effect of Flammulian velutipes. Sci. Technol. Food Indus. 40, 280-284 (2019).

[9] Zhou, Y., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Li, Y. & Xing, Z. Effects of ozone on the degradation of chlorothalonil in soil. J. North. Fores. Univ. 40, 62-65 (2012).

[10] Zhang, Z., Liu, H., Zhai, H., Zhang, L. & Jiao, C. Effect of ozone treatment on germination of tomato and cucumber seeds. J. Northwest A F Univ. 47, 98-102, 111 (2019).

[11] Mazarura, U. Effect of sequences of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on plant dry matter and stomatal diffusive resistance in radish. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 20, 371-384 (2012).

[12] Schraudner, M., Moeder, W., Wiese, C., Camp, W. V. & Sandermann, H. J. Ozone-induced oxidative burst in the ozone biomonitor plant, tobacco Bel W3. Plant J. 16, 235-245 (2010).

[13] O’Connor, J. A., Parbery, D. G. & Strauss, W. The effects of phytotoxic gases on native Australian plant species: part 2. Acute injury due to ozone. Environ. Pollut. 9, 181-192 (1975).

[14] Heshmati, A. & Nazemi, F. Dichlorvos (DDVP) residue removal from tomato by washing with tap and ozone water, a commercial detergent solution and ultrasonic cleaner. Food Sci. Technol. 38, 441-446 (2018).

[15] Zhou, S. J. et al. Effect of ozone water on the control efficiency of bacterial wilt and yield of tomato (Pseudomonas solanacerum). Acta Agric. Zhejiangensis 19, 216-219 (2007).

[16] Ren, P. H. Control effect of ozone water on ginger root-knot nematodes and impact on yield and quality of ginger. J. Anhui Agric. Sci. 40, 15706-15707, 15754 (2012).

[17] Yan, S., Zhai, H. & Zhang, Z. The application of ozone in agriculture research progress. Agric. Technol. Equip. 1, 6-7 (2018).

[18] Mittler, R. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 7, 405-410 (2002).

[19] Yuan, M., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Xu, G. & Han, X. Progress in the research of superoxide dismutase. Chin. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 25, 550-558 (2016).

[20] Lin, Y. F., Li, W. & Dai, L. Y. Research progress of antioxidant enzymes functioning in plant drought resistant process. Crop Res. 29, 326-330 (2015).

[21] Nan, J. et al. Correlation between SPAD value and chlorophyll content in leaves of Hippophae gyantsensis. J. Plat. Agric. 3, 9-14 (2019).

[22] Tang, Y. et al. Regulation of tomato fruit quality by using GLKs transcription factors. Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occident. Sin. 39, 234-239 (2019).

[23] Singh, J. et al. The GLK1 ‘regulon’ encodes disease defense related proteins and confers resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Arabidopsis. Cereal Res. Commun. 36, 261-265 (2008).

[24] Gang, H. et al. Loss of GLK1 transcription factor function reveals new insights in chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development. J. Exp. Bot. 70, 3125-3138 (2019).

[25] Tang, Y. et al. Variation analysis and functions in heirloom fruits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) goldern2-like (GLK2) transcription factor. North. Hortic. 11, 24-32 (2019).

[26] Chen, X. et al. Molecular characterization and expression patterns of the DCL gene family during somatic embryogenesis in Dimocarpus longan Lour. Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occident. Sin. 37, 2120-2129 (2017).

[27] Fan, Q. Z. Effects of topdressing urea on nitrogen metabolism of leaf and fruit quality during fruit swelling of Jingmian persimmon. J. Shandong Agric. Univ. 40, 381-384 (2009).

[28] Levy-Booth, D. J. & Winder, R. S. Quantification of nitrogen reductase and nitrite reductase genes in soil of thinned and clear-cut Douglas-fir stands by using real-time PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 7116-7125 (2010).

[29] Li, S. M. & Shi, W. M. The growth effect of rice by RNAi silencing ammonium transporter OsAMT1. Jiangsu. J. Agric. Sci. 33, 1201-1206 (2017).

[30] Zhao, X. Q. et al. Isolation and expression analysis of a high-affinity nitrate transporter TaNRT2.3 from roots of wheat. Acta Bot. Sin. 46, 347-354 (2004).

[31] Didyk, N. & Blum, O. Study of ambient ozone phytotoxicity in Ukraine and ozone protective effect of some antioxidants. J. Hazard. Mater. 149, 598-602 (2007).

[32] Iglesias, D. J., Calatayud, Á., Barreno, E., Primo-Millo, E. & Talon, M. Responses of citrus plants to ozone: leaf biochemistry, antioxidant mechanisms and lipid peroxidation. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 44, 125-131 (2006).

[33] Burkey, K., Tisdale, R., Zobel, R., Ray, S. & Pursley, W. Interactive effects of elevated ozone and temperature on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) under field conditions. Agron. 10, 1803 (2020).

[34] Matlok, N., Piechowiak, T., Gorzelany, J., Zardzewiały, M. & Balawejder, M. Effect of ozone fumigation on physiological processes and bioactive compounds of red-veined sorrel (Rumex sanguineus ssp. sanguineus). Agron. 10, 1726 (2020).

[35] Szpunar-Krok, E. et al. Physiological and biochemical properties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in response to ozone-induced oxidative stress. Agron. 10, 1745 (2020).

[36] Ma, Y. T. et al. Effects of CPT on seed germination and seedling MDA content of alfalfa. J. Anhui Agric. Sci. 48, 1-5, 10 (2020).

[37] Stewart, R. C. & Bewley, J. D. Lipid peroxidation associated with accelerated aging of soybean axes. Plant Physiol. 65, 245-248 (1980).

[38] He, B., Ye, H. B. & Yang, X. E. Effects of Pb on chlorophyll contents and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaf for Pb-accumulating and non-accumulating ecotypes of Sedum. alfredii (Hance). J. Agro-Environ. Sci. 22, 274-278 (2003).

[39] Verma, S. & Mishra, S. N. Putrescine alleviation of growth in salt stressed Brassica juncea by inducing antioxidative defense system. J. Plant Physiol. 162, 669-677 (2005).

[40] Zhang, L., Lou, C., Li, Y. & Ma, N. Effects of reclaimed water irrigation on antioxidant enzyme gene expression in wheat. J. Shanxi Agric. Sci. 48, 649-653, 676 (2020).

[41] Livak, K. J. & Schmittgen, T. D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2^−ΔΔCT method . Methods 25, 402-408 (2001).

[42] Wang, X. A., Yang, H. B. & Qiu, N. W. Application of paired-sample design in plant physiology experiment. Plant Physiol. Commun. 46, 161-164 (2010).