From algorithm to dialogue: interpreting the 2026 BCLC-CUSE strategy for HCC care

References

[1] Lugari S,Baldelli E,Lonardo A. Metabolic primary liver cancer in adults: risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms Metab Target Organ Damage 2023 3 5

[2] Wu C,Targher G,Byrne CD.et al. Global, regional, and national burden of primary liver cancer attributable to metabolic risks: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2021 Am J Gastroenterol 2025 120 2280 90

[3] Weiskirchen R,Lonardo A. Obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: how molecular changes impact cellular functions BIOCELL 2026 50 1 10

[4] Llovet JM,Ricci S,Mazzaferro V.et al. ; SHARP Investigators Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma N Engl J Med 2008 359 378 90

[5] Kudo M,Finn RS,Qin S.et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial Lancet 2018 391 1163 73

[6] Finn RS,Qin S,Ikeda M.et al. ; IMbrave150 Investigators. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma N Engl J Med 2020 382 1894 905

[7] Abou-Alfa GK,Lau G,Kudo M.et al. Tremelimumab plus durvalumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma NEJM Evid 2022 1 EVIDoa2100070

[8] Llovet JM,Burroughs A,Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma Lancet 2003 362 1907 17

[9] Forner A,Reig M,Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma Lancet 2018 391 1301 14

[10] European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma J Hepatol 2025 82 315 74

[11] Reig M,Sanduzzi-Zamparelli M,Forner A.et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendations: the 2026 update J Hepatol 2026 84 631 54

[12] de Franchis R,Bosch J,Garcia-Tsao G,Reiberger T,Ripoll C. ; Baveno VII Faculty. Baveno VII - renewing consensus in portal hypertension J Hepatol 2022 76 959 74 PMC11090185

[13] National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer (2026 edition). J Clin Hepatol. 2026;42:794-827