Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in metabolic liver disease

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its evolutive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are nowadays the second/third cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and their prevalence and incidence are rapidly increasing in parallel to the burden of diabetes and obesity. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to NASH (HCC-NASH) has become the major cause of HCC and is now one of the major indications for liver transplant in Western countries, after that due to HCV infection. NASH occurs both in the presence and absence of liver cirrhosis. In this review, we describe the epidemiology of HCC related to metabolic liver disease: not only NASH-HCC but also type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity-related HCC. Some new practical guidelines for screening and surveillance of patients with metabolic diseases at risk for HCC are also discussed.

Keywords

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis / hepatocellular carcinoma / metabolic syndrome / obesity / type 2 diabetes mellitus

References

[1] Bellentani S.The epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease..Liver Int2017;37:81-4

[2] Bellentani S,Piscaglia F.Natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma..Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)2016;8:105-7 PMCID:PMC6490208

[3] Piscaglia F,Barchetti A,Marinelli S.Clinical patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicenter prospective study..Hepatology2016;63:827-38

[4] Loomba R.The 20% rule of NASH progression: the natural history of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis caused by NASH..Hepatology2019;70:1885-8

[5] Goh GB.Natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease..Dig Dis Sci2016;61:1226-33

[6] Estes C,Arias-Loste MT,Bellentani S.Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016-2030..J Hepatol2018;69:896-904

[7] Goossens N,Cerny A,Jornayvaz FR.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease burden - Switzerland 2018-2030..Swiss Med Wkly2019;149:w20152

[8] Fitzmaurice C,Barber RM,Bhutta ZA.Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study..JAMA Oncol2017;3:524-48 PMCID:PMC6103527

[9] Bellentani S,Masutti F,Miglioli L.Risk factors for alcoholic liver disease..Addict Biol2000;5:261-8

[10] Bedogni G,Masutti F,Marchesini G.Prevalence of and risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the Dionysos nutrition and liver study..Hepatology2005;42:44-52

[11] Brandi G,Candela M,Bellentani S.Microbiota, NASH, HCC and the potential role of probiotics..Carcinogenesis2017;38:231-40

[12] Grohmann M,Dodd GT,Ooi GJ.Obesity drives STAT-1-dependent NASH and STAT-3-dependent HCC..Cell2018;175:1289-306.e1220 PMCID:PMC6242467

[13] European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO)EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease..J Hepatol2016;64:1388-402

[14] Chalasani N,Lavine JE,Cusi K.The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases..Hepatology2018;67:328-57

[15] Younossi ZM,Abdelatif D,Henry L.Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes..Hepatology2016;64:73-84

[16] Lonardo A,Ballestri S,Win S.Sex differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: state of the art and identification of research gaps..Hepatology2019;70:1457-69 PMCID:PMC6766425

[17] Nakagawa H,Kawamura S,Fujiwara N.Lipid metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma..Cancers (Basel)2018;10:447 PMCID:PMC6265967

[18] Gomes AL,Buren S,Yilmaz M.Metabolic inflammation-associated IL-17A causes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma..Cancer Cell2016;30:161-75

[19] Yoshimoto S,Atarashi K,Sato S.Obesity-induced gut microbial metabolite promotes liver cancer through senescence secretome..Nature2013;499:97-101

[20] Loo TM,Watanabe Y,Kanda H.Gut microbiota promotes obesity-associated liver cancer through PGE2-mediated suppression of antitumor immunity..Cancer Discov2017;7:522-38

[21] Bugianesi E,Vanni E,Brunello F.Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma..Gastroenterology2002;123:134-40

[22] Yang JD,Mara KC,Allen AM.Diabetes is associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease..Hepatology2020;71:907-16

[23] Unalp-Arida A.PNPLA3 I148M and liver fat and fibrosis scores predict liver disease mortality in the United States population..Hepatology2020;71:820-34

[24] Loomba R,Patton H.AGA clinical practice update on screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: expert review..Gastroenterology2020;Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.053

[25] Younes R.Should we undertake surveillance for HCC in patients with NAFLD?.J Hepatol2018;68:326-34

[26] Patel YA,Glass LM,Turner MJ.Risk factors for biopsy-proven advanced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Veterans Health Administration..Aliment Pharmacol Ther2018;47:268-78 PMCID:PMC5861349

[27] Reig M,Man NK,Victor D.Should patients with NAFLD/NASH be surveyed for HCC?.Transplantation2019;103:39-44