With the continuous advancement of technology, Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology has demonstrated tremendous potential in various fields, including entertainment, healthcare, education, and human-computer interaction, thereby bringing revolutionary changes to human life. BCI is an emerging technology that enables direct communication and control of external devices by the human brain through the analysis of brain waves or neural signals. Despite the rapid development of BCI technology over the past decade, it still faces several bottleneck issues, such as the accurate acquisition and decoupling of signals, biocompatibility, and the cost of equipment. Considering the performance, size, and durability requirements of BCI, the development of new low-cost materials that offer excellent sensing capabilities, electrical performance, and biocompatibility is crucial for promoting the large-scale commercial application of BCI materials and facilitating the rapid advancement of BCI technology. This paper summarizes the development processes of new BCI materials, including hydrogel, graphene, and novel electrode coatings, and systematically introduces the progress in BCI technology brought about by these materials, along with their advanced applications in medical and entertainment fields. Furthermore, the development trends of new BCI devices and their positive impact on future human life are discussed in detail, providing systematic recommendations for the advancement of new BCI materials and BCI technology.

Light-stimulated synaptic transistors offer a promising platform for neuromorphic computing and artificial vision by emulating biological synaptic behaviors with optical control. In this study, we demonstrate a photonic synaptic transistor based on an organic semiconductor system, exhibiting tunable excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, and synaptic weight modulation under varying light intensities and pulse durations. The underlying mechanism is attributed to oxygen-induced charge trapping, as confirmed by electronic structure analysis and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Furthermore, the device is integrated into an artificial neural network for delay reservoir computing, achieving high recognition accuracy in Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology digit classification. These findings highlight the potential of light-driven neuromorphic hardware for energy-efficient, high-speed, and flexible artificial intelligence applications, paving the way for the development of next-generation optical neuromorphic processors.

Blue photons below 450 nm pose risks to visual health, while conventional lighting devices unavoidably emit in this region. Existing solutions often involve intricate emissive-layer designs or suffer from low efficiency. Here, we present blue-hazard-free single-emissive-layer white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) employing a newly developed multiple-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitter, BNCT, as an anti-quenching blue emitter and efficient energy donor. BNCT integrates a sky-blue MR-TADF core with a sterically hindered, electron-rich arylamine donor, effectively suppressing π–π stacking and aggregation-induced quenching while maintaining narrowband emission (486 nm, bandwidth = 26 nm) entirely above 450 nm. The finely tuned donor–acceptor interaction enables controlled charge-transfer characteristics and accelerates reverse intersystem crossing, ensuring efficient exciton utilization. When co-doped with yellow and red phosphorescent dopants in a single emissive layer, the resulting devices deliver balanced warm-white emission with CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.44)–(0.40, 0.43), correlated color temperatures of 6013–4734 K, and negligible blue-hazard photon ratios (<0.2%). Remarkably, the devices achieve high efficiencies up to 27.8% external quantum efficiency. This work establishes a robust molecular design paradigm for anti-quenching MR-TADF emitters and advances the development of high-efficiency, eye-safe WOLEDs for next-generation healthy lighting and display technologies.

Miniaturization and high integration of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have long served as a pivotal driving force behind the advancement of organic electronics. Bottom-contact (BC) OFET device architecture offers an ideal platform for enabling high-density integration of organic devices. However, its performance exhibits significant degradation under short-channel conditions, primarily due to metal-semiconductor contact issues. Herein, we report a conformal contact transfer (CCT) strategy designed to address the contact-related issues in the BC OFETs, thereby sustaining high device performance under short-channel conditions. By functionalizing electrode surfaces and leveraging the compressive effect of interfacial water permeation, this approach significantly enhances van der Waals forces between organic semiconductor and metal electrodes while effectively eliminating trapped interfacial bubbles. This process ultimately yields a wrinkle-free, bubble-free, and conformal contact interface. Construction of this high-quality contact markedly improves carrier injection efficiency, which is accompanied by a reduction in the Schottky barrier height and a 6.5-fold decrease in contact resistance relative to traditional direct-contact configurations. The resulting BC OFETs with short-channel lengths demonstrate a high mobility of 9.43 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹ with the largest channel-length-normalized mobility (μ/L) among previously reported devices based on identical material systems. This CCT strategy effectively addresses the performance degradation arising from interfacial contact constraints during OFET miniaturization, thus providing a novel pathway for advancing organic electronics toward higher integration density.

Silver nanowire (AgNW) top electrodes are pivotal candidates for solution-processed, semi-transparent organic solar cells (ST-OPVs). However, their light utilization efficiency (LUE) typically lags behind that of devices using evaporated metal electrodes, primarily due to the lack of effective optical modulation strategies compatible with solution processing. Guided by rigorous three-dimensional optical simulations, we developed a fully solution-processed optical coupling layer (OCL) strategy to bridge this gap. By integrating a spin-coated polymethyl methacrylate layer atop a sandwich-structured AgNW composite electrode, we constructed a high-low refractive index interface that redistributes the optical field. This architecture enhanced the average visible transmittance from 52.2% to 54.8% while simultaneously boosting the short-circuit current density (J_SC) from 18.1 to 19.6 mA cm⁻² by mitigating reflection losses and parasitic absorption in the near-infrared region. Consequently, the optimized device achieved a power conversion efficiency of 8.15% and an LUE of 4.47%. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the highest performance reported for all-solution-processed ST-OPVs. Furthermore, this method demonstrates excellent mechanical compatibility with flexible substrates, paving the way for the scalable fabrication of high-performance, fully solution-processed flexible photovoltaics.

Multi-stimulus responsive micro-actuators are crucial for intelligent micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) capable of adaptive operations in complex microenvironments. However, achieving reliable integration of multiple sensing and actuation mechanisms within a single microscale device remains highly challenging due to constraints in microscale fabrication, complex stimulus coupling, and the lack of scalable strategies for integrating autonomous sensing with remote actuation. In this work, a multi-material and dual-stimulus coupled actuation micro-gear (MDCAMG) fabricated via femtosecond-laser three-dimensional printing combined with post-processing magnetic nanoparticle absorption is proposed. The micro-gear is integrated with two functional modules: a pH-responsive hydrogel body and a magnetically driven surface layer. The hydrogel matrix enables autonomous swelling and shrinking under varying pH conditions, providing reversible size modulation and environmental sensing capabilities. The magnetic coating endows the structure with remotely controlled rotation behaviors, including speed regulation and directional switching. The two responding modules of the micro-gear are fabricated independently, and can collaborate with each other to achieve the angular locking as the swelling of the micro-gear in a slight alkaline environment (pH > 7) brings it into contact with a limiting structure located at a larger radius. This strategy is expected to be used to microfluidic chips, smart drug delivery and intelligent MEMS.

Hydrogels—soft, water-rich polymer networks—are rapidly evolving from traditional biomedical auxiliaries into core functional materials for flexible and biointegrated electronics. However, their practical deployment remains limited by low strength, inadequate toughness, cyclic fatigue, and instability under complex environmental conditions. This review systematically synthesizes mechanics-oriented design strategies and highlights three major reinforcement routes that have addressed these intrinsic limitations: double-network architectures, ordered structural motifs, and the regulation of reversible physical interactions. Through these approaches, hydrogels have achieved MPa-level strength, MJ·m⁻³-level toughness, and long-cycle fatigue resistance, enabling reliable operation in stretchable sensors, hydrogel electrolytes, soft actuators, and encapsulation systems. Furthermore, the emerging concept of “intelligent hydrogels” is introduced, wherein physics-informed constitutive modeling and data-driven design converge to establish quantitative structure–property–function relationships. Such developments are expected to yield hydrogel systems that combine high water content with enduring mechanical robustness, forming sustainable and biocompatible platforms for next-generation bioelectronics and soft robotics.

Organic room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have attracted significant attention in the field of flexible electronics due to their low cost, light weight, long emission lifetime, and large Stokes shift. Although conventional strategies such as crystal engineering and host-guest doping have proven effective for achieving RTP, these methods typically result in brittleness and fragility of organic materials, severely limiting their practical applications in flexible electronic devices. Therefore, it is imperative to develop organic RTP materials with high flexibility. This review focuses on the latest research progress in flexible organic RTP materials, covering two types of material systems: organic crystals and polymers. This review not only highlights the challenges in achieving mechanical flexibility of organic RTP materials, but also discusses strategies for developing high-performance flexible organic RTP materials, facilitate practical applications of anti-counterfeiting technologies, flexible displays, and bioimaging.

Wearable and flexible colorimetric biosensors are emerging as powerful platforms for real-time, non-invasive health monitoring and point-of-care or potential continuous diagnostics. These systems rely on visible color changes to signal the presence of target analytes, enabling intuitive, instrument-free readouts that can be interpreted visually. Advances in sensing materials, including noble metal nanoparticles, enzymes, enzyme mimics, organic dyes, and responsive polymers, have greatly expanded the range of detectable biomarkers. The developments in platform technologies such as paper-based microfluidics, polymer films and textiles can provide versatility, comfort, and seamless wearable devices into daily life to achieve personal health management. Despite this rapid progress, challenges remain as sensitivity and specificity improvement in complex biofluids, stable and scalable manufacturing. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art wearable colorimetric biosensors (WCBs), highlights recent innovations in materials and device engineering, and discusses future directions, particularly the integration of artificial intelligence-assisted data analysis for enhanced quantitative accuracy and microfluidic system design for precise fluid handling and multiplexed detection. Addressing these challenges and advancing intelligent system integration will be essential to translate WCBs into clinically reliable and socially impactful healthcare solutions.

The integration of chirality into organic semiconductors has long been pursued due to its potential to facilitate circularly polarized light emission, with significant implications for advanced displays, quantum information processing, and spintronics. However, the simultaneous attainment of a high dissymmetry factor and elevated efficiency in circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes presents a fundamental challenge. In the recent work, Chowdhury et al. introduce a paradigm-shifting approach through the supramolecular engineering of chiral electronic structures (Science, 2025, 387, 1175–1181). This was achieved through in situ chiral crystallization of triazatruxene derivatives, driven by thermally activated nanophase segregation in vacuum-deposited thin films. The resulting films deliver notable electroluminescence (EL), characterized by a high EL dissymmetry factor (g_EL ≈ 0.12) and an external quantum efficiency (EQE ≈ 16%). This research establishes a novel platform for chiral optoelectronics by generating band-level chirality through effective supramolecular organization.

The advancement of edge neuromorphic computing hinges on developing memory devices that combine high integration density with intelligent functionality. However, high-density crossbar arrays, a conventional architecture for such systems, are often plagued by inherent sneak-path currents. Furthermore, achieving multifunctional integration of analog and digital bipolar resistive switching (RS) within a single device remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a quasi-digital memristor (QDM) based on an Ag/AgI/PbI₂/ITO architecture, which integrates tri-functional attributes: diode-like rectification, digital switching, and analog synaptic modulation. High self-rectifying ratio and selectivity are achieved through the strategic design of a p-n junction at the AgI/PbI₂ Interface. The switching mechanism is governed by the field-driven migration of dopant ions (e.g., Ag⁺, iodine vacancies) within the functional layers. In the analog mode, a synaptic array constructed from QDMs demonstrates a recognition accuracy of 97.2% for 8 × 8-pixel letter images (A–Z) after only six training epochs. In the digital mode, the QDM exhibits a high ON/OFF ratio, robust data retention, and excellent cycling endurance. Notably, the device also features a record-low set voltage, enabling superior system-level energy efficiency. This work presents a novel and effective pathway toward precise, high-density information processing in neuromorphic computing systems.