Conductive polymers unlock electrochromic energy applications: An insightful review

Abstract

Electrochromism, defined as the reversible, voltage-induced modulation of optical properties arising from redox-driven electronic transitions, has emerged as a cornerstone of adaptive optoelectronic technologies. Although inorganic metal oxides and coordination complexes have long dominated this field, conducting polymers, including polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and polythiophene (PTh) derivatives, have proven to be versatile alternatives that effectively bridge molecular design with macroscopic functionality. This review provides a systematic overview of recent advances in conducting polymers for electrochromic applications, with an emphasis on the structure–property relationships spanning molecular design, material synthesis, and device integration. Relative to conventional inorganic materials, conducting polymers offer distinct advantages, including tunable bandgaps, multicolor electrochromism, mechanical flexibility, and solution processability, establishing them as a promising platform for next-generation electrochromic technologies. Beginning with molecular structure considerations, this review systematically examines the structural engineering strategies applied to classical conductive polymer (CP) systems (PANI, PPy, and PTh), along with their derivatives and composites. The applicability of various synthetic approaches, including chemical polymerization, electrochemical polymerization, template synthesis, and interfacial polymerization, is critically compared. In addition, the functional coupling mechanisms among the transparent conductive layer, ion storage layer, electrolyte layer, and electrochromic layer are discussed in depth. On this basis, the design principles and application scenarios of transmissive, reflective, and multifunctional integrated devices, including self-powered systems, electrochromic energy storage devices, and electrochromic sensors, are reviewed. To address current challenges related to synthetic controllability, environmental stability, and cycling durability, several promising strategies are proposed, including coordination chemistry modulation, n-type conducting polymers, quasi-solid-state/all-solid-state flexible device architectures, data-driven materials discovery, and circular design principles. Finally, it is highlighted that, driven by the “dual carbon” goals, conducting polymer-based electrochromic materials are progressively evolving toward multifunctional integration, sustainable manufacturing, and intelligent device applications.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

conductive polymers (CPs) / polyaniline (PANI) / polypyrrole (PPy) / polythiophene (PTh) / electrochromism

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