Intervention points for community- acquired methicillin– resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and load in healthy population of lesser Himalayan Belt, South Asia, India

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To trace the critical practicing, clinical and epidemiological risk factors in bacterial load and points of intervention in spread of community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in healthy community.

STUDY DESIGN: 2872 individuals with no prominent clinical features were enrolled and administered a pre-tested questionnaire prepared on the basis of outcome of a prior pilot study in same region. Swab samples from skin, throat and nasal nares were tested for MRSA and molecular identification was done to track the strains moving from hospital to community.

METHODS: Swab samples from skin, throat and nasal nares were tested for MRSA culture followed by molecular characterization of isolates and antimicrobial resistance pattern. Bacterial load was estimated to better understand the burden in different categories. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16.0 version.

RESULTS: History of prior infection (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.363 – 5.793), habit of self remedy (OR 3.2, 95% CI 0.991 – 1.473) and incomplete treatment (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08 – 0.80) (P<0.05 for each) were the predominant factors that contributed to spread of CA-MRSA. Increased drug resistance in CA-MRSA was observed for 4 different clones: SCCmec⁺ IVa/PVL⁺, SCCmec⁺ IVa/PVL⁻ and SCCmec⁺ IVc/PVL⁺, SCCmec⁺ IVc/PVL⁻. Bacterial load was found significantly high in below poverty line dwellers and drug abusers (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: We identified habit of self remedy, drug abusing and incomplete treatment as practicing risk factors where interventions can be made to manage the dissemination of CA-MRSA in rural population.

Keywords

community-acquired MRSA / risk factors / bacterial load / himalayan region / pantone-valentine leuckocidin

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Compliance with ethics guidelines

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The study was approved by Board of Studies of research i.e. HNB Garhwal Central University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India. The study was supported financially by University Grant Commission, New Delhi vide Grant No- F-65-3/2012 (CU); dated 07 August 2012.

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