Changes in growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Ocimum sanctum under growth regulator treatments

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulators on growth characteristics such as root length, shoot length, total leaf area, number of inflorescence per plant, number of flower per inflorescence, whole plant fresh weight and whole plant dry weight. Photosynthetic characteristics were also analyzed based on the same experiment. For this, various photosynthetic pigment contents such as chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin and xanthophyll content were calculated. The conventional growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) and non-conventional growth regulator triazole compound paclobutrazol (PBZ) were used. Root length increased due to growth regulator treatment, but shoot length decreased. Leaf area was decreased due to growth regulator treatment. The number of inflorescence increased in ABA treated plants, but it was decreased in PBZ treated plants. In ABA treated plants, the number of flowers per inflorescence was increased. In PBZ treated plants the number of inflorescence was reduced. The whole plant fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) were increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants. There was an increase in chlorophyll content in growth regulator treated plants compared to control, and it was more in PBZ treated plants. The carotenoid content was also increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants.

Keywords

abscisic acid (ABA) / growth characteristics / Ocimum Sanctum / paclobutrazol (PBZ) / photosynthetic characteristics

References

[1] Al-Khassawneh N M, Karam N S, Shibli R A (2006). Growth and flowering of black iris (iris nigricans; Dinsm) following treatment with plant growth regulates. Sci Hort, 107: 187-193

[2] Anglea R, Gandolfina F, Franco G, Chiara T (1997). Effects of a triazolic fungicide on maize plant metabolism, modifications of transcript abundance in resistance–related pathways, Plant Sci, 130: 51-62

[3] Arnon D I (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris L. Plant Physiol, 24: 1-15

[4] Beggs C J, Welmann E (1985). Analysis of light controlled anthocyanin synthesis in coleoptiles of Zea mays L. The role of UV-B blue red and far red light. Photochem Photobiol, 41: 401-406

[5] Berova M, Zlatev Z, Stoeva N (2000). Physiological response and yield of paclobutrazol treated tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum). Plant Growth Regul, 30: 117-123

[6] Berova M, Zlatev Z, Stoeva N (2002). Effect of PB on wheat seedlings under low temperature stress. Bulg J Plant Physiol, 28 (1-2): 75-84

[7] Bhargava K P, Singh N (1981). Anti-stress activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Ind J Med Res, 73: 443-451

[8] Davis T D (1987). Interior performance of three foliage plant species as influenced by paclobutrazol. Appl Agric Res, 2: 120-123

[9] Feng Z Z, Guo A H, Feng Z W (2003). Amelioration of chilling stress by Triademefon in cucumber seedlings. Plant Growth Regul, 30: 277-283

[10] Fletcher R A, Gilly A, Davis T D, Sankhla N (2000). Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Hort Rev, 24: 55-138

[11] Gopi R, Sridharan R, Somasundaram R, Alagulakshmanan G M, Panneerselvam R (2005). Growth photosynthetic characteristics induced by triazoles in Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume. Gen App Plant Physiol, 31(3-4): 171-180

[12] Ilan A, Dougall D K (1992). The effect of growth retardants on anthocyanin production in carrot cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell Reports, 11: 304-309

[13] Izumi K, Kamiya Y, Sakurai A, Oshio H, Takahashi N (1985). Studies of sites of action of a new plant growth retardant (E)-1-(4 chlorophenayl)-4, -4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1- penten-3-0 (S-3 307) and comparative effect of its sterio isomers in a cell free system from Cucurbita maxima. Plant Cell Physiol, 26: 821-827

[14] Jaleel C A, Gopi R, Alagulakshmanan G M, Panneerselvam R (2006). Triademefon induced changes in the antioxidant metabolism and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don. Plant Sci, 171: 271-276

[15] Jaleel C A, Gopi R, Manivannan P, Kishorekumar A, Sankar B, Panneerslevam R (2006). Paclobutrazol influences on vegetative growth and floral characteristics of Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don. Ind J Appl Pure Biol, 21: 369-372

[16] Jaleel C A, Gopi R, Manivannan P, Panneerselvam R (2007). Responses of antioxidant defense system of Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don. to paclobutrazol treatment under salinity. Acta Physiol Plant, 29: 205-209

[17] Jia H S, Lu C M (2003). Effects of abscisic acid on photo inhibition in Maze plants. Plant Sci, 165: 1403-1410

[18] Jiang Y, Joyce D C (2003). ABA effects on ethylene production, PAL activity, anthocyanin and phenolic contents strawberry fruit. Plant Growth Regul, 39: 171-174

[19] Kane R T, Smiley R W (1983). Plant growth regulating effects of systemic fungicides applied to Kentucky blue grass. Agron J, 75: 469-473

[20] Kirk J T, Allen R L (1965). Dependence of pigment synthesis on protein synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 21: 523-530

[21] Makoto M (2003). Gibberellin signaling: How do plant cell respond to GA signals. J Plant Growth Regul, 22: 123-125

[22] Malaviya B K, Gupta P L (1971). Growth promoting properties of an extract of Ocimum sanctum. Ind J Pharmacol, 33: 126-127

[23] Muthukumaraswamy M, Panneerselvam R (1997). Triazole induced protein metabolism in the salt stressed Raphanus sativus seedlings, J Ind Bot Soc, 76: 39-42

[24] Neogy M, Datta J K, Mukherji S, Roy A K (2001). Correlation of xylem sap cytokinin levels with monocarpic senescence in soybean. Plant Physiol, 93: 33-39

[25] Norcini N G, Knox G W (1989). Response of Ligustrum xibolium, Photiniaze frasedri and pyracantha koidzumi ‘wonder berry’ to EX 1019 and pruning. J Environ Hort, 7: 126-128

[26] Panneerselvam R, Muthukumaraswami M, Karikalan L (1997). Triadimefon enhances growth and net photosynthetic rate in NaCl stressed plants of Raphanus sativus L. Photosyn, 34: 605-609

[27] Sankhala N, Upadhyaya A, Davis T D, Sankhala D (1992). H2O2 scavenging enzymes and antioxidants in Echinochia frumentacea as affected by triazole growth regulators. Plant Growth Regul, 11: 441-442

[28] Satyavati G V, Gupta P L (1987). Ocimum Linn Medicinal plants of India. New Delhi: CMR, 354

[29] Sharp R E, Noble M E, Else M A, Throne E T, Gherardi F (2000). Endogenous ABA maintains shoot growth in tomato independently of effects on plant water balance evidence for an interaction with ethylene. J Exp Bot, 51: 1575-1584

[30] Singh N, Misra N, Srivastava A K, Dixith K S, Gupta G P (1970). Preliminary pharmacological investigation of Ocimum sanctum. Ind J Pharmacol, 23: 137-138

[31] Still J R, Pill W G (2004). Growth and stress of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum mill) in response to seed treatment with paclobutrazol. J Hort Sci Biotechnol, 79(2): 197-203

[32] Sunitha S, Perras M R, Falk D E, Zhang RY, Pharis P, Fletcher R A (2004). Relationship between gibberellins, height and stress tolerance on barley seedlings. Plant Growth Regul, 42: 125-135

[33] Sympsons P R R, Hoffman P J, Wolstenholmer B N (1990). Responses to paclobutrazol of potted ‘Hass’ Avocado trees. Acta Hort, 275: 193-198

[34] Tan Y, Liang Z S, Shao H B (2006). Effect of water deficits on the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes and osmoregulation among three different genotypes of Radix astragali at seedling stage. Coll Surf B: Biointerfaces, 49: 60-65

[35] Tekalign T, Hammes S, Robbertse J (2005). Paclobutrazole induced leaf stem and root anatomical modifications in potato. Hort Sci, 40(5): 1343-1346

[36] Trejo C L, Clephan A, Davies W J (1995). How do stomata read abscisic acid signal?Plant Physiol, 109: 803-811

[37] Umadevi P, Ganasoundari A (1999). Modulation of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes by Ocimum sanctum and its role in protection against radiation injury. Ind J Exp Biol, 37: 262-268

[38] Xu X, Van Lammern A A M, Vermeer E, Vreudgenhil D (1998). The role of gibberellin, abscisic acid and sucrose in the regulation of potato tuber formation in vitro. Plant Physiol, 117: 575-584

[39] Yin C Y, Duan B L, Wang X, Li C Y (2004). Morphological and physiological responses of two contrasting Poplar species to drought stress and exogenous abscisic acid application. Plant Sci,β167: 1091-1097

[40] Zhang X, Zhang L, Dong F, Gao J, Galbraith D W, Song C P (2001). Hydrogen peroxide is involved in abscisic acid induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba. Plant Physiol, 126: 1438-1448

[41] Zhu J K (2002). Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annu Reo Plants Biol, 53: 247-273

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg