Impacts of cloud radiative processes on the convective and stratiform rainfall associated with Typhoon Fitow (2013)

Abstract

The three-dimensional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to conduct sensitivity experiments during the landfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013) to examine the impacts of cloud radiative processes on thermal balance. The vertical profiles of heat budgets, vertical velocity, and stability were analyzed to examine the physical processes responsible for cloud radiative effects on surface rainfall for Typhoon Fitow (2013). The inclusion of clouds reduced radiative cooling in ice and liquid cloud layers by reducing outgoing radiation. The suppressed radiative cooling reduced from the ice cloud layers to liquid cloud layers. This was conducive to reducing instability. The decreased instability was associated with the reduced upward motions. The reduced upward motion led to a decreased vertical mass convergence. Consequently, heat divergence was weakened to warm the atmosphere. Together with suppressed radiative cooling, these effects jointly suppressed net condensation and rainfall. Furthermore, the reduced rainfall due to the cloud radiative effects were mainly associated with the reduced convective and stratiform rainfall. The reduced convective rainfall was associated with the reduced net condensation, while the reduced stratiform rainfall was related to the constraint of hydrometeor convergence.

Keywords

heat budget / radiative cooling / heat divergence / latent heat release / typhoon

References

[1] Braun S A,, Montgomery M T,, Mallen K J,, Reasor P D. ( 2010). Simulation and interpretation of the genesis of Tropical Storm Gert (2005) as part of the NASA tropical cloud systems and processes experiment. J Atmos Sci, 67( 4): 999– 1025

[2] Cecelski S F,, Zhang D. ( 2016). Genesis of Hurricane Julia (2010) within an African easterly wave: sensitivity to ice microphysics. J Appl Meteorol Climatol, 55( 1): 79– 92

[3] Chen L,, Li Y,, Cheng Z. ( 2010). An overview of research and forecasting on rainfall associated with landfalling tropical cyclones. Adv Atmos Sci, 27( 5): 967– 976

[4] Dudhia J. ( 1989). Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J Atmos Sci, 46( 20): 3077– 3107

[5] Dudhia J. ( 1996). A multi-layer soil temperature model for MM5. Sixth Annual PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model Users’ Workshop. Boulder: Colorado, 22– 24

[6] Feng Z,, Dong X,, Xi B,, Schumacher C,, Minnis P,, Khaiyer M. ( 2011). Top-of-atmosphere radiation budget of convective core/stratiform rain and anvil clouds from deep convective systems. J Geophys Res, 116( D23): D23202

[7] Fu Q,, Krueger S K,, Liou K N. ( 1995). Interactions of radiation and convection in simulated tropical cloud clusters. J Atmos Sci, 52( 9): 1310– 1328

[8] Gao S,, Cui X P,, Li X. ( 2009). A modeling study of diurnal rainfall variations during the 21-day period of TOGA COARE. Adv Atmos Sci, 26( 5): 895– 905

[9] Gao S,, Li X. ( 2010). Precipitation equations and their applications to the analysis of diurnal variation of tropical oceanic rainfall. J Geophys Res, 115( D8): D08204

[10] Gray W M,, Jacobson R W Jr. ( 1977). Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon Weather Rev, 105( 9): 1171– 1188

[11] Houze R A Jr. ( 1997). Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: a meteorological paradox?. Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 78( 10): 2179– 2196

[12] Li X, Gao S ( 2011). Precipitation Modeling and Quantitative Analysis. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media

[13] Li X,, Sui C H,, Lau K M,, Chou M D. ( 1999). Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime. J Atmos Sci, 56( 17): 3028– 3042

[14] Li X,, Zhai G,, Gao S,, Shen X. ( 2014). A new convective–stratiform rainfall separation scheme. Atmos Sci Lett, 15: 245– 251

[15] Lilly D K. ( 1988). Cirrus outflow dynamics. J Atmos Sci, 45( 10): 1594– 1605

[16] Lin Y,, Farley R D,, Orville H D. ( 1983). Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J Clim Appl Meteorol, 22( 6): 1065– 1092

[17] Mlawer E J,, Taubman S J,, Brown P D,, Iacono M J,, Clough S A. ( 1997). Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J Geophys Res, 102( D14): 16663– 16682

[18] Shen X,, Wang Y,, Li X. ( 2011a). Effects of vertical wind shear and cloud radiative processes on responses of rainfall to the large-scale forcing during pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China. Q J R Meteorol Soc, 137( 654): 236– 249

[19] Shen X,, Wang Y,, Li X. ( 2011b). Radiative effects of water clouds on rainfall responses to the large-scale forcing during pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China. Atmos Res, 99( 1): 120– 128

[20] Shen X,, Wang Y,, Zhang N,, Li X. ( 2010). Roles of large-scale forcing, thermodynamics, and cloud microphysics in tropical precipitation processes. Atmos Res, 97( 3): 371– 384

[21] Shu S,, Xu H,, and Zhang W. ( 2020). Convective-stratiform rainfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013): sensitivity to rainfall partitioning methods. J Geophys Res Atmos, 125: e2019JD031510

[22] Skamarock W C, Klemp J B, Dudhia J, Gill D O, Barker D M, Duda M G, Huang X, Wang W, Powers J G ( 2008). A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3, NCAR Tech, Note NCAR/TN-475+STR

[23] Steiner M, Houze R A Jr ( 1993). Three-dimensional validation at TRMM ground truth sites: some early results from Darwin, Australia. In: 26th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Norman, OK, Amer Meteor Soc, 417– 420

[24] Sui C H,, Lau K M,, Takayabu Y N,, Short D A. ( 1997). Diurnal variations in tropical oceanic cumulus convection during TOGA COARE. J Atmos Sci, 54( 5): 639– 655

[25] Sui C H,, Lau K M,, Tao W K,, Simpson J. ( 1994). The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: equilibrium climate. J Atmos Sci, 51( 5): 711– 728

[26] Sui C H,, Li X,, Lau K M. ( 1998). Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection. J Atmos Sci, 55( 13): 2345– 2357

[27] Sui C H,, Tsay C T,, Li X. ( 2007). Convective-strati_form rainfall separation by cloud content. J Geophys Res, 112( D14): D14213

[28] Tao W K,, Lang S,, Simpson J,, Sui C H,, Ferrier B,, Chou M D. ( 1996). Mechanisms of cloud-radiation interaction in the tropics and midlatitudes. J Atmos Sci, 53( 18): 2624– 2651

[29] Wang B,, Xu H,, Zhai G,, Li X. ( 2018). The rainfall responses of Typhoon Soudelor (2015) to radiative processes of cloud species. J Geophys Res Atmos, 123( 8): 4284– 4293

[30] Wang D,, Li X,, Tao W K. ( 2010a). Cloud radiative effects on responses of rainfall to large-scale forcing during a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006). Atmos Res, 98( 2–4): 512– 525

[31] Wang D,, Li X,, Tao W K. ( 2010b). Torrential rainfall responses to radiative and microphysical processes of ice clouds during a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006). Meteorol Atmos Phys, 109( 3–4): 107– 114

[32] Xu H,, Li X. ( 2017). Torrential rainfall processes associated with a landfall of typhoon Fitow (2013): a three-dimensional WRF modeling study. J Geophys Res, 122( 11): 6004– 6024

[33] Xu K,, Randall D A. ( 1995a). Impact of interactive radiative transfer on the macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles. Part I: radiation parameterization and sensitivity tests. J Atmos Sci, 52( 7): 785– 799

[34] Xu K,, Randall D A. ( 1995b). Impact of interactive radiative transfer on the macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles. Part II: mechanisms for cloud-radiation interactions. J Atmos Sci, 52( 7): 800– 817

[35] Yin J, Wang D, Zhai G, Wang H, Xu H, Liu C ( 2022). A modified double-moment bulk microphysics scheme toward the East Asia Monsoon region. Adv Atmos Sci

[36] Yu Z. ( 2014). Overview of Severe Typhoon Fitow and its Operational Forecasts. Trop Cyclone Res Rev, 3: 22– 34

[37] Zhu H,, Xu H,, Li X. ( 2018). Thermal and microphysical effects of ice clouds on torrential rainfall over northern China. J Geophys Res Atmos, 123( 21): 12228– 12235

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press