Monitoring the trophic state of shallow urban lakes using Landsat 8/OLI data: a case study of lakes in Hanoi (Vietnam)

Abstract

Lakes in the Hanoi urban areas are highly vulnerable to serious eutrophication and algae bloom due to anthropogenic pollution and climate change. This study aims at monitoring the trophic state of lakes in Hanoi by developing an empirical model for directly estimating the trophic state index (TSI) from Landsat 8 (L8) level 2 data, which has been atmospheric corrected by the Land Surface Reflectance Code (LaSRC) algorithm and provided freely by the US Geological Survey (USGS). Regression analysis of a 138-point data set of in situ TSI measured in 13 lakes in Hanoi on seven dates in the 2015–2020 time period with the simultaneously acquired L8 reflectance data set showed a significant correlation between TSI and L8 spectral ratio of the near-infrared band (band 5) versus the green band (band 3) by a logarithmic equation (the coefficient of determination, R^2 = 0.65). Validation results demonstrated that the model was appropriate for estimating TSI in highly trophic waters (the root-mean-square error, RMSE = 6.6). The model then was applied to six selected L8 images to observe an increasing trend in TSI of 25 lakes in the Hanoi urban area during the 2015–2020 time period. The L8-LaSRC performed better than the Landsat 8 Provisional Aquatic Reflectance Product in providing data for monitoring shallow urban lakes. Our proposed model can be applied to monitor the TSI of worldwide lakes with similar features as lakes in the Hanoi urban areas.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

TSI / urban lakes / eutrophication / LaSRC / L8PAR

Pham Quang Vinh is an associate professor at Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. He received his B.Sc. and Ph.D Degrees in Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing from Hanoi University of Mining and Geology (Vietnam) in 1983 and 2005, respectively. His current research interests include application of remote sensing for monitoring environmental changes and disaster impacts

Nguyen Thi Thu Ha is an associate professor at VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. She received her B.Sc and M.Sc Degrees in Geology from Vietnam National University, Hanoi (Vietnam) in 2000 and 2004, respectively and her Ph.D degree in Environmental and Life Science from Kumamoto University (Japan) in 2011. She is interested in monitoring water quality in coastal and inland waters using remote sensing date, and modeling vulnerability and resilience to geo-disasters

Nguyen Thien Phuong Thao is a junior researcher at the Sea and Island Research Center of VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. She received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. Degrees in Natural Resources and Environmental Management from VNU University of Science in 2016 and 2020, respectively. Her research interests include application of remote sensing for monitoring lake and river water quality and for mapping floods and drought disasters

Nguyen Thuy Linh is a junior lecturer at VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. She is currently pursuing the Ph.D Degree in Management of Resources and Environment at VNU University of Science (Vietnam). Her research focuses on assessing the impact of urbanization on water quality of lakes in Hanoi city (Vietnam)

La Thi Oanh received the B.Sc. Degree in Management of Resources and Environment from VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (Vietnam). She has received the Master Degree at Department of Geomatics, Cheng Kung University (China) this year (2021). She is interested in developing AI models for image processing and estimating water constituents from Landsat and Sentinel 2 data

Luong Thi Phuong is a junior researcher at The Alliance of Biodiversity International and CIAT, Hanoi, Vietnam. She received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. Degrees in Management of Resources and Environment at VNU University of Science (Vietnam). Her research interest includes analyzing, performing, and managing spatial data for environmental management

Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen received the M.Sc. Degree in Cartography, Remote Sensing and GIS at VNU University of Science (Vietnam) in 2010. She is a researcher at Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Her research interest includes Cartography and GIS modeling

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (No.VAST01.04/19-20). The authors thank the US Geological Survey and NASA for providing the LaSRC and other Landsat data. Many thanks for the kind support from Dr. Michael Parsons, Policy Adviser to the Minister of Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, in the language editing of the paper.

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