Drastic change in dynamics as Typhoon Lekima experiences an eyewall replacement cycle
Fen XU, X. San LIANG
Drastic change in dynamics as Typhoon Lekima experiences an eyewall replacement cycle
Why does the 1909 typhoon, Lekima, become so destructive after making landfall in China? Using a newly developed mathematical apparatus, the multiscale window transform (MWT), and the MWT-based localized mutliscale energetics analysis and theory of canonical transfer, this study is intended to give a partial answer from a dynamical point of view. The ECMWF reanalysis fields are first reconstructed onto the background window, the TC-scale window, and the convection-scale window. A localized energetics analysis is then performed, which reveals to us distinctly different scenarios before and after August 8–9, 2019, when an eyewall replacement cycle takes place. Before that, the energy supply in the upper layer is mainly via a strong upper layer-limited baroclinic instability; the available potential energy thus-gained is then converted into the TC-scale kinetic energy, with a portion to fuel Lekima’s upper part, another portion carried downward via pressure work flux to maintain the cyclone’s lower part. After the eyewall replacement cycle, a drastic change in dynamics occurs. First, the pressure work is greatly increased in magnitude. A positive baroclinic transfer almost spreads throughout the troposphere, and so does barotropic transfer; in other words, the whole air column is now both barotropically and baroclinically unstable. These newly occurred instabilities help compensate the increasing consumption of the TC-scale kinetic energy, and hence help counteract the dissipation of Lekima after making landfalls.
Typhoon Lekima / multiscale window transform / canonical transfer / multiscale energetics / barotropic/baroclinic instability
[1] |
Bister M, Emanuel K A (1997). The genesis of hurricane Guillermo: texmex analyses and a modeling study. Mon Weather Rev, 125(10): 2662–2682
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Charney J G, Eliassen A (1964). On the growth of the hurricane depression. J Atmos Sci, 21(1): 68–75
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Cheung K K W (2004). Large-scale environmental parameters associated with tropical cyclone formations in the western north Pacific. J Clim, 17(3): 466–484
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Emanuel K A (1986). An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: steady-state maintenance. J Atmos Sci, 43(6): 585–605
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Emanuel K A (1989). The finite-amplitude nature of tropical cyclonogenensis. J Atmos Sci, 46(22): 3431–3456
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Fei J F, Wu R S, Huang X G, Wang Y, Cheng X (2011). Development of an integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme and its associated numerical experiments. Acta Meteorol Sin, 25(4): 405–418
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Gray W M (1968). Global view of the origins of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon Weather Rev, 96(10): 669–700
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Hendricks E A, Montgomery M T, Davis C A (2004). The role of “vortical” hot towers in the formation of Tropical Cyclone Diana (1984). J Atmos Sci, 61(11): 1209–1232
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Li G, Ma J, Liang X (2020). A study of the multiscale dynamical processes underlying the blocking high that caused the January 2008 freezing rain and snow storm in southern China. Acta Meteorol Sin, 78(1): 18–32
|
[10] |
Liang X S, Anderson D G M (2007). Multiscale window transform. SIAM Journal on Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, 6(2): 437–467
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Liang X S, Robinson A (2007). Localized multiscale energy and vorticity analysis: II. finite-amplitude instability theory and validation. Dyn Atmos Oceans, 44: 51–76
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Liang X S (2016). Canonical transfer and multiscale energetics for primitive and quasi-geostrophic atmospheres. J Atmos Sci, 73(11): 4439–4468
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Liang X S, Robinson A R (2005). Localized multiscale energy and vorticity analysis: I. fundamentals. Dyn Atmos Oceans, 38(3–4): 195–230
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Liu L, Fei J F, Lin X P, Song X, Huang X, Cheng X (2011). Study of the air-sea interaction during Typhoon Kaemi (2006). Acta Meteorol Sin, 25(5): 625–638
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Luo Z(2005). Typhoon self-organization in a multi-scale coexpisting system. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2005(5): 672–682 (in Chinese)
|
[16] |
Luo Z X, Wang Y, Ma G L, Yu H, Wang X W, Sao L F, Li D H (2014). Possible causes of the variation in fractal dimension of the perimeter during the Tropical Cyclone Dan motion. Sci China Earth Sci, 57(6): 1383–1392
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Ma J, Liang X S (2017). Multiscale dynamical processes underlying the wintertime atlantic blockings. J Atmos Sci, 74(11): 3815–3831
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Maloney E D, Hartmann D L (2001). The Madden-Julian oscillation, barotropic dynamics, and North Pacific tropical cyclone formation. Part I: observations. J Atmos Sci, 58(17): 2545–2558
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Ma L M, Tan Z M (2009). Improving the behavior of the cumulus parameterization for tropical cyclone prediction: convection trigger. Atmos Res, 92(2): 190–211
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Ma Z. H, Fei J F, Liu L, Huang X G, Cheng X P (2013). Effects of the cold core eddy on tropical cyclone intensity and structure under idealized air-sea interaction conditions. Monthly Weather Review, 141(4):1285–1303
|
[21] |
McBride J L, Keenan T D (1982). Climatology of tropical cyclone genesis in the Australian region. Inter J Clim, 2(1): 13–33
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Molinari J, Vollaro D, Skubis S, Dickinson M (2010). Origins and mechanisms of eastern Pacific tropical cyclogenesis: a case study. Mon Weather Rev, 128: 2000
|
[23] |
Montgomery M T, Nicholls M E, Cram T A, Saunders A B (2006). A vertical hot tower route to tropical cyclogenesis. J Atmos Sci, 63(1): 355–386
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Montgomery M T, Sang N V, Smith R K, Persing J (2009). Do tropical cyclone intensity by WHISH? Q J R Meteorol Soc, 135(644): 1697–1714
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Montgomery M T, Farrell B F (1993). Tropical cyclone formation. J Atmos Sci, 50(2): 285–310
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Ooyama K V (1982). Conceptual evolution of the theory and modeling of the tropical cyclone. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan (Ser. II), 60(1): 369–380
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Papin P (2011). Using the Rossby radius of deformation as a forecasting tool for tropical cyclogenesis. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Undergraduate Research, Ithaca, NY, USA
|
[28] |
Riehl H (1954). Tropical Meteorology. New York: McGraw Hill Book
|
[29] |
Simpson J, Ritchie E, Holland G J, Halverson J, Stewart S (1997). Mesoscale interactions in tropical cyclone genesis. Mon Weather Rev, 125(10): 2643–2661
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Wu L, Duan J (2015). Extended simulation of tropical cyclone formation in the western North Pacific monsoon trough. J Atmos Sci, 72(12): 4469–4485
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Xu F, Liang X S (2017). On the generation and maintenance of the 2012/13 sudden stratospheric warming. J Atmos Sci, 74(10): 3209–3228
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Yu H (1999). A numerical study on the relationship between the asymmetric structure and moving velocity of typhoon in baroclinic atmosphere. Acta Meteorologica Sinica. 57(6), 694–704
|
[33] |
Yang Y, Liang X S (2016). The instabilities and multiscale energetics underlying the Mean–Interannual–Eddy interactions in the Kuroshio extension region. J Phys Oceanogr, 46(5): 1477–1494
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[34] |
Yang Y, Weisberg R H, Liu Y, San Liang X (2020). Instabilities and multiscale interactions underlying the loop current eddy shedding in the Gulf of Mexico. J Phys Oceanogr, 50(5): 1289–1317
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[35] |
Ying M, Zhang W, Yu H, Lu X, Feng J, Fan Y, Zhu Y, Chen D (2014). An overview of the China Meteorological Administration tropical cyclone database. J Atmos Ocean Technol, 31(2): 287–301
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[36] |
Yu H, Wu G (2001). Moist barolinity and abrupt intensity change of tropical cyclone. Acta Meteorol Sin, 59(4): 440–449 (in Chinese)
|
[37] |
Zhao Y B, Liang X S (2018). On the inverse relationship between the boreal wintertime Pacific jet strength and storm-track intensity. J Clim, 31(23): 9545–9564
|
[38] |
Zhao Y B, Liang XS (2019). Causes and underlying dynamic processes of the mid-winter suppression in the North Pacific storm track. Science China Earth Sciences, 62(5): 872–890
|
[39] |
Zhao Y B, Liang X S, Guan Z, Hodges K I (2018). The asymmetric eddy-background flow interaction in the north Pacific storm track. Q J R Meteorol Soc, 145(719): 575– 596
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[40] |
Zhang D L, Bao N (1996). Oceanic cyclogenesis as indued by a mesoscale convective system moving offshore. Part II: genesis and thermodynamic transformation. Mon Weather Rev, 124(10): 2206–2226
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[41] |
Zhang J A, Katsaros K B, Black P G, Lehner S, French J R, Drennan W M (2008). Effects of roll vortices on turbulent fluxes in the hurricane boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 128(2): 173–189
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[42] |
Zhang J A, Robert FRogers, Tallapragada V (2017). Impact of parameterized boundary layer structure on tropical cyclone rapid intensification forecasts in HWRF. Mon Weather Rev, 145(4): 1413–1426
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[43] |
Zong H J, Wu L G (2015). Re-examination of tropical cyclone formation in monsoon thoughs over the western North Pacific. Adv Atmos Sci, 32(7): 924–934
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |