Wanquan River is a small river located in Hainan, a tropical island in China. As the third largest river in Hainan, the river plume plays an important role in the regional terrigenous mass transport, coastal circulation, and the coral reef’s ecosystem. Studies have shown that wind forcings significantly influence river plume dynamics. In this study, wind effects on the dispersal of the river plume and freshwater transport were examined numerically using a calibrated, unstructured, finite volume numerical model (FVCOM). Both wind direction and magnitude were determined to influence plume dispersal. Northeasterly (downwelling-favorable) winds drove freshwater down-shelf while southeasterly (onshore) winds drove water up-shelf (in the sense of Kelvin wave propagation) , and were confined near the coast. Southwesterly (upwelling-favorable) and northwesterly (offshore) winds transport more freshwater offshore. The transport flux is decomposed into an advection, a vertical shear, and an oscillatory component. The advection flux dominates the freshwater transport in the coastal area and the vertical shear flux is dominant in the offshore area. For the upwelling-favorable wind, the freshwater transport becomes more controlled by the advection transport with an increase in wind stress, due to enhanced vertical mixing. The relative importance of wind forcing and buoyancy force was investigated. It was found that, when the Wedderburn number is larger than one, the plume was dominated by wind forcing, although the importance of wind varies in different parts of the plume. The water column stratification decreased as a whole under the prevailing southwesterly wind, with the exception of the up-shelf and offshore areas.
| [1] |
Avicola G, Huq P (2003). The role of outflow geometry in the formation of the recirculating bulge region in coastal buoyant outflows. J Mar Res, 61(4): 411–434
|
| [2] |
Bourrin F, Friend P L, Amos C L, Manca E, Ulses C, Palanques A, Durrieu de Madron X, Thompson C E L (2008). Sediment dispersal from a typical Mediterranean flood: the Têt River, Gulf of Lions. Cont Shelf Res, 28(15): 1895–1910
|
| [3] |
Chao S Y (1988a). River-forced estuarine plumes. J Phys Oceanogr, 18(1): 72–88
|
| [4] |
Chao S Y (1988b). Wind-driven motion of estuarine plumes. J Phys Oceanogr, 18(8): 1144–1166
|
| [5] |
Chao S Y (1990). Tidal modulation of estuarine plumes. J Phys Oceanogr, 20(7): 1115–1123
|
| [6] |
Chen C S, Liu H D, Beardsley R C (2003). An unstructured grid, finite-volume, three-dimensional, primitive equations ocean model: application to coastal ocean and estuaries. J Atmos Ocean Technol, 20(1): 159–186
|
| [7] |
Chen C S, Xue P F, Ding P X, Beardsley R C, Xu Q C, Mao X M, Gao G P, Qi J H, Li C Y, Lin H C, Cowles G, Shi M C (2008). Physical mechanisms for the offshore detachment of the Changjiang diluted water in the East China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113(C2): C02002
|
| [8] |
Chen S N, Sanford L P (2009). Axial wind effects on stratification and longitudinal salt transport in an idealized, partially mixed estuary. J Phys Oceanogr, 39(8): 1905–1920
|
| [9] |
Choi B J, Wilkin J L (2007). The effect of wind on the dispersal of the Hudson River plume. J Phys Oceanogr, 37(7): 1878–1897
|
| [10] |
Dzwonkowski B, Park K, Collini R (2015). The coupled estuarine-shelf response of a river-dominated system during the transition from low to high discharge. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 120(9): 6145–6163
|
| [11] |
Egbert G D, Erofeeva S Y (2002). Efficient inverse modeling of Barotropic Ocean Tides. J Atmos Ocean Technol, 19(2): 183–204
|
| [12] |
Fong D A, Geyer W R (2001). Response of a river plume during an upwelling favorable wind event. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 106(C1): 1067–1084
|
| [13] |
Fong D A, Geyer W R (2002). The alongshore transport of freshwater in a surface-trapped river plume. J Phys Oceanogr, 32(3): 957–972
|
| [14] |
Fong D A, Geyer W R, Signell R P (1997). The wind-forced response on a buoyant coastal current: observations of the western Gulf of Maine plume. J Mar Syst, 12(1–4): 69–81
|
| [15] |
García-Berdeal I, Hickey B, Kawase M (2002). Influence of wind stress and ambient flow on a high discharge river plume. J Geophys Res, 107(C9): 3130
|
| [16] |
Garvine R W (1995). A dynamical system for classifying buoyant coastal discharges. Cont Shelf Res, 15(13): 1585–1596
|
| [17] |
Garvine R W (1999). Penetration of buoyant coastal discharge onto the continental shelf: a numerical model experiment. J Phys Oceanogr, 29(8): 1892–1909
|
| [18] |
Gaston T F, Schlacher T A, Connolly R M (2006). Flood discharges of a small river into open coastal waters: plume traits and material fate. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci, 69(1–2): 4–9
|
| [19] |
Ge J Z, Ding P X, Chen C S (2015). Low-salinity plume detachment under non-uniform summer wind off the Changjiang Estuary. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci, 156: 61–70
|
| [20] |
Geyer W R (1997). Influence of wind on dynamics and flushing of shallow estuaries. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci, 44(6): 713–722
|
| [21] |
Geyer W R, Hill P, Milligan T, Traykovski P (2000). The structure of the Eel River plume during floods. Cont Shelf Res, 20(16): 2067–2093
|
| [22] |
Geyer W R, Hill P S, Kineke G C (2004). The transport, transformation and dispersal of sediment by buoyant coastal flows. Cont Shelf Res, 24(7–8): 927–949
|
| [23] |
Guo X Y, Valle-Levinson A (2007). Tidal effects on estuarine circulation and outflow plume in the Chesapeake Bay. Cont Shelf Res, 27(1): 20–42
|
| [24] |
Hetland R D (2005). Relating river plume structure to vertical mixing. J Phys Oceanogr, 35(9): 1667–1688
|
| [25] |
Horner-Devine A R, Fong D A, Monismith S G, Maxworthy T (2006). Laboratory experiments simulating a coastal river inflow. J Fluid Mech, 555: 203–232
|
| [26] |
Huq P (2009). The role of Kelvin number on Bulge formation from estuarine buoyant outflows. Estuaries Coasts, 32(4): 709–719
|
| [27] |
Isobe A (2005). Ballooning of river-plume bulge and its stabilization by tidal currents. J Phys Oceanogr, 35(12): 2337–2351
|
| [28] |
Johnson D, Weidemann A, Arnone R, Davis C (2001). Chesapeake Bay outflow plume and coastal upwelling events: physical and optical properties. J Geophys Res, 106(C6): 11613–11622
|
| [29] |
Jurisa J T, Chant R (2012). The coupled Hudson River estuarine-plume response to variable wind and river forcings. Ocean Dyn, 62(5): 771–784
|
| [30] |
Jurisa J T, Chant R J (2013). Impact of offshore winds on a buoyant river plume system. J Phys Oceanogr, 43(12): 2571–2587
|
| [31] |
Large W, Pond S (1981). Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. J Phys Oceanogr, 11(3): 324–336
|
| [32] |
Lentz S J, Largier J (2006). The influence of wind forcing on the Chesapeake Bay buoyant coastal current. J Phys Oceanogr, 36(7): 1305–1316
|
| [33] |
Li Y, Li M (2011). Effects of winds on stratification and circulation in a partially mixed estuary. J Geophys Res, 116(C12): 12012
|
| [34] |
Moffat C, Lentz S (2012). On the response of a buoyant plume to downwelling-favorable wind stress. J Phys Oceanogr, 42(7): 1083–1098
|
| [35] |
Nof D, Pichevin T (2001). The ballooning of outflows. J Phys Oceanogr, 31(10): 3045–3058
|
| [36] |
Ostrander C E, McManus M A, DeCarlo E H, Mackenzie F T (2008). Temporal and spatial variability of freshwater plumes in a semienclosed estuarine–bay system. Estuaries Coasts, 31(1): 192–203
|
| [37] |
Pan J Y, Gu Y Z, Wang D X (2014). Observations and numerical modeling of the Pearl River plume in summer season. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119(4): 2480–2500
|
| [38] |
Piñones A, Valle-Levinson A, Narváez D A, Vargas C A, Navarrete S A, Yuras G, Castilla J C (2005). Wind-induced diurnal variability in river plume motion. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci, 65(3): 513–525
|
| [39] |
Rabalais N N, Turner R E, Wiseman W J Jr (2002). Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, aka “The dead zone”. Annu Rev Ecol Syst, 33(1): 235–263
|
| [40] |
Ralston D K, Geyer W R, Lerczak J A (2010). Structure, variability, and salt flux in a strongly forced salt wedge estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 115(C6):160–164
|
| [41] |
Rennie S E, Largier J L, Lentz S J (1999). Observations of a pulsed buoyancy current downstream of Chesapeake Bay. J Geophys Res, 104(C8): 18227–18240
|
| [42] |
Saha S, Moorthi S, Wu X, Wang J, Nadiga S, Tripp P, Behringer D, Hou Y T, Chuang H y, Iredell M, Ek M, Meng J, Yang R, Mendez M P, van den Dool H, Zhang Q, Wang W, Chen M, Becker E (2014). The NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2. J Clim, 27(6): 2185–2208
|
| [43] |
Sanders T M, Garvine R W (2001). Fresh water delivery to the continental shelf and subsequent mixing: an observational study. J Geophys Res, 106(C11): 27087–27101
|
| [44] |
Shu Y Q, Chen J, Yao J L, Pan J Y, Wang W W, Mao H B, Wang D X (2014). Effects of the Pearl River plume on the vertical structure of coastal currents in the Northern South China Sea during summer 2008. Ocean Dyn, 64(12): 1743–1752
|
| [45] |
Shu Y Q, Wang D X, Zhu J A, Peng S Q (2011). The 4-D structure of upwelling and Pearl River plume in the northern South China Sea during summer 2008 revealed by a data assimilation model. Ocean Model, 36(3–4): 228–241
|
| [46] |
Simpson J (1997). Physical processes in the ROFI regime. J Mar Syst, 12(1): 3–15
|
| [47] |
Simpson J H, Crisp D J, Hearn C (1981). The shelf-sea fronts: implications of their existence and behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond A, 302(1472): 531–546 (and Discussion)
|
| [48] |
Tarya A, Hoitink A J F, Van der Vegt M (2010). Tidal and subtidal flow patterns on a tropical continental shelf semi-insulated by coral reefs. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 115(C9): C09029
|
| [49] |
Tarya A, van der Vegt M, Hoitink A J F (2015). Wind forcing controls on river plume spreading on a tropical continental shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 120(1): 16–35
|
| [50] |
Vic C, Berger H, Treguier A M, Couvelard X (2014). Dynamics of an equatorial river plume: theory and numerical experiments applied to the congo plume case. J Phys Oceanogr, 44(3): 980–994
|
| [51] |
Wang J H, Shen Y M, Guo Y K (2010). Seasonal circulation and influence factors of the Bohai Sea: a numerical study based on Lagrangian particle tracking method. Ocean Dyn, 60(6): 1581–1596
|
| [52] |
Warner J C, Geyer W R, Lerczak J A (2005). Numerical modeling of an estuary: a comprehensive skill assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 110(C5): C05001
|
| [53] |
Warrick J A, DiGiacomo P M, Weisberg S B, Nezlin N P, Mengel M, Jones B H, Ohlmann J C, Washburn L, Terrill E J, Farnsworth K L (2007). River plume patterns and dynamics within the Southern California Bight. Cont Shelf Res, 27(19): 2427–2448
|
| [54] |
Whitehead J A (1985). The deflection of a baroclinic jet by a wall in a rotating fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 157: 79–93
|
| [55] |
Whitney M M, Garvine R W (2005). Wind influence on a coastal buoyant outflow. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 110(C3): C03014
|
| [56] |
Whitney M M, Garvine R W (2006). Simulating the Delaware Bay buoyant outflow: comparison with observations. J Phys Oceanogr, 36(1): 3–21
|
| [57] |
Wu H, Zhu J R, Shen J, Wang H (2011). Tidal modulation on the Changjiang River plume in summer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 116: C08017
|
| [58] |
Xia M, Xie L, Pietrafesa L J, Whitney M M (2011). The ideal response of a Gulf of Mexico estuary plume to wind forcing: its connection with salt flux and a Lagrangian view. J Geophys Res, 116(C8): C08035
|
| [59] |
Yankovsky A E, Hickey B M, Munchow A K (2001). Impact of variable inflow on the dynamics of a coastal buoyant plume. J Geophys Res, 106(19): 809–819, 824
|
| [60] |
Yin K, Harrison P J, Pond S, Beamish R J (1995). Entrainment of nitrate in the Fraser River Estuary and its biological implications. II. Effects of spring vs. neap tides and river discharge. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci, 40(5): 529–544
|
| [61] |
Zhang H, Sheng J Y (2013). Estimation of extreme sea levels over the eastern continental shelf of North America. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118(11): 6253–6273
|
RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS
Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg