Embodied water analysis for Hebei Province, China by input-output modelling
Siyuan LIU, Mengyao HAN, Xudong WU, Xiaofang WU, Zhi LI, Xiaohua XIA, Xi JI
Embodied water analysis for Hebei Province, China by input-output modelling
With the accelerating coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, regional economic integration is recognized as a national strategy. As water scarcity places Hebei Province in a dilemma, it is of critical importance for Hebei Province to balance water resources as well as make full use of its unique advantages in the transition to sustainable development. To our knowledge, related embodied water accounting analysis has been conducted for Beijing and Tianjin, while similar works with the focus on Hebei are not found. In this paper, using the most complete and recent statistics available for Hebei Province, the embodied water use in Hebei Province is analyzed in detail. Based on input-output analysis, it presents a complete set of systems accounting framework for water resources. In addition, a database of embodied water intensity is proposed which is applicable to both intermediate inputs and final demand. The result suggests that the total amount of embodied water in final demand is 10.62 billion m3, of which the water embodied in urban household consumption accounts for more than half. As a net embodied water importer, the water embodied in the commodity trade in Hebei Province is 17.20 billion m3. The outcome of this work implies that it is particularly urgent to adjust industrial structure and trade policies for water conservation, to upgrade technology and to improve water utilization. As a result, to relieve water shortages in Hebei Province, it is of crucial importance to regulate the balance of water use within the province, thus balancing water distribution in the various industrial sectors.
input-output analysis / Hebei Province / embodied water / embodied water intensity
[1] |
Allan J A (1996). Policy responses to the closure of water resources. In: Howsam P, Carter R, eds. Water Policy: Allocation and Management in Practice. London: Chapman and Hall
|
[2] |
CCSY (2008). China City Statistical Yearbook (2007).Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House (in Chinese)
|
[3] |
Chapagain A K, Hoekstra A Y (2011). The blue, green and grey water footprint of rice from production and consumption perspectives. Ecol Econ, 70(4): 749–758
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Chen B, Chen G Q (2007a). Resource analysis of the Chinese society 1980‒2002 based on exergy—Part 4: fishery and rangeland. Energy Policy, 35(4): 2079–2086
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Chen G Q, Chen B (2007b). Resource analysis of the Chinese society 1980‒2002 based on energy—Part 5: resource structure and intensity. Energy Policy, 35(4): 2087–2095
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Chen G Q, Shao L, Chen Z M, Li Z, Zhang B, ChenH, Wu Z (2011). Low-carbon assessment for ecological wastewater treatment by a constructed wetland in Beijing. Ecol Eng, 37(4): 622–628
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Chen G Q, Chen Z M (2010). Carbon emissions and resources use by Chinese economy 2007: a 135-sector inventory and input–output embodiment. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul, 15(11): 3647–3732
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Chen G Q, Chen Z M (2011a). Greenhouse gas emissions and natural resources use by the world economy: Ecological input–output modeling. Ecol Modell, 222(14): 2362–2376
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Chen G Q, Guo S, Shao L, Li J S, Chen Z M (2013). Three-scale input-output modeling for urban economy: carbon emission by Beijing 2007. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul, 18(9): 2493–2506
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Chen G Q, Han M Y (2015a). Global supply chain of arable land use: production-based and consumption-based trade imbalance. Land Use Policy, 49: 118–130
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Chen G Q, Han M Y (2015b). Virtual land use change in China 2002–2010: internal transition and trade imbalance. Land Use Policy, 47: 55–65
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Chen G Q, Li J S (2015). Virtual water assessment for Macao, China: highlighting the role of external trade. J Clean Prod, 93: 308–317
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Chen Z M, Chen G Q (2011b). Embodied carbon dioxide emission at supra-national scale: a coalition analysis for G7, BRIC, and the rest of the world. Energy Policy, 39(5): 2899–2909
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Chen Z M, Chen G Q (2013). Virtual water accounting for the globalized world economy: national water footprint and international virtual water trade. Ecol Indic, 28(5): 142–149
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Chen Z M, Chen G Q, Xia X H, Xu S Y (2012). Global network of embodied water flow by systems input-output simulation. Front Earth Sci 6(3): 331–344
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Han M, Guo S, Chen H, Ji X, Li J (2014a). Local-scale systems input-output analysis of embodied water for the Beijing economy in 2007. Front Earth Sci 8(3): 414–426
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Han M Y, Chen G Q, Meng J, Wu X D, Alsaedi A, Ahmad B (2016). Virtual water accounting for a building construction engineering project with nine sub-projects: a case in E-town, Beijing. J Clean Prod, 112(Part 5): 4691–4700
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Han M Y, Chen G Q, Mustafa M T, Hayat T, Shao L, Li J S, Xia X H, Ji X (2015). Embodied water for urban economy: A three-scale input–output analysis for Beijing 2010. Ecol Modell, 318: 19–25
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Han M Y, Sui X, Huang Z L, Wu X D, Xia X H, Hayat T, Alsaedi A (2014b). Bibliometric indicators for sustainable hydropower development. Ecol Indic, 47: 231–238
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Hoekstra A Y (2003). Virtual water trade: proceedings of the international expert meeting on virtual water trade. Value of water research report series, No. 12. Delft: IHE
|
[21] |
HSY (2008). Hebei Statistical Yearbook 2007.Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House (in Chinese)
|
[22] |
Klaassen L H (1973). Economic and social projects with environmental repercussions: a shadow project approach. Reg Urban Econ, 3(1): 83–102
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Kumar M D, Singh O P (2005). Virtual water in global food and water policy making: is there a need for rethinking? Water Resour Manage, 19(6): 759–789
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Lambooy T (2011). Corporate social responsibility: sustainable water use. J Clean Prod, 19(8): 852–866
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Leontief W W (1936). Quantitative input and output relations in the economic systems of the United States. Rev Econ Stat, 18(3): 105–125
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Li X, Feng K, Siu Y L, Hubacek K (2012). Energy-water nexus of wind power in China: the balancing act between CO2 emissions and water consumption. Energy Policy, 45(11): 440–448
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Ma J, Hoekstra A Y, Wang H, Chapagain A K, Wang D (2006). Virtual versus real water transfers within China. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 361(1469): 835–842
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Mekonnen M M, Hoekstra A Y (2010). A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci, 14(7): 1259–1276
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Mekonnen M M, Hoekstra A Y (2011). The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci, 15(5): 1577–1600
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Mekonnen M M, Hoekstra A Y (2012). The blue water footprint of electricity from hydropower. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci, 16(1): 179–187
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Odum H T (1971). Environment, power and society.New York: Wiley-Interscience
|
[32] |
Odum H T (1996). Environmental accouting: emergy and environmental decision making.New York: Wiley-Interscience
|
[33] |
Odum H T, Brown M T, Brandt-Williams S (2000a). Handbook of emergy evaluation: a compendium of data for emergy computation issued in a series of folios; Folio #1 Introduction and global budget. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
|
[34] |
Odum H T, Brown M T, Brandt-Williams S (2000b). Handbook of emergy evaluation: a compendium of data for emergy computation issued in a series of folios; Folio #2 Emergy of Global Processes. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
|
[35] |
Odum H T, Odum B (2003). Concepts and methods of ecological engineering. Ecol Eng, 20(5): 339–361
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[36] |
Pang M, Zhang L, Ulgiati S, Wang C (2015). Ecological impacts of small hydropower in China: insights from an emergy analysis of a case plant. Energy Policy, 76: 112–122
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[37] |
Shao L, Chen G Q (2013). Water footprint assessment for wastewater treatment: method, indicator, and application. Environ Sci Technol, 47(14): 7787–7794
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[38] |
Shao L, Chen G Q, Hayat T, Alsaedi A (2014). Systems ecological accounting for wastewater treatment engineering: method, indicator and application. Ecol Indic, 47: 32–42
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[39] |
Shao L, Wu Z, Zeng L, Chen Z M, Zhou Y, Chen G Q (2013). Embodied energy assessment for ecological wastewater treatment by a constructed wetland. Ecol Modell, 252: 63–71
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[40] |
Stelling G S, Duinmeijer S P A (2003). A staggered conservative scheme for every Froude number in rapidly varied shallow water flows. Int J Numer Methods Fluids, 43(12): 1329–1354
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[41] |
Wang C, Zhang L, Chang Y, Pang M (2015a). Biomass direct-fired power generation system in China: an integrated energy, GHG emissions, and economic evaluation for Salix. Energy Policy, 84: 155–165
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[42] |
Wang P, Chen G Q (2015). Environmental dispersion in a tidal wetland with sorption by vegetation. Communications in Nonlinear Science & Numerical Simulation, 22(s 1–3): 348–366
|
[43] |
Wang P, Chen G Q (2016). Transverse concentration distribution in Taylor dispersion: Gill’s method of series expansion supported by concentration moments. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 95: 131–141
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[44] |
Wang P, Li Z, Wu X, An Y (2015b). Taylor dispersion in a packed pipe with wall reaction: based on the method of Gill’s series solution. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 91: 89–97
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[45] |
Wang Y, Li W, Wang Y, Fu J (2015c). Integrate actions for water resources protection in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. China Water Resources, (1): 1–37
|
[46] |
Wei W D, Wu X D, Wu X F, Xi Q M, Ji X, Li G P (2016). Regional study on investment for transmission infrastructure in China based on the State Grid data. Front Earth Sci.,
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[47] |
Wichelns D (2001). The role of ‘virtual water’ in efforts to achieve food security and other national goals, with an example from Egypt. Agric Water Manage, 49(2): 131–151
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[48] |
Winnie G L, Hoekstra A Y, Meer T HVan Der (2009). The water footprint of bioenergy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(25): 10219–10223
|
[49] |
Wu X D, Xia X H, Chen G Q, Wu X F, Chen B (2016a). Embodied energy analysis for coal-based power generation system-highlighting the role of indirect energy cost. Appl Energy, (In press)
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[50] |
Wu X D, Yang Q, Chen G Q, Hayat T, Alsaedi A (2016b). Progress and prospect of CCS in China: using learning curve to assess the cost-viability of a 2×600 MW retrofitted oxyfuel power plant as a case study. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 60: 1274–1285
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[51] |
Wu X F, Chen G Q, Wu X D, Yang Q, Alsaedi A, Hayat T, Ahmad B (2015). Renewability and sustainability of biogas system: cosmic exergy based assessment for a case in China. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 51: 1509–1524
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[52] |
Wu X F, Wu X D, Li J S, Xia X H, Mi T, Yang Q, Chen G Q, Chen B, Hayat T, Alsaedi A (2014). Ecological accounting for an integrated “pig–biogas–fish” system based on emergetic indicators. Ecol Indic, 47: 189–197
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[53] |
Xia X H, Hu Y, Chen G Q, Alsaedi A, Hayat T, Wu X D (2015). Vertical specialization, global trade and energy consumption for an urban economy: a value added export perspective for Beijing. Ecol Modell, 318: 49–58
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[54] |
Zhang B, Chen G Q (2010). Physical sustainability assessment for the China society: exergy-based systems account for resources use and environmental emissions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 14(6): 1527–1545
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[55] |
Zhang B, Chen Z M, Zeng L, Qiao H, Chen B (2015). Demand-driven water withdrawals by Chinese industry: a multi-regional input-output analysis. Front Earth Sci, 10(1): 1–16
|
[56] |
Zhang B, Li J S, Peng B H (2014a). Multi-regional input-output analysis for China’s regional CH4 emissions. Front Earth Sci, 8(1): 163–180
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[57] |
Zhang L, Hu Q, Zhang F (2014b). Input-output modeling for urban energy consumption in Beijing: dynamics and comparison. PLoS ONE, 9(3): e89850
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[58] |
Zhang L X, Wang C B, Bahaj A S (2014c). Carbon emissions by rural energy in China. Renew Energy, 66(3): 641–649
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[59] |
Zhang Z Y, Yang H, Shi M J, Zehnder A J B, Abbaspour K C (2011). Analyses of impacts of China’s international trade on its water resources and uses. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci, 15(9): 2871–2880
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[60] |
Zhou S Y, Chen H, Li S C (2010). Resources use and greenhouse gas emissions in urban economy: ecological input-output modeling for Beijing 2002. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul, 15(10): 3201–3231
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |