Energy partitioning and environmental influence factors in different vegetation types in the GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment

Abstract

Environmental influences upon energy balance in areas of different vegetation types (i.e., forest at Kog-Ma in Thailand and at Yakutsk in Russia, grassland at Amdo in Chinese Tibet and at Arvaikheer in Mongolia, and mixed farmland at Tak in Thailand) in the GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment were investigated. The sites we investigated are geographically and climatologically different; and consequently had quite large variations in temperature (T), water vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil moisture (SM), and precipitation (PPT). During May–October, the net radiation flux (R _n) (in W·m^–2) was 406.21 at Tak, 365.57 at Kog-Ma, 390.97 at Amdo, 316.65 at Arvaikheer, and 287.10 at Yakutsk. During the growing period, the R _n partitioned into latent heat flux (λE/R _n) was greater than that partitioned into sensible heat flux (H/R _n) at Tak and at Kog-Ma. In contrast, λE/R _n was lower than H/R _n at Arvaikheer, H/R _n was less than λE/R _n between DOY 149 and DOY 270 at Amdo, and between DOY 165 and DOY 235 at Yakutsk. The R _n partitioned into ground heat flux was generally less than 0.15. The short-wave albedo was 0.12, 0.18, and 0.20 at the forest, mixed land, and grass sites, respectively.

At an hourly scale, energy partitions had no correlation with environmental factors, based on average summer half-hourly values. At a seasonal scale energy partitions were linearly correlated (usually p<0.05) with T, VPD, and SM. The λE/R _n increased with increases in SM, T, and VPD at forest areas. At mixed farmlands, λE/R _n generally had positive correlations with SM, T, and VPD, but was restrained at extremely high values of VPD and T. At grasslands, λE/R _n was enhanced with increases of SM and T, but was decreased with VPD.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

energy balance / vegetation type / net radiation / latent heat flux / sensible heat flux / short-wave albedo / GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2010CB950902). We greatly appreciate the careful reviews by anonymous reviewers and editors.

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2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg