Recent advances in battery characterization using in situ XAFS, SAXS, XRD, and their combining techniques: From single scale to multiscale structure detection

Abstract

Revealing and clarifying the chemical reaction processes andmechanisms inside the batteries will bring a great help to the controllable preparation and performancemodulation of batteries. Advanced characterization techniques based on synchrotron radiation (SR) have accelerated the development of various batteries over the past decade. In situ SR techniques have been widely used in the study of electrochemical reactions and mechanisms due to their excellent characteristics. Herein, the three most wide and important synchrotron radiation techniques used in battery research were systematically reviewed, namely X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Special attention is paid to how these characterization techniques are used to understand the reactionmechanismof batteries and improve the practical characteristics of batteries. Moreover, the in situ combining techniques advance the acquisition of single scale structure information to the simultaneous characterization ofmultiscale structures,whichwill bring a newperspective to the research of batteries. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of SR techniques for battery research are featured based on their current development.

Keywords

batteries / combining technique / small-angle X-ray scattering / structure detection / X-ray absorption fine structure / X-ray diffraction

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2023 The Authors. Exploration published by Henan University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.