Beyond inorganic cathodes: organic and open-framework electrode materials for aqueous manganese-ion batteries

Abstract

Manganese-ion batteries (MIBs) have emerged as compelling candidates for grid-scale energy storage systems, offering superior safety, cost-effectiveness, and competitive electrochemical properties compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries. Despite their potential, the practical deployment of MIBs is significantly hindered by the severe structural degradation of traditional inorganic cathode materials. This degradation is primarily attributed to the strong electrostatic interactions between Mn²⁺ ions and the associated structural distortion. This review systematically elucidates the strategic design principles and electrode materials for manganese-based systems, positioning organic cathode materials as transformative alternatives to overcome these persistent limitations. Specifically, we evaluate the performance of various organic cathode materials, including conjugated carbonyl compounds and quinone derivatives, with an emphasis on materials that provide low-strain pathways through precise molecular-level engineering. Furthermore, we discuss the pivotal roles of conducting polymers and open-framework Prussian Blue analogs in ensuring stable power output and rapid ion diffusion. Particular focus is placed on high-entropy stabilization strategies, which serve as a key mechanism for enhancing long-term cycling stability. Additionally, this review covers graphite-based dual-ion systems that effectively transcend the operational voltage limitations of conventional MIBs. Finally, we identify critical technical bottlenecks, including active material dissolution, interfacial resistance, and the hydrogen evolution reaction at the Mn metal anode, while providing strategic insights for future research directions.

Keywords

Organic electrode materials / aqueous batteries / hybrid batteries / manganese batteries

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