Acidic oxygen evolution reaction via lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism: progress and challenges

Abstract

The lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) plays a critical role in the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as it provides a more efficient catalytic pathway compared to the conventional adsorption evolution mechanism (AEM). LOM effectively lowers the energy threshold of the reaction and accelerates the reaction rate by exciting the oxygen atoms in the catalyst lattice to directly participate in the OER process. In recent years, with the increase of in-depth understanding of LOM, researchers have developed a variety of iridium (Ir) and ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts, as well as non-precious metal oxide catalysts, and optimized their performance in acidic OER through different strategies. However, LOM still faces many challenges in practical applications, including the long-term stability of the catalysts, the precise modulation of the active sites, and the application efficiency in real electrolysis systems. Here, we review the application of LOM in acidic OER, analyze its difference with the traditional AEM mechanism and the new oxide pathway mechanism (OPM) mechanism, discuss the experimental and theoretical validation methods of the LOM pathway, and prospect the future development of LOM in electrocatalyst design and energy conversion, aiming to provide fresh perspectives and strategies for solving the current challenges.

Keywords

Oxygen evolution reaction / lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism / proton exchange membrane water electrolysis / electrocatalysts

References

[1] Long X,Li C.A superior zinc-air battery performance achieved by CoO/Fe₃O₄ heterostructured nanosheets.Chem Commun2024;60:5747-50

[2] Luo F,Liu X,Yang Z.Interfacial electronic modulation enables a robust methanol oxidation.Int J Hydrogen Energy2024;59:369-74

[3] Zhou Y.Worldwide carbon neutrality transition?.Energy Rev2023;2:100026

[4] Han M,Wei L,Zhao T.Multilevel carbon architecture of subnanoscopic silicon for fast-charging high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries.Carbon Energy2024;6:e377

[5] Pan S,Luo F.Ni-based electrocatalysts for urea-assisted water splitting.Chinese J Struct Chem2024;43:100373

[6] Xu X,Jiang SP.Modulating metal-organic frameworks for catalyzing acidic oxygen evolution for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis.SusMat2021;1:460-81

[7] Li Z,Jiang X.Surface carbon layer controllable Ni₃Fe particles confined in hierarchical N-doped carbon framework boosting oxygen evolution reaction.Adv Powder Mater2022;1:100020

[8] Ding S,Dai X.Mn-modulated Co-N-C oxygen electrocatalysts for robust and temperature-adaptative zinc-air batteries.Chinese J Struct Chem2024;43:100302

[9] Long X,Bao H.Tip and heterogeneous effects co-contribute to a boosted performance and stability in zinc air battery.J Colloid Interface Sci2024;662:676-85

[10] Xu B,Wang Y.Progresses on two-phase modeling of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer.Energy Rev2024;3:100073

[11] Deng Y,Chi B.Advanced atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts toward cathodic oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cells.Adv Energy Mater2021;11:2101222

[12] Yeo K,Lee K.Controlled doping of ultralow amounts Ru on Ni cathode for PEMWE: experimental and theoretical elucidation of enhanced performance.Appl Catal B2024;346:123738

[13] Amano F.Proton exchange membrane photoelectrochemical cell for water splitting under vapor feeding.Energy Mater2024;4:400006

[14] Li S,Zhai N.A half-wave rectifying triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered water splitting towards hydrogen production.Nano Energy2022;93:106870

[15] Chen X,Yu M.Spinel oxide nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers as a robust and self-standing bifunctional oxygen cathode for Zn-air batteries.J Mater Chem A2019;7:24868-76

[16] Zhang L,Liu H.Sodium-decorated amorphous/crystalline RuO₂ with rich oxygen vacancies: a robust pH-universal oxygen evolution electrocatalyst.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2021;60:18821-9

[17] Reier T,Teschner D,Strasser P.Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction in acidic environments - reaction mechanisms and catalysts.Adv Energy Mater2017;7:1601275

[18] Chen Y,Xiao X,Xu Q.Recent progress of electrocatalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reaction.Coord Chem Rev2024;508:215758

[19] Chen Z,Zhou J.Toward understanding the formation mechanism and OER catalytic mechanism of hydroxides by in situ and operando techniques.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2023;62:e202309293

[20] Wang Z,Xiao H.Potential-dependent transition of reaction mechanisms for oxygen evolution on layered double hydroxides.Nat Commun2023;14:4228 PMCID:PMC10349880

[21] Song H,Waterhouse GI.RuO₂-CeO₂ lattice matching strategy enables robust water oxidation electrocatalysis in acidic media via two distinct oxygen evolution mechanisms.ACS Catal2024;14:3298-307

[22] Wang N,Miao RK.Doping shortens the metal/metal distance and promotes OH coverage in non-noble acidic oxygen evolution reaction catalysts.J Am Chem Soc2023;145:7829-36

[23] Li L,Shao Q.Recent progress in advanced electrocatalyst design for acidic oxygen evolution reaction.Adv Mater2021;33:e2004243

[24] Xie Y.Morphological and coordination modulations in iridium electrocatalyst for robust and stable acidic OER catalysis.Chem Rec2023;23:e202300129

[25] Siwal SS,Zhang Q.Recent progress of precious-metal-free electrocatalysts for efficient water oxidation in acidic media.J Energy Chem2020;51:113-33

[26] Feng Z,Shi P.Seven mechanisms of oxygen evolution reaction proposed recently: a mini review.Chem Eng J2024;485:149992

[27] Zhang Q,Fu HC.Unraveling the mechanism of self-repair of NiFe-based electrocatalysts by dynamic exchange of iron during the oxygen evolution reaction.ACS Catal2023;13:14975-86

[28] Lazaridou A,Pattisson S.Recognizing the best catalyst for a reaction.Nat Rev Chem2023;7:287-95

[29] Sun L,Peng Y.Constructing oxygen vacancies by doping Mo into spinel Co₃O₄ to trigger a fast oxide path mechanism for acidic oxygen evolution reaction.J Mater Chem A2024;12:8796-804

[30] Wang D,Ding X.Neighboring cationic vacancy assisted adsorption optimization on single-atom sites for improved oxygen evolution.ACS Catal2022;12:12458-68

[31] Jiao Y,Tian C.Structure engineering and electronic modulation of transition metal interstitial compounds for electrocatalytic water splitting.Acc Mater Res2023;4:42-56

[32] Kaushik S,Xu Q.Design strategies of electrocatalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reaction.EnergyChem2023;5:100104

[33] Pham CV,Mayrhofer K,Thiele S.Essentials of high performance water electrolyzers - from catalyst layer materials to electrode engineering.Adv Energy Mater2021;11:2101998

[34] Huang Z,Du Y.Chemical and structural origin of lattice oxygen oxidation in Co-Zn oxyhydroxide oxygen evolution electrocatalysts.Nat Energy2019;4:329-38

[35] Wang Y,Liu X.Ce-doped IrO₂ electrocatalysts with enhanced performance for water oxidation in acidic media.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2020;12:37006-12

[36] Xie Y,Pan S.Electrochemical leaching of Ni dopants in IrRu alloy electrocatalyst boosts overall water splitting.Adv Funct Mater2024;34:2406351

[37] Grimaud A,Saubanère M.Activation of surface oxygen sites on an iridium-based model catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction.Nat Energy2017;2:16189

[38] Zhou D,Lin X.Layered double hydroxide-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction: identification and tailoring of active sites, and superaerophobic nanoarray electrode assembly.Chem Soc Rev2021;50:8790-817

[39] Zhou L,Guo S.Recent progress on precious metal single atom materials for water splitting catalysis.SusMat2021;1:194-210

[40] Rong C,Wang Y.Breaking the activity and stability bottlenecks of electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reactions in acids.Adv Mater2023;35:e2211884

[41] Yuan C,Huang S.Designing and regulating catalysts for enhanced oxygen evolution in acid electrolytes.Carbon Neutralization2023;2:467-93

[42] Lin C,Li X.In-situ reconstructed Ru atom array on α-MnO₂ with enhanced performance for acidic water oxidation.Nat Catal2021;4:1012-23

[43] Zhang N,Rao D.Lattice oxygen activation enabled by high-valence metal sites for enhanced water oxidation.Nat Commun2020;11:4066 PMCID:PMC7426847

[44] Du H,Jiang M,Jiang F.A review of activating lattice oxygen of metal oxides for catalytic reactions: reaction mechanisms, modulation strategies of activity and their practical applications.Appl Catal A2023;664:119348

[45] Huang ZF,Song J.Tuning of lattice oxygen reactivity and scaling relation to construct better oxygen evolution electrocatalyst.Nat Commun2021;12:3992 PMCID:PMC8238955

[46] Pan Y,Zhong Y.Direct evidence of boosted oxygen evolution over perovskite by enhanced lattice oxygen participation.Nat Commun2020;11:2002 PMCID:PMC7181763

[47] Chen H,Zhou M.Activating lattice oxygen in perovskite oxide by B-site cation doping for modulated stability and activity at elevated temperatures.Adv Sci2021;8:e2102713

[48] Grimaud A,Han B.Activating lattice oxygen redox reactions in metal oxides to catalyse oxygen evolution.Nat Chem2017;9:457-65

[49] Chen L,Li X.Surface adsorbed and lattice oxygen activated by the CeO₂/Co₃O₄ interface for enhancive catalytic soot combustion: experimental and theoretical investigations.J Colloid Interface Sci2023;638:109-22

[50] Zhang N.Lattice oxygen redox chemistry in solid-state electrocatalysts for water oxidation.Energy Environ Sci2021;14:4647-71

[51] Zhai P,Zhao Y.Regulating electronic states of nitride/hydroxide to accelerate kinetics for oxygen evolution at large current density.Nat Commun2023;14:1873 PMCID:PMC10073178

[52] Jing C,Chin YY.Balance between Fe^IV-Ni^IV synergy and lattice oxygen contribution for accelerating water oxidation.ACS Nano2024;18:14496-506.[DOI:10.1021/acsnano.4c01718

[53] Adamu H,Anyin PB,Yamani ZH.Tuning OER Electrocatalysts toward LOM pathway through the lens of multi-descriptor feature selection by artificial intelligence-based approach.ACS Mater Lett2023;5:299-320

[54] Zheng Z,Chen G.Microcrystallization and lattice contraction of NiFe LDHs for enhancing water electrocatalytic oxidation.Carbon Energy2022;4:901-13

[55] Yang S,Zhang W.The mechanism of water oxidation from Mn-based heterogeneous electrocatalysts.Chinese J Struct Chem2022;41:2204022-33

[56] Zhang G,Wang Y.Selective activation of lattice oxygen site through coordination engineering to boost the activity and stability of oxygen evolution reaction.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2024;63:e202407509

[57] Han J,Wang Y.Lattice oxygen activation through deep oxidation of Co₄N by jahn-teller-active dopants for improved electrocatalytic oxygen evolution.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2024;63:e202405839

[58] Zhang Y,Zhang X.Activating lattice oxygen based on energy band engineering in oxides for industrial water/saline oxidation.Energy Environ Sci2024;17:3347-57

[59] Li X,Wang X.Understanding the mechanism of the oxygen evolution reaction with consideration of Spin.Electrochem Energ Rev2021;4:136-45

[60] Dong J,Xu P.In situ raman spectroscopy reveals the structure evolution and lattice oxygen reaction pathway induced by the crystalline-amorphous heterojunction for water oxidation.Chem Sci2022;13:5639-49

[61] Ma Q.Acidic oxygen evolution reaction: mechanism, catalyst classification, and enhancement strategies.Interdiscip Mater2023;2:53-90

[62] Hu Y,Jin J.Understanding the sulphur-oxygen exchange process of metal sulphides prior to oxygen evolution reaction.Nat Commun2023;14:1949 PMCID:PMC10082196

[63] Dionigi F,Sinev I.In-situ structure and catalytic mechanism of NiFe and CoFe layered double hydroxides during oxygen evolution.Nat Commun2020;11:2522 PMCID:PMC7239861

[64] Cho KH,Seo H.Capturing manganese oxide intermediates in electrochemical water oxidation at neutral pH by in situ raman spectroscopy.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2021;60:4673-81

[65] Chen D,Yu K.Bicontinuous RuO₂ nanoreactors for acidic water oxidation.Nat Commun2024;15:3928 PMCID:PMC11082236

[66] Hao Y,Lei C,Yang X.Chemical oxygen species on electrocatalytic materials during oxygen evolution reaction.Mater Today Catal2023;2:100012

[67] Su H,Zhou W.In-situ spectroscopic observation of dynamic-coupling oxygen on atomically dispersed iridium electrocatalyst for acidic water oxidation.Nat Commun2021;12:6118 PMCID:PMC8531441

[68] Li N,Gao G.Operando direct observation of stable water-oxidation intermediates on Ca_2-xIrO₄ nanocrystals for efficient acidic oxygen evolution.Nano Lett2022;22:6988-96

[69] Pastor E,Xia L.Complementary probes for the electrochemical interface.Nat Rev Chem2024;8:159-78

[70] Zhu K,Yang W.Application of in situ techniques for the characterization of NiFe-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2019;58:1252-65

[71] Xin S,Jia B.Coupling adsorbed evolution and lattice oxygen mechanism in Fe-Co(OH)₂/Fe₂O ₃ heterostructure for enhanced electrochemical water oxidation.Adv Funct Materials2023;33:2305243

[72] Yao N,Zhu J.Atomically dispersed Ru oxide catalyst with lattice oxygen participation for efficient acidic water oxidation.Chem2023;9:1882-96

[73] Yang X,Li H,Tu W.Self-supported N-doped hierarchical Co₃O₄ electrocatalyst with abundant oxygen vacancies for acidic water oxidation.Chemical Engineering Journal2023;465:142745

[74] He Z,Gong Z.Activating lattice oxygen in NiFe-based (oxy)hydroxide for water electrolysis.Nat Commun2022;13:2191 PMCID:PMC9023528

[75] Nguyen HM,Huang W.Mechanisms for reactions of trimethylaluminum with molecular oxygen and water.Comput Theor Chem2014;1035:39-43

[76] Wang X,Huang P.Pivotal role of reversible NiO₆ geometric conversion in oxygen evolution.Nature2022;611:702-8

[77] Lim CYJ,Arce-Ramos JM.Surface charge as activity descriptors for electrochemical CO₂ reduction to multi-carbon products on organic-functionalised Cu.Nat Commun2023;14:335 PMCID:PMC9860078

[78] Kamar R,van Riessen GA,O'mullane AP.Probing the effect of metal to ligand charge transfer on the oxygen evolution reaction in Au incorporated Co(OH)₂ thin film electrocatalysts.J Mater Chem A2023;11:20816-23

[79] Chen F,Adler Z.Stability challenges of electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction: From mechanistic understanding to reactor design.Joule2021;5:1704-31

[80] Giordano L,Risch M.pH dependence of OER activity of oxides: current and future perspectives.Catal Today2016;262:2-10

[81] Pan Y,Wang K.Dual doping of B and Fe activated lattice oxygen participation for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction activity in alkaline freshwater and seawater.Adv Funct Mater2024;34:2402264

[82] Tan X,Chen D.Electrochemical etching switches electrocatalytic oxygen evolution pathway of IrO_x/Y₂O₃ from adsorbate evolution mechanism to lattice-oxygen-mediated mechanism.Small2023;19:e2303249

[83] Niu Z,Qiao Z.Robust Ru-VO₂ bifunctional catalysts for all-pH overall water splitting.Adv Mater2024;36:e2310690

[84] Han N,Li Y.Ultrathin nickel-iron layered double hydroxide nanosheets intercalated with molybdate anions for electrocatalytic water oxidation.J Mater Chem A2015;3:16348-53

[85] Seabold JA.Efficient and stable photo-oxidation of water by a bismuth vanadate photoanode coupled with an iron oxyhydroxide oxygen evolution catalyst.J Am Chem Soc2012;134:2186-92

[86] Ping X,Zheng L.Locking the lattice oxygen in RuO₂ to stabilize highly active Ru sites in acidic water oxidation.Nat Commun2024;15:2501 PMCID:PMC10954744

[87] Lagunov O,Chakarova K,Hadjiivanov K.Isotopic labelling in vibrational spectroscopy: a technique to decipher the structure of surface species.Top Catal2017;60:1486-95

[88] Roth JP.Oxygen isotope effects as probes of electron transfer mechanisms and structures of activated O₂.Acc Chem Res2009;42:399-408

[89] Kajihara K,Hosono H.¹⁸O-labeled interstitial oxygen molecules as probes to study reactions involving oxygen-related species in amorphous SiO₂.J Non-Cryst Solids2012;358:3524-30

[90] Wen X,Zhang S,Sargent SD.Continuous measurement of water vapor D/H and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O isotope ratios in the atmosphere.J Hydrol2008;349:489-500

[91] Kerstel ER,Reuss J.Simultaneous determination of the ²H/¹H, ¹⁷O/¹⁶O, and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O isotope abundance ratios in water by means of laser spectrometry.Anal Chem1999;71:5297-303

[92] Fan J,Han M.Amorphous Ni-Fe-Mo oxides coupled with crystalline metallic domains for enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution by promoted lattice-oxygen participation.Small2024;20:e2303927

[93] He W,Guo Y,Cui H.Grain-boundary-rich RuO₂ porous nanosheet for efficient and stable acidic water oxidation.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2024;63:e202405798

[94] Zhang L,Wen Y,Zhang B.Boosting neutral water oxidation through surface oxygen modulation.Adv Mater2020;32:e2002297

[95] Wang Y,Ding Y.Unraveling oxygen vacancy site mechanism of Rh-doped RuO₂ catalyst for long-lasting acidic water oxidation.Nat Commun2023;14:1412 PMCID:PMC10015077

[96] Zhu Y,Hu Z.Boosting oxygen evolution reaction by activation of lattice-oxygen sites in layered ruddlesden-popper oxide.EcoMat2020;2:e12021

[97] Liu Z,Kang H,Lee MH.Lattice oxygen-mediated Ni-O-O-M formation for efficient oxygen evolution reaction in MOF@LDH core-shell structures.Chem Eng J2023;454:140403

[98] Liu C,Ye Y.Oxygen evolution reaction over catalytic single-site Co in a well-defined brookite TiO₂ nanorod surface.Nat Catal2021;4:36-45

[99] Jo S,Lee KB.Bi/BiFe(oxy)hydroxide for sustainable lattice oxygen-boosted electrocatalysis at a practical high current density.Appl Catal B: Environ2022;317:121685

[100] Xu J,Lu T.IrO_x·nH₂O with lattice water-assisted oxygen exchange for high-performance proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers.Sci Adv2023;9:eadh1718

[101] Li Q,Zhang L.Optimizing oxygen transport in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis through tailored porosity configurations of porous transport layers.Appl Energy2024;370:123621

[102] Wu ZY,Li B.Non-iridium-based electrocatalyst for durable acidic oxygen evolution reaction in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis.Nat Mater2023;22:100-8

[103] Kong S,Long J.Acid-stable manganese oxides for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis.Nat Catal2024;7:252-61

[104] Zhang Z,Ma P.Distance effect of single atoms on stability of cobalt oxide catalysts for acidic oxygen evolution.Nat Commun2024;15:1767 PMCID:PMC10897172

[105] Liu J,Lin Z.Single-atom Co dispersed on polyoxometalate derivatives confined in bamboo-like carbon nanotubes enabling efficient dual-site lattice oxygen mediated oxygen evolution electrocatalysis for acidic water electrolyzers.Energy Environ Sci2024;17:3088-98

[106] Zhao H,Yin J.Stabilizing lattice oxygen through Mn doping in NiCo₂O_4-δ spinel electrocatalysts for efficient and durable acid oxygen evolution.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2024;63:e202402171

[107] Huo Y,Meng L.Solvothermal synthesis and applications of micro/nano carbons: a review.Chem Eng J2023;451:138572

[108] Jo S,Lee KB,Zhang L.Nonprecious high-entropy chalcogenide glasses-based electrocatalysts for efficient and stable acidic oxygen evolution reaction in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis.Adv Energy Mater2023;13:2301420

[109] Thao NTT,Nayak AK.Current trends of iridium-based catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction in acidic water electrolysis.Small Sci2024;4:2300109

[110] Li W,Ge X,Han GF.Recent advances in iridium-based electrocatalysts for acidic electrolyte oxidation.ChemSusChem2024;17:e202400295

[111] Li W,Liu J.The structural and chemical reactivity of lattice oxygens on β-PbO₂ EOP electrocatalysts.Chinese J Struct Chem2022;41:2212051-9

[112] Liu Y,Chen H.Iridium-containing water-oxidation catalysts in acidic electrolyte.Chinese J Catal2021;42:1054-77

[113] Hu J,Weng Z.A universal electrochemical activation enabling lattice oxygen activation in nickel-based catalyst for efficient water oxidation.Chem Eng J2022;430:132736

[114] Huang Y,Wachsman ED.Oxygen dissociation kinetics of concurrent heterogeneous reactions on metal oxides.ACS Catal2017;7:5766-72

[115] Joshi B.Recent advancement in the synthesis of Ir-based complexes.ACS Omega2023;8:43408-32 PMCID:PMC10666285

[116] Chen L.Ir-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.Catal Sci Technol2021;11:4673-89

[117] Xie Y,Li X,Chang C.Stable and high-performance Ir electrocatalyst with boosted utilization efficiency in acidic overall water splitting.Chem Eng J2021;424:130337

[118] Xie Y,Li X,Qu K.The template synthesis of ultrathin metallic Ir nanosheets as a robust electrocatalyst for acidic water splitting.Chem Commun2021;57:8620-3

[119] Kwon J,Choi S.Tailored electronic structure of Ir in high entropy alloy for highly active and durable bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting under an acidic environment.Adv Mater2023;35:e2300091

[120] Yang M,Wang C.Iridium single-atom catalyst coupled with lattice oxygen activated CoNiO₂ for accelerating the oxygen evolution reaction.J Mater Chem A2022;10:25692-700

[121] Wu J,Zhang J.Regulating Ir-O covalency to boost acidic oxygen evolution reaction.Small2024;20:e2308419

[122] Wang Y,Qin Q.Praseodymium iridium oxide as a competitive electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in acid media.Sci China Mater2021;64:2193-201

[123] Shi Z,Li J.Confined Ir single sites with triggered lattice oxygen redox: toward boosted and sustained water oxidation catalysis.Joule2021;5:2164-76

[124] Zhu W,Liao F.Stable and oxidative charged Ru enhance the acidic oxygen evolution reaction activity in two-dimensional ruthenium-iridium oxide.Nat Commun2023;14:5365 PMCID:PMC10477217

[125] Long X,Zhao Q.Ru-RuO₂ nano-heterostructures stabilized by the sacrificing oxidation strategy of Mn₃O₄ substrate for boosting acidic oxygen evolution reaction.Appl Catal B: Environ2024;343:123559

[126] Vijayakumar P,Pradeeswari K.In situ reconstructed layered double hydroxides via MOF engineering and Ru doping for decoupled acidic water oxidation enhancement.Energy Fuels2024;38:4504-15

[127] Jin H,An P.Dynamic rhenium dopant boosts ruthenium oxide for durable oxygen evolution.Nat Commun2023;14:354 PMCID:PMC9867741

[128] Zhou G,Hu B.Spin-related symmetry breaking induced by half-disordered hybridization in Bi_xEr_2-xRu₂O₇ pyrochlores for acidic oxygen evolution.Nat Commun2022;13:4106 PMCID:PMC9287408

[129] Wen Y,Huang R.Introducing brønsted acid sites to accelerate the bridging-oxygen-assisted deprotonation in acidic water oxidation.Nat Commun2022;13:4871 PMCID:PMC9388623

[130] Wang H,Cheng F.Advances in noble metal electrocatalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reaction: construction of under-coordinated active sites.Adv Sci2024;11:e2401652

[131] Chang J,Wu H.Oxygen radical coupling on short-range ordered Ru atom arrays enables exceptional activity and stability for acidic water oxidation.J Am Chem Soc2024;146:12958-68

[132] Wang K,Yang B.Highly active ruthenium sites stabilized by modulating electron-feeding for sustainable acidic oxygen-evolution electrocatalysis.Energy Environ Sci2022;15:2356-65

[133] Zhu W,Cheng K.Direct dioxygen radical coupling driven by octahedral ruthenium-oxygen-cobalt collaborative coordination for acidic oxygen evolution reaction.J Am Chem Soc2023;145:17995-8006

[134] He J,Gao H.Tuning hydrogen binding modes within RuO₂ lattice by proton and electron co-doping for active and stable acidic oxygen evolution.Chem Catal2022;2:578-94

[135] Li X,Xie Y,Luo F.Anion effect on oxygen reduction reaction activity of nitrogen doped carbon nanotube encapsulated cobalt nanoparticles.Appl Surf Sci2024;648:158975

[136] Luo F,Xie Y,Yu Y.Atomically dispersed Ni electrocatalyst for superior urea-assisted water splitting.J Energy Chem2024;90:1-6

[137] Cui X,Deng D,Bao X.Single layer graphene encapsulating non-precious metals as high-performance electrocatalysts for water oxidation.Energy Environ Sci2016;9:123-9

[138] Liu J,Shi K.N-doped hollow porous carbon spheres@Co Cu Fe alloy nanospheres as novel non-precious metal electrocatalysts for HER and OER.Inter J Hydrogen Energy2022;47:5947-60

[139] Tan B,Sun L.Ionic liquid-modulated synthesis of MnO₂ nanowires for promoting propane combustion: microstructure engineering and regulation mechanism.Colloids Surf A: Phy Eng Aspects2023;656:130431

[140] Selvadurai A.PB, Xiong T, Huang P, et al. Tailoring the cationic and anionic sites of LaFeO₃ -based perovskite generates multiple vacancies for efficient water oxidation.J Mater Chem A2021;9:16906-16

[141] Shi Y,Xiao YY.Electronic metal-support interaction modulates single-atom platinum catalysis for hydrogen evolution reaction.Nat Commun2021;12:3021

[142] Ham K,Kim Y,Kim Y.Participation of the unstable lattice oxygen of cation-exchanged δ-MnO₂ in the water oxidation reaction.J Mater Chem A2023;11:21686-93

[143] Shi Z,Jiang J.Enhanced acidic water oxidation by dynamic migration of oxygen species at the Ir/Nb₂O_5-x catalyst/support interfaces.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2022;61:e202212341

[144] Yao Y,Chen W.Engineering the electronic structure of single atom Ru sites via compressive strain boosts acidic water oxidation electrocatalysis.Nat Catal2019;2:304-13

[145] Cao L,Chen J.Dynamic oxygen adsorption on single-atomic Ruthenium catalyst with high performance for acidic oxygen evolution reaction.Nat Commun2019;10:4849 PMCID:PMC6813412