Small components play a big role - fillers in composite solid-state electrolytes for lithium metal batteries

Abstract

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs), the energy conversion and storage technologies that have been thoroughly investigated, are utilized in various areas. Most current commercial LMBs use liquid electrolytes, but their safety cannot be guaranteed. In contrast, all-solid-state LMBs with solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are regarded as next-generation energy storage systems owing to their enhanced safety. In the examination of SSEs, the benefits of composite SSEs (CSSEs) are particularly prominent. CSSEs relying on multiphase composites have better flexibility to tailor electrolyte performance based on demand and, thus, the design of components. Based on existing research presentations, we herein review the development of CSSEs. Firstly, the essential components of CSSEs are introduced, focusing on explaining the transport channel of Li ions within the polymer matrix and the impact of various fillers on this channel. The key performance parameters of CSSEs are described in detail. Subsequently, the fillers in CSSEs are meticulously classified; the critical roles played by different fillers in the polymer matrix are clarified, and the hotspots of current research are summarized. Furthermore, the prevalent structural design methodologies in CSSEs are examined, and the impact of various structures on battery performance is elucidated. Finally, the current problems of CSSEs and the future development prospects are summarized. This review is significant because it provides ideas for the design of CSSEs and contributes to the development of all-solid-state LMBs to realize their wide application.

Keywords

Composite solid-state electrolytes / lithium-ion transport channel / all-solid-state lithium metal batteries / structural design

References

[1] Deng Y,Raza W,Liu D.Review on current development of polybenzimidazole membrane for lithium battery.J Energy Chem2024;91:579-608

[2] Huang J,Zhang Z.High-performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries enabled by ionic covalent organic framework composites.Adv Energy Mater2024;14:2400762

[3] Ye M,Deng H.In-situ electrochemical passivation for constructing high-voltage PEO-based solid-state lithium battery.Chem Eng J2024;488:151108

[4] Zhang X,Duan J.A dicarbonate solvent electrolyte for high performance 5 V-Class lithium-based batteries.Nat Commun2024;15:536 PMCID:PMC10789778

[5] Li X,Luo J.Structural regulation of halide superionic conductors for all-solid-state lithium batteries.Nat Commun2024;15:53 PMCID:PMC10761688

[6] Cheng H,Chang L,Orenstein R.Garnet-type composite polymer electrolyte for room-temperature all-solid-state Li-S battery.ACS Appl Energy Mater2024;7:3071-81

[7] Wei Y,Chen Z.Polymeric electronic shielding layer enabling superior dendrite suppression for all-solid-state lithium batteries.Acs Nano2024;18:5965-80

[8] Mu Y,Wu B,Lin M.Dual vertically aligned electrode-inspired high-capacity lithium batteries.Adv Sci2022;9:2203321 PMCID:PMC9596838

[9] Dong S,Wang L.Challenges and prospects of all-solid-state electrodes for solid-state lithium batteries.Adv Funct Mater2023;33:2304371

[10] Zhang Y,Xue Z.Electrode protection and electrolyte optimization via surface modification strategy for high-performance lithium batteries.Adv Funct Mater2024;34:2311925

[11] Zhang T,Zhang W.Designing composite solid-state electrolytes for high performance lithium ion or lithium metal batteries.Chem Sci2020;11:8686-707

[12] Castillo J,Santiago A.Perspective of polymer-based solid-state Li-S batteries.Energy Mater2022;2:200003

[13] Yang B,Pan Y.Design strategy towards flame-retardant gel polymer electrolytes for safe lithium metal batteries.Energy Mater2024;4:400061

[14] Orenstein R,Dirican M.A comparatively low cost, easy-to-fabricate, and environmentally friendly PVDF/garnet composite solid electrolyte for use in lithium metal cells paired with lithium iron phosphate and silicon.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2024;16:33428-38

[15] Cheng H,Orenstein R.Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber-reinforced flexible single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte for high-performance, room-temperature all-solid-state Li-metal batteries.Adv Fiber Mater2022;4:532-46

[16] Zhang T,Zhang X.Fast lithium ionic conductivity in complex hydride-sulfide electrolytes by double anions substitution.Small Methods2021;5:2100609

[17] Xu L,Shuai H.Recent advances of composite electrolytes for solid-state Li batteries.J Energy Chem2022;67:524-48

[18] Liu S,Ba D.Filler-integrated composite polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries.Adv Mater2023;35:2110423

[19] Kim S,Park J,Kim M.Lithium-preserved sintering method for perovskite-based solid electrolyte thin films via flash light sintering for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.J Mater Chem A2023;11:21586-94

[20] Xue S,Fu Y.Revealing the role of active fillers in Li-ion conduction of composite solid electrolytes.Small2023;19:2305326

[21] Cui P,Wei W.Polyurethane/Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂ composite electrolyte with high ions transfer number and ions capture for all-solid-state lithium batteries.Energy Mater2023;3:300017

[22] Wang X,Zhu X.A dynamically stable sulfide electrolyte architecture for high-performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.Small2024;20:2306763

[23] Cai M,Xiu T,Badding ME.In situ constructed lithium-salt lithiophilic layer inducing bi-functional interphase for stable LLZO/Li interface.Energy Storage Mater2022;47:61-9

[24] Luo L,Gao H.Tuning the electron transport behavior at Li/LATP interface for enhanced cyclability of solid-state Li batteries.Nano Res2023;16:1634-41

[25] Gu T,Huang Y.Engineering ferroelectric interlayer between Li_1.3Al0_.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ and lithium metal for stable solid-state batteries operating at room temperature.Energy Environ Mater2023;6:e12531

[26] Wang L,Shi Q.In-situ constructed SnO₂ gradient buffer layer as a tight and robust interphase toward Li metal anodes in LATP solid-state batteries.J Energy Chem2023;80:89-98

[27] Li Z,Zhou X.Ionic conduction in polymer-based solid electrolytes.Adv Sci2023;10:2201718 PMCID:PMC10074084

[28] Zhang N,Zheng H,Liu H.Recent progress of multilayer polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries.Energy Mater2023;3:300009

[29] Zhou D,Tkacheva A,Wang G.Polymer electrolytes for lithium-based batteries: advances and prospects.Chem2019;5:2326-52

[30] Sun Y,Fu D.Flexible composite solid electrolyte with an active inorganic filler.ACS Sustain Chem Eng2021;9:2237-45

[31] Bresser D,Howell D.Perspectives of automotive battery R&D in China, Germany, Japan, and the USA.J Power Sources2018;382:176-68

[32] Li T,Hsieh CT,Yang PC.Lithium iron phosphate cathode supported solid lithium batteries with dual composite solid electrolytes enabling high energy density and stable cyclability.J Energy Storage2024;81:110444

[33] Park S,Han SA.Ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of the solid electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries.Energy Mater2023;3:300005

[34] Wang Y,Zhang D.Enabling stable interface by constructing asymmetric organic-inorganic bi-functional composite electrolyte of high-voltage lithium metal batteries.J Energy Storage2024;91:112099

[35] Wei L,Xi K.Ultralong cycling and interfacial regulation of bilayer heterogeneous composite solid-state electrolytes in lithium metal batteries.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2024;16:33578-89

[36] Liu Y,Zhou H.Rechargeable solid-state Li-air and Li-S batteries: materials, construction, and challenges.Adv Energy Mater2018;8:1701402

[37] Zhou J,Fu J.A 3D cross-linked metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived polymer electrolyte for dendrite-free solid-state lithium-ion batteries.Small2024;20:2309317

[38] Zhou S,Wang X.Low-cost and high-safety montmorillonite-based solid electrolyte for lithium metal batteries.Appl Clay Sci2024;251:107329

[39] Chang Z,Yang H.Sustainable lithium-metal battery achieved by a safe electrolyte based on recyclable and low-cost molecular sieve.Angew Chem Int Ed2021;60:15572-81

[40] Lin D,Liu Y.High ionic conductivity of composite solid polymer electrolyte via in situ synthesis of monodispersed SiO₂ nanospheres in poly(ethylene oxide).Nano Lett2016;16:459-65

[41] Liu W,Sun J,Cui Y.Improved lithium ionic conductivity in composite polymer electrolytes with oxide-ion conducting nanowires.ACS Nano2016;10:11407-13

[42] Chen L,Fan LZ,Zhang Q.Intercalated electrolyte with high transference number for dendrite-free solid-state lithium batteries.Adv Funct Mater2019;29:1901047

[43] Bae J,Zhang J.A 3D Nanostructured hydrogel-framework-derived high-performance composite polymer lithium-ion electrolyte.Angew Chem Int Ed2018;57:2096-100

[44] Zhu M,Zhong WH,Sui G.A Biobased Composite gel polymer electrolyte with functions of lithium dendrites suppressing and manganese ions trapping.Adv Energy Mater2018;8:1702561

[45] Xu H,Shi J.High-performance all-solid-state batteries enabled by salt bonding to perovskite in poly(ethylene oxide).P Natl Aca Sci USA2019;116:11815-21 PMCID:PMC6754604

[46] Bae J,Zhao F,Ding Y.Designing 3D nanostructured garnet frameworks for enhancing ionic conductivity and flexibility in composite polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries.Energy Storage Mater2018;15:46-52

[47] Zhou Q,Dong S,Cui G.Intermolecular chemistry in solid polymer electrolytes for high-energy-density lithium batteries.Adv Mater2019;31:1902029

[48] Shen Z,Sun S,Liu L.The critical role of inorganic nanofillers in solid polymer composite electrolyte for Li⁺ transportation.Carbon Energy2021;3:482-508

[49] Maitra A.Cation transport in polymer electrolytes: a microscopic approach.Phys Rev Lett2007;98:227802

[50] Zhou S,Dong Y.Composition and structure design of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based solid polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries.Adv Funct Mater2023;33:2214432

[51] Zhao Y,Zhou D.Opening and constructing stable lithium-ion channels within polymer electrolytes.Angew Chem Int Ed2024;63:202404728

[52] Zhang Q,Ding F.Recent advances in solid polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries.Nano Res2017;10:4139-74

[53] Lin Q,Skyllas-Kazacos M.Perspective on lewis acid-base interactions in emerging batteries.Adv Mater2024;36:2406151

[54] Rajendran S.Effect of ceramic oxide on PVC-PMMA hybrid polymer electrolytes.Ionics2000;6:288-93

[55] Ma C,Hou H.High ion-conducting solid-state composite electrolytes with carbon quantum dot nanofillers.Adv Sci2018;5:1700996 PMCID:PMC5980199

[56] Zhang J,Zhang M.Flexible and ion-conducting membrane electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries: dispersion of garnet nanoparticles in insulating polyethylene oxide.Nano Energy2016;28:447-54

[57] Zhang B,Yang L.Mechanisms and properties of ion-transport in inorganic solid electrolytes.Energy Storage Mater2018;10:139-59

[58] Park M,Chung M,Sastry AM.A review of conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries.J Power Sources2010;195:7904-29

[59] Islam MS,Fisher CAJ.Atomic-scale investigation of defects, dopants, and lithium transport in the LiFePO₄ olivine-type battery material.Chem Mater2005;17:5085-92

[60] Chroneos A,Tarancón A,Kilner JA.Oxygen diffusion in solid oxidefuel cell cathode and electrolyte materials: mechanistic insights from atomistic simulations.Energy Environ Sci2011;4:2774-89

[61] Li Z,Zhu JK.Ionic conduction in composite polymer electrolytes: case of PEO:Ga-LLZO composites.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2019;11:784-91

[62] Mohapatra SR,Choudhary RNP.Effect of nanoscopic confinement on improvement in ion conduction and stability properties of an intercalated polymer nanocomposite electrolyte for energy storage applications.J Power Sources2009;191:601-13

[63] Zheng J,Hu YY.Lithium ion pathway within Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂-polyethylene oxide composite electrolytes.Angew Chem Int Ed2016;55:12538-42

[64] Yi E,Kieffer J.Flame made nanoparticles permit processing of dense, flexible, Li⁺ conducting ceramic electrolyte thin films of cubic-Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (c-LLZO).J Mater Chem A2016;4:12947-54

[65] Zheng Y,Ou J.A review of composite solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries: fundamentals, key materials and advanced structures.Chem Soc Rev2020;49:8790-839

[66] Chen L,Li SP,Nan CW.PEO/garnet composite electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries: from “ceramic-in-polymer” to “polymer-in-ceramic”.Nano Energy2018;46:176-84

[67] Quartarone E.Electrolytes for solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries: recent advances and perspectives.Chem Soc Rev2011;40:2525-40

[68] Agrawal RC.Solid polymer electrolytes: materials designing and all-solid-state battery applications: an overview.J Phys D Appl Phys2008;41:223001

[69] Goodenough JB.Oxide-ion electrolytes.Annu Rev Mater Res2003;33:91-128

[70] Dirican M,Zhu P.Composite solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries.Mater Sci Eng R Rep2019;136:27-46

[71] Diederichsen KM,Mccloskey BD.Promising routes to a high Li⁺ transference number electrolyte for lithium ion batteries.Acs Energy Lett2017;2:2563-75

[72] Nag A,Singh A,Matsumi N.N-Boronated polybenzimidazole for composite electrolyte design of highly ion conducting pseudo solid-state ion gel electrolytes with a high Li-transference number.J Mater Chem A2019;7:4459-68

[73] Mindemark J,Bowden T.Beyond PEO-alternative host materials for Li⁺-conducting solid polymer electrolytes.Prog Polym Sci2018;81:114-43

[74] Jia M,Guo X.Insight into the key factors in high Li⁺ transference number composite electrolytes for solid lithium batteries.ChemSusChem2022;16:e202201801

[75] Wang GX,Wang JZ,Dou SX.Enhancement of ionic conductivity of PEO based polymer electrolyte by the addition of nanosize ceramic powders.J Nanosci Nanotechno2005;5:1135-40

[76] Shin JH,Ahn HJ.Electrochemical properties and interfacial stability of (PEO)₁₀LiCF₃SO₃-Ti_nO_2n-1 composite polymer electrolytes for lithium/sulfur battery.Mater Sci Eng2002;95:148-56

[77] Tamilselvi P,Asath Bahadur S.Investigation of nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries.Polym Sci Ser A2018;60:102-9

[78] Lu G,Shen C.Bifunctional MOF doped PEO composite electrolyte for long-life cycle solid lithium ion battery.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2022;14:45476-83

[79] Ren D,Wang Q,Ding L.Aluminum-lithium alloy fillers enhancing the room temperature performances of polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries.ACS Omega2024;9:35920-8 PMCID:PMC11339980

[80] Masoud EM,Bayoumy WA.Effect of LiAlO₂ nanoparticle filler concentration on the electrical properties of PEO-LiClO₄ composite.Mater Res Bull2013;48:1148-54

[81] Aravindan V.Effects of TiO₂ and ZrO₂ nanofillers in LiBOB based PVDF/PVC composite polymer electrolytes (CPE).J Phys D Appl Phys2007;40:6754

[82] Zhang Y,Feng W.Effects of the shapes of BaTiO₃ nanofillers on PEO-based electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.Ionics2018;25:1471-80

[83] Xi J,Zhu W.Enhanced electrochemical properties of poly(ethylene oxide)-based composite polymer electrolyte with ordered mesoporous materials for lithium polymer battery.Micropor Mesopor Mater2006;88:1-7

[84] Zhang Y,Gosselink D.Synthesis of poly(ethylene-oxide)/nanoclay solid polymer electrolyte for all solid-state lithium/sulfur battery.Ionics2014;21:381-5

[85] Ma Y,Gao GX,You Y.Effect of montmorillonite on the ionic conductivity and electrochemical properties of a composite solid polymer electrolyte based on polyvinylidenedifluoride/polyvinyl alcohol matrix for lithium ion batteries.Electrochim Acta2015;187:535-42

[86] Milian Pila CR,Mohallem NDS.Effect of the LLTO nanoparticles on the conducting properties of PEO-based solid electrolyte.Solid State Sci2019;88:41-7

[87] Zhou D,Sun F.Performance and behavior of LLZO-based composite polymer electrolyte for lithium metal electrode with high capacity utilization.Nano Energy2020;77:105196

[88] Yu X,Goodenough JB.Rationally designed PEGDA-LLZTO composite electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2021;13:30703-11

[89] Li X,Wang H,Gong Z.Poly(ethylene oxide)-Li₁₀SnP₂S₁₂ composite polymer electrolyte enables high-performance all-solid-state lithium sulfur battery.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2019;11:22745-53

[90] Li D,Wang T.3D fiber-network-reinforced bicontinuous composite solid electrolyte for dendrite-free lithium metal batteries.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2018;10:7069-78

[91] Xu A,Yao M.Electrochemical properties of an Sn-doped LATP ceramic electrolyte and its derived sandwich-structured composite solid electrolyte.Nanomaterials2022;12:2082 PMCID:PMC9228486

[92] Zhu L,Yao S,Tu F.High-performance solid PEO/PPC/LLTO-nanowires polymer composite electrolyte for solid-state lithium battery.Int J Energy Res2019;43:4854-66

[93] Xu H,Qian J.Safe solid-state PEO/TPU/LLZO nano network polymer composite gel electrolyte for solid state lithium batteries.Colloid Surface A2022;653:130040

[94] Zhai H,Ning M,Mandal J.A flexible solid composite electrolyte with vertically aligned and connected ion-conducting nanoparticles for lithium batteries.Nano Lett2017;17:3182-7

[95] Fu KK,Dai J.Flexible, solid-state, ion-conducting membrane with 3D garnet nanofiber networks for lithium batteries.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2016;113:7094-9

[96] Chen R,Yu X,Li H.Approaching practically accessible solid-state batteries: stability issues related to solid electrolytes and interfaces.Chem Rev2020;120:6820-77

[97] Li Z,Zhang XY.In situ thermally polymerized solid composite electrolytes with a broad electrochemical window for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.J Mater Chem A2020;8:3892-900

[98] Zhu Y,Mo Y.First principles study on electrochemical and chemical stability of solid electrolyte-electrode interfaces in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries.J Mater Chem A2016;4:3253-66

[99] Li B,Yu R.Recent progress on metal-organic framework/polymer composite electrolytes for solid-state lithium metal batteries: ion transport regulation and interface engineering.Energy Environ Sci2024;17:1854-84

[100] Zhao W,He P.Solid-state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries: fundamentals, challenges and perspectives.Electrochem Energy Rev2019;2:574-605

[101] Chu Y,Guo F.Advanced characterizations of solid electrolyte interphases in lithium-ion batteries.Electrochem Energy Rev2020;3:187-219

[102] Zhang Q,Shao C.Suppression of lithium dendrites in all-solid-state lithium batteries by using a Janus-structured composite solid electrolyte.Chem Eng J2022;443:136479

[103] Dong D,Sun Y.Polymer electrolyte glue: a universal interfacial modification strategy for all-solid-state Li batteries.Nano Lett2019;19:2343-9

[104] Su H,Zhong Y.A scalable Li-Al-Cl stratified structure for stable all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.Nat Commun2024;15:4202 PMCID:PMC11101657

[105] Jia L,Zhang X,Du Y.Li-solid electrolyte interfaces/interphases in all-solid-state Li batteries.Electrochem Energy Rev2024;7:12

[106] Zhang J,Wang X.Construction of stable Li₂O-rich solid electrolyte interphase for practical PEO-based Li-metal batteries.Adv Energy Mater2023;14:2302587

[107] Famprikis T,Dawson JA,Masquelier C.Fundamentals of inorganic solid-state electrolytes for batteries.Nat Mater2019;18:1278-91

[108] Yu S,Garcia-Mendez R.Elastic properties of the solid electrolyte Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO).Chem Mater2016;28:197-206

[109] Du A,Liu S.Breaking the trade-off between ionic conductivity and mechanical strength in solid polymer electrolytes for high-performance solid lithium batteries.Adv Energy Mater2024;14:2400808

[110] Weston JE.Effects of inert fillers on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of lithium salt-poly(ethylene oxide) polymer electrolytes.Solid State Ion1982;7:75-9

[111] Chen G,Li L,Jiang X.Microstructure control and properties of β"-Al₂O₃ solid electrolyte.J Alloy Compd2016;673:295-301

[112] Zhao R,Liang Z.Metal-organic frameworks for solid-state electrolytes.Energy Environ Sci2020;13:2386-403

[113] Peta G,Alon-yehezkel H.Toward high performance all solid-state Na batteries: investigation of electrolytes comprising NaPF₆, Poly(ethylene oxide) and TiO₂.J Electrochem Soc2021;168:110553

[114] Pan J,Yao H,Fan HJ.Inert filler selection strategies in Li-ion gel polymer electrolytes.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2024;16:48706-12

[115] Wang XL,Li M,Nan CW.Polymer composite electrolytes containing ionically active mesoporous SiO₂ particles.J Appl Phys2007;102:054907

[116] Wang C,Zhang W.Hydrogen bonding enhanced SiO₂/PEO composite electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries.J Mater Chem A2022;10:3400-8

[117] Tang S,Xu L.A novel cross-linked nanocomposite solid-state electrolyte with super flexibility and performance for lithium metal battery.Nano Energy2020;71:104600

[118] Zhang Z,Geng S,Hu Z.Agglomeration-free composite solid electrolyte and enhanced cathode-electrolyte interphase kinetics for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.Energy Storage Mater2022;51:19-28

[119] Zhan H,Wang R.Excellent performances of composite polymer electrolytes with porous vinyl-functionalized SiO₂ nanoparticles for lithium metal batteries.Polymers2021;13:2468 PMCID:PMC8347765

[120] Bao W,Zhao H.Vapor phase infiltration of ZnO quantum dots for all-solid-state PEO-based lithium batteries.Energy Storage Mater2021;43:258-65

[121] Xia S,Yan J,Ding B.Dynamic regulation of lithium dendrite growth with electromechanical coupling effect of soft BaTiO₃ ceramic nanofiber films.ACS Nano2021;15:3161-70

[122] Acosta M,Rojas V.BaTiO₃-based piezoelectrics: fundamentals, current status, and perspectives.Appl Phys Rev2017;4:041305

[123] Singh PK.Role of the dielectric constant of ferroelectric ceramic in enhancing the ionic conductivity of a polymer electrolyte composite.J Phys D Appl Phys2003;36:L93

[124] Mazurenko I,Francius G,Walcarius A.Macroporous carbon nanotube-carbon composite electrodes.Carbon2016;109:106-16

[125] Zhang E,Wang B,Yang H.Unzipped carbon nanotubes for aluminum battery.Energy Storage Mater2019;23:72-8

[126] Delgado-Rosero MI,Uribe-Kaffure R.Composite polymer electrolytes based on (PEO)₄CF₃COOLi and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT).Polymers2023;15:49 PMCID:PMC9824726

[127] Tang C,Fu Q,Ardebili H.High ion conducting polymer nanocomposite electrolytes using hybrid nanofillers.Nano Lett2012;12:1152-6

[128] Wang A,Liu X.High electrochemical performances of solid nano-composite star polymer electrolytes enhanced by different carbon nanomaterials.Compos Sci Technol2017;152:68-75

[129] Zhu Y,Liu J.Molecular coupling strategy achieving in situ synthesis of agglomeration-free solid composite electrolytes.J Phys Chem Lett2024;15:733-43

[130] Zhao Y,Shan Y.In situ construction channels of lithium-ion fast transport and uniform deposition to ensure safe high-performance solid batteries.Small2023;19:2301572

[131] Jiang S,Peng Y.MOFs containing solid-state electrolytes for batteries.Adv Sci2023;10:2206887 PMCID:PMC10074139

[132] Lei H,Li S.MOF-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte for long-life Al-Se battery.J Energy Chem2023;86:237-45

[133] Lu C,Rong Y.Dual-functional application of a metal-organic framework in high-performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.Chem Eng J2023;475:146152

[134] Wang Z,Meng C.Enhancing ion transport: function of ionic liquid decorated MOFs in polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries.ACS Appl Energy Mater2020;3:4265-74

[135] Miao Z,Zhao H.Tailoring local electrolyte solvation structure via a mesoporous molecular sieve for dendrite-free zinc batteries.Adv Funct Mater2022;32:2111635

[136] Jiang YX,Zhuang QC.A novel composite microporous polymer electrolyte prepared with molecule sieves for Li-ion batteries.J Power Sources2006;160:1320-8

[137] Ding Z,Zhang Q,Liu X.A flexible solid polymer electrolyte enabled with lithiated zeolite for high performance lithium battery.Nano Res2023;16:9443-52

[138] Lu J.Perovskite-type Li-ion solid electrolytes: a review.J Mater Sci Mater Electron2021;32:9736-54

[139] Lu J,Ding Y.Structure and conductivity of Li_3/8Sr_7/16xA_xZr_1/4 Nb_3/4O₃ (A = Ca, Ba) Li-ion solid electrolytes.JOM2020;72:3256-61

[140] Mitsuishi K,Tanaka Y.Nazca lines by La ordering in La_2/3-xLi_3xTiO₃ ion-conductive perovskite.Appl Phys Lett2012;101:073903

[141] Lu J,Ding Y.Li-ion conductivity and electrochemical stability of A-site deficient perovskite-structured Li_3x-yLa_1-xAl_1-yTi_yO₃ electrolytes.Mater Res Bull2020;133:111019

[142] Hua C,Wang Z.Lithium storage in perovskite lithium lanthanum titanate.Electrochem Commun2013;32:5-8

[143] Lu J,Ding Y.Structure, stability, and ionic conductivity of perovskite Li_2x-ySr_1-x-yLa_yTiO₃ solid electrolytes.Ceram Int2020;46:7741-7

[144] Yu K,Li Y,Wei X.Structure and conductivity of perovskite Li_0.355La_0.35Sr_0.3Ti_0.995M_0.005O₃ (M = Al, Co and In) ceramics.Ceram Int2019;45:23941-7

[145] Lee SJ,Son JT.Structural and electrical effects of Y-doped Li_0.33La_0.56-xY_xTiO₃ solid electrolytes on all-solid-state lithium ion batteries.J Korean Phys Soc2019;74:73-7

[146] Dixit M,Bisht A.Tailoring of the anti-perovskite solid electrolytes at the grain-scale.ACS Energy Lett2023;8:2356-64

[147] Gao L,Zhu J.Boosting lithium ion conductivity of antiperovskite solid electrolyte by potassium ions substitution for cation clusters.Nat Commun2023;14:6807 PMCID:PMC10603071

[148] Yoshikawa K,Sugumar MK,Iriyama Y.Room temperature operation and high cycle stability of an all-solid-state lithium battery fabricated by cold pressing using soft Li₂OHBr solid electrolyte.Energy Fuels2021;35:12581-7

[149] Lü X,Chen A.Antiperovskite Li₃OCl superionic conductor films for solid-state Li-ion batteries.Adv Sci2016;3:1500359 PMCID:PMC5067573

[150] Ou J,Senevirathna I.On the formation and properties of amorphous and crystalline Li_3-yBa_y/2OCl electrolytes.J Power Sources2024;609:234685

[151] Zhang Y,Wang Y.Sr doped amorphous LLTO as solid electrolyte material.J Electrochem Soc2020;167:080516

[152] Romero M,Vázquez S.Enhancement of lithium conductivity and evidence of lithium dissociation for LLTO-PMMA nanocomposite electrolyte.Mater Lett2016;172:1-5

[153] Xia W,Zhao F.Antiperovskite electrolytes for solid-state batteries.Chem Rev2022;122:3763-819

[154] Dawson JA,Chen H,Johnston KE.Elucidating lithium-ion and proton dynamics in anti-perovskite solid electrolytes.Energy Environ Sci2018;11:2993-3002

[155] Wang Y,Ong SP.Design principles for solid-state lithium superionic conductors.Nat Mater2015;14:1026-31

[156] Ye Y,Gao L.Lithium-rich anti-perovskite Li₂OHBr-based polymer electrolytes enabling an improved interfacial stability with a three-dimensional-structured lithium metal anode in all-solid-state batteries.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2021;13:28108-17

[157] Wang C,Kammampata SP.Garnet-type solid-state electrolytes: materials, interfaces, and batteries.Chem Rev2020;120:4257-300

[158] Thangadurai V,Pinzaru D.Garnet-type solid-state fast Li ion conductors for Li batteries: critical review.Chem Soc Rev2014;43:4714-27

[159] O’callaghan MP,Titman JJ,Cussen EJ.Switching on fast lithium ion conductivity in Garnets: the structure and transport properties of Li_3+xNd₃Te_2-xSb_xO₁₂.Chem Mater2008;20:2360-9

[160] Xie H,Li Y,Goodenough JB.Lithium distribution in aluminum-Free cubic Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂.Chem Mater2011;23:3587-9

[161] Li Y,Wang CA,Goodenough JB.Optimizing Li⁺ conductivity in a garnet framework.J Mater Chem2012;22:15357-61

[162] Murugan R,Weppner W.Fast lithium ion conduction in garnet-type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂.Angew Chem Int Ed2007;46:7778-81

[163] Kodgire P,Chandra P.Review of garnet-based solid electrolytes for Li-ion batteries (LIBs).J Electron Mater2024;53:2203-28

[164] Kotobuki M.Preparation of Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ solid electrolyte via a sol-gel method.Ceram Int2014;40:5043-7

[165] Wang C,Gong Y,Lin TS.Co-doping effects of Ba²⁺ and Ta⁵⁺ on the microstructure and ionic conductivity of garnet-type solid state electrolytes.J Alloy Compd2021;854:157143

[166] Wang D,Dolotko O.The synergistic effects of Al and Te on the structure and Li⁺-mobility of garnet-type solid electrolytes.J Mater Chem A2014;2:20271-9

[167] Dhivya L,Palanivel B.Li⁺ transport properties of W substituted Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ cubic lithium Garnets.Appl Phys Lett2013;3:089902

[168] Luo Y,Zhang Y,Chen H.Electrochemical properties and structural stability of Ga- and Y- co-doping in Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ ceramic electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries.Electrochim Acta2019;294:217-25

[169] Ramakumar S,Manorama SV.Structure and Li⁺ dynamics of Sb-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ fast lithium ion conductors.Phys Chem Chem Phys2013;15:11327-38

[170] Il’ina EA,Antonov BD,Vovkotrub EG.Sol-gel synthesis of Al- and Nb-co-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ solid electrolytes. Ionics 2020;26:3239-47.

[171] Bai L,Xue Y.Interfacial Ion-transport mechanism of Li₇(Al_0.1)La₃Zr₂O₁₂ solid electrolyte modified by using a spark plasma sintering method.ChemElectroChem2018;5:3918-25

[172] Zhang Y,Hu D.Synergistic regulation of garnet-type Ta-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ solid electrolyte by Li⁺ concentration and Li⁺ transport channel size.Electrochim Acta2019;296:823-9

[173] Chen F,Zha W.Solid polymer electrolytes incorporating cubic Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ for all-solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries.Electrochim Acta2017;258:1106-14

[174] Karthik K.Lithium garnet based free-standing solid polymer composite membrane for rechargeable lithium battery.J Solid State Electrochem2018;22:2989-98

[175] Nguyen HL,Nguyen MC.Nb/Al co-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ composite solid electrolyte for high-performance all-solid-state batteries.Adv Funct Mater2022;32:2207874

[176] Lu Z,Rong Y.Enhanced electrochemical properties and optimized Li⁺ transmission pathways of PEO/LLZTO-based composite electrolytes modified by supramolecular combination.Energy Environ Mater2023;7:12498

[177] Huo H,Luo J,Guo X.Rational design of hierarchical “ceramic-in-polymer” and “polymer-in-ceramic” electrolytes for dendrite-free solid-state batteries.Adv Energy Mater2019;9:1804004

[178] Danusso F.Strength versus composition of rigid matrix particulate composites.Polymer1986;27:1385-90

[179] Yang K,Ma J,Kang F.Progress and perspective of Li_1 + xAl_xTi_2-x(PO₄)₃ ceramic electrolyte in lithium batteries.InfoMat2021;3:1195-217

[180] Boaretto N,Perez-Furundarena H.Transport properties and local ions dynamics in LATP-based hybrid solid electrolytes.Small2023;20:2305769

[181] Arbi K,Jiménez R.High lithium ion conducting solid electrolytes based on NASICON Li_1+xAl_xM_2-x(PO₄)₃ materials (M=Ti, Ge and 0≤x≤ 0.5).J Eur Ceram Soc2015;35:1477-84

[182] Key B,Ingram BJ.Solution-based synthesis and characterization of lithium-ion conducting phosphate ceramics for lithium metal batteries.Chem Mater2012;24:287-93

[183] Huang L,Wu M,Liu Y.Electrochemical properties of Li_1.4Al_0.4Ti_1.6(PO₄)₃ synthesized by a co-precipitation method.J Power Sources2011;196:6943-6

[184] Wu XM,Zhang YH,He ZQ.Synthesis of Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ by sol-gel technique.Mater Lett2004;58:1227-30

[185] Kosova NV,Stepanov AP.Lithium conductivity and lithium diffusion in NASICON-type Li_1+xTi_2-xAl_x(PO₄)₃ (x = 0; 0.3) prepared by mechanical activation.Ionics2008;14:303-11

[186] Siller V,Eroles MN.High performance LATP thin film electrolytes for all-solid-state microbattery applications.J Mater Chem A2021;9:17760-9

[187] Kotobuki M.Preparation of Li_1.5Al_0.5Ti_1.5(PO₄)₃ solid electrolyte via a sol-gel route using various Al sources.Ceram Int2013;39:4645-9

[188] Berbano SS,Guo H,Randall CA.Cold sintering process of Li_1.5Al_0.5Ge_1.5(PO₄)₃ solid electrolyte.J Am Ceram Soc2017;100:2123-35

[189] Kotobuki M,Pan F,Savilov S.Low temperature sintering of crystallized Li_1.5Al_0.5Ge_1.5(PO₄)₃ using hot-press technique.Mater Today Pro2019;17:408-15

[190] Liu Y,Gao J.Preparation and chemical compatibility of lithium aluminum germanium phosphate solid electrolyte.Solid State Ion2018;318:27-34

[191] Kubanska A,Tortet L,Dollé M.Elaboration of controlled size Li_1.5Al_0.5Ge_1.5(PO₄)₃ crystallites from glass-ceramics.Solid State Ion2014;266:44-50

[192] Yan B,Kotobuki M,Liu B.Boron group element doping of Li_1.5Al_0.5Ge_1.5(PO₄)₃ based on microwave sintering.J Solid State Electrochem2020;25:527-34

[193] Liu Y,Li B.Germanium thin film protected lithium aluminum germanium phosphate for solid-state Li batteries.Adv Energy Mater2018;8:1702374

[194] Yu J,Hu X.Smart construction of multifunctional Li_1.5Al_0.5Ge_1.5(PO₄)₃|Li intermediate interfaces for solid-state batteries.Energy Storage Mater2022;46:68-75

[195] Sun Z,Lu Y.Preparation and ionic conduction of Li_1.5Al_0.5Ge_1.5(PO₄)₃ solid electrolyte using inorganic germanium as precursor.J Eur Ceram Soc2019;39:402-8

[196] Huang ZH,Li LX.Boosting lithium-ion transport capability of LAGP/PPO composite solid electrolyte via component regulation from ‘Ceramics-in-Polymer’ to ‘Polymer-in-Ceramics’.Ceram Int2022;48:25949-57

[197] Panda PK,Hsieh CT.Cobalt- and copper-doped NASICON-type LATP polymer composite electrolytes enabling lithium titania electrode for solid-state lithium batteries with high-rate capability and excellent cyclic performance.J Energy Storage2024;95:112559

[198] Lu X,Zhang F,Li J.Preparation and infiltration of NASICON-type solid electrolytes with microporous channels.Ceram Int2022;48:2203-11

[199] Zhang Z,Li X.Review on composite solid electrolytes for solid-state lithium-ion batteries.Mater Today Sustain2023;21:100316

[200] Zheng F,Li Z.Advanced composite solid electrolytes for lithium batteries: filler dimensional design and ion path optimization.Small2023;19:220655

[201] Liu W,Lin D.Enhancing ionic conductivity in composite polymer electrolytes with well-aligned ceramic nanowires.Nat Energy2017;2:17035

[202] Hua S,Han C.A novel titania nanorods-filled composite solid electrolyte with improved room temperature performance for solid-state Li-ion battery.Int J Energy Res2019;43:

[203] Luo B,Wang Q.Facilitating ionic conductivity and interfacial stability via oxygen vacancies-enriched TiO₂ micro rods for composite polymer electrolytes.Chem Eng J2023;460:141329

[204] Xu J,Wang N,Zhou J.Borderline metal centers on nonporous metal-organic framework nanowire boost fast Li-ion interfacial transport of composite polymer electrolyte.Small2022;18:2204163

[205] Wu Z,Yoshida A.Nickel phosphate nanorod-enhanced polyethylene oxide-based composite polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries.J Colloid Interface Sci2020;565:110-8

[206] Yu W,Shi D.One-dimensional oxide nanostructures possessing reactive surface defects enabled a lithium-rich region and high-voltage stability for all-solid-state composite electrolytes.ACS Nano2023;17:22872-84

[207] Wang L,Liu Q.Bifunctional lithium-montmorillonite enabling solid electrolyte with superhigh ionic conductivity for high-performanced lithium metal batteries.Energy Storage Mater2023;63:102961

[208] Xiao Z,Song L,Wang C.Research progress of polymer-inorganic filler solid composite electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries.Ionics2021;28:15-26

[209] Zhu L,Fang Q,Shen X.A novel solid PEO/LLTO-nanowires polymer composite electrolyte for solid-state lithium-ion battery.Electrochim Acta2018;292:718-26

[210] Bi J,Wu B.A hybrid solid electrolyte Li_0.33La_0.557TiO₃/poly(acylonitrile) membrane infiltrated with a succinonitrile-based electrolyte for solid state lithium-ion batteries.J Mater Chem A2020;8:706-13

[211] Li Y,Dou Q,Ng KM.Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ ceramic nanofiber-incorporated composite polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries.J Mater Chem A2019;7:3391-8

[212] Sun J,Zhang Q,Shi Q.A highly ionic conductive poly(methyl methacrylate) composite electrolyte with garnet-typed Li_6.75La₃Zr_1.75Nb_0.25O₁₂ nanowires.Chem Eng J2019;375:121922

[213] Ding J,Zhang Y.Improving the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes induced by ceramic nanowire fillers with abundant lithium vacancies.Phys Chem Chem Phys2024;26:6316-24

[214] Pei X,Hong J,Luo W.Solution-processed 2D hectorite nanolayers for high-efficient composite solid-state electrolyte.Appl Clay Sci2022;216:106363

[215] Xu M,Wang J.Emerging application of 2D materials for dendrite-free metal batteries.Energy Mater2024;4:400066.

[216] Vijayakumar V,Asokan K.2D layered nanomaterials as fillers in polymer composite electrolytes for lithium batteries.Adv Energy Mater2023;13:2203326

[217] Liang J,Sun Q,Li R.Recent progress on solid-state hybrid electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries.Energy Storage Mater2019;21:308-34

[218] Sun Z,Zhang S.g-C₃N₄ nanosheets enhanced solid polymer electrolytes with excellent electrochemical performance, mechanical properties, and thermal stability.J Mater Chem A2019;7:11069-76

[219] Wu Q,Jiao S.Phase regulation enabling dense polymer-based composite electrolytes for solid-state lithium metal batteries.Nat Commun2023;14:6296 PMCID:PMC10562402

[220] Xu L,Tu H.Engineering functionalized 2D metal-organic frameworks nanosheets with fast Li⁺ conduction for advanced solid Li batteries.Adv Mater2023;35:2303193

[221] Saleem A,Majeed MK.Boosting lithium-ion conductivity of polymer electrolyte by selective introduction of covalent organic frameworks for safe lithium metal batteries.Nano Energy2024;128:109848

[222] Zhao Y,Yang H,Li S.MXene and silk fibroin peptide team up to build a 1+1>2 in situ SEI film.Energy Storage Mater2024;65:103126

[223] Zhao Y,Zhou D,Chen X.A charge equalizer in accordion-MXene-modified layer leading to spherical lithium deposition.Energy Environ Mater2023;6:12463

[224] Shan Y,Chen X,Yang H.Gentle haulers of lithium-ion-nanomolybdenum carbide fillers in solid polymer electrolyte.ACS Energy Lett2022;7:2289-96

[225] Liu K,Sun J,Zhao T.Polyoxyethylene (PEO)|PEO-perovskite|PEO composite electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2019;11:46930-37

[226] Hamao N,Hamamoto K.Densification of a NASICON-type LATP electrolyte sheet by a cold-sintering process.Materials2021;14:4737 PMCID:PMC8398119

[227] Gu B,Liu BH.Two-dimensional layered lithium lanthanum titanium oxide/graphene-like composites as electrodes for lithium-ion batteries.Dalton Trans2022;51:7076-83

[228] Cheng EJ,Li Y,Kanamura K.Effects of porosity and ionic liquid impregnation on ionic conductivity of garnet-based flexible sheet electrolytes.J Power Sources2022;517:230705

[229] Huang C,Wang A.Stabilizing the Li_1.4Al_0.4Ti_1.6(PO₄)₃/Li interface with an in situ constructed multifunctional interlayer for high energy density batteries.J Mater Chem A2022;10:25500-8

[230] Liu Z,Endres F.Ionic liquid and polymer coated garnet solid electrolytes for high-energy solid-state lithium metal batteries.Energy Technol2021;10:2100907

[231] Xu K,Jiang Y,Ni J.Sandwich structured PVDF-HFP-based composite solid electrolytes for solid-state lithium metal batteries.Ionics2022;28:3243-53

[232] Fu Y,Gan Q.A review on the ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) for lithium batteries: insights from the perspective of polymer/filler composites.Mat Sci Eng R2024;160:100815

[233] Jiang T,Liang Y.All-dry synthesis of self-supporting thin Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂ membrane and interface engineering for solid state lithium metal batteries.Chem Eng J2021;421:129965

[234] Zou S,Wang J.In situ polymerization of solid-state polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries: a review.Energy Environ Sci2024;17:4426-60

[235] Chen J,Wang G,Fan LZ.An interpenetrating network polycarbonate-based composite electrolyte for high-voltage all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries.Energy Mater2022;2:200023

[236] Guo J,Zhang W.Recent advances of composite solid-state electrolytes for lithium-based batteries.Energy Fuels2021;35:11118-40

[237] Xie H,Cheng J.Flexible garnet solid-state electrolyte membranes enabled by Tile-and-Grout design.ACS Energy Lett2019;4:2668-74

[238] Zekoll S,Hekselman AKO.Hybrid electrolytes with 3D bicontinuous ordered ceramic and polymer microchannels for all-solid-state batteries.Energy Environ Sci2018;11:185-201

[239] Yang H,Wu B,Zhang L.Improving cathode/Li_6.4La₃Zr_1.4Ta_0.6O₁₂ electrolyte interface with a hybrid PVDF-HFP-based buffer layer for solid lithium battery.J Mater Sci2020;55:11451-61

[240] Shen C,Yang J,Liu Z.Unraveling the mechanism of ion and electron migration in composite solid-state electrolyte using conductive atomic force microscopy.Energy Storage Mater2021;39:271-7

[241] Sun M,Yuan Y.Visualizing lithium dendrite formation within solid-state electrolytes.ACS Energy Lett2021;6:451-8

[242] Biao J,Cao Y.Inhibiting formation and reduction of Li₂CO₃ to LiC_x at grain boundaries in garnet electrolytes to prevent Li penetration.Adv Mater2023;35:2208951

[243] Ye Q,Wang S.Fabricating a PVDF skin for PEO-based SPE to stabilize the interface both at cathode and anode for Li-ion batteries.J Energy Chem2022;70:356-62

[244] Kozdra S,Możdżonek M,Opaliński I.Poly (vinylidene fluoride) solid polymer electrolyte structure revealed by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Polymer 2022;259:125364.

[245] Li J,Zhang F.Exceptional interfacial conduction and LiF interphase for ultralong life PEO-based all-solid-state batteries.Nano Energy2023;118:108985

[246] Pang P,Wang H.Ga/Ta co-doped LLZO enhanced voltage tolerance and lithium dendrite resistance of composite solid electrolytes.J Energy Storage2024;84:110809

[247] Yang K,Li Y.Weak-interaction environment in a composite electrolyte enabling ultralong-cycling high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries.J Am Chem Soc2024;146:11371-81

[248] Li Y.Composite solid electrolytes with NASICON-type LATP and PVDF-HFP for solid-state lithium batteries.Ind Eng Chem Res2021;60:1494-500

[249] Wang Z,Fu J,Guo X.Polymer-based electrolytes for high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries.Energy Mater2024;4:400050

[250] Wang Y,Lin Z.Hydrogen bonds enhanced composite polymer electrolyte for high-voltage cathode of solid-state lithium battery.Nano Energy2022;96:107105

[251] Mu Y,Shi Y.Constructing robust LiF-enriched interfaces in high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries utilizing tailored oriented ceramic fiber electrolytes.Adv Energy Mater2024;14:2400725