Electrospun fiber-based electrodes materials for flexible lithium-ion batteries

Zijian Li , Mingyang Li , Wanyu He , Bin Fei

Energy Materials ›› 2025, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (7) : 500069

PDF
Energy Materials ›› 2025, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (7) :500069 DOI: 10.20517/energymater.2024.236
Review

Electrospun fiber-based electrodes materials for flexible lithium-ion batteries

Author information +
History +
PDF

Abstract

Flexible lithium-ion batteries (FLBs) hold a promising future in the fields of wearable electronic accessories, wearable therapeutic devices, etc. due to their long cycle life, good flexibility, and the transferable experience from traditional rigid lithium-ion batteries. Additionally, electrospinning technology, as an important method of synthesizing fiber materials, has good controllability and shows incomparable advantages in the preparation of fiber-based electrodes. Therefore, this review first discusses the assessment of flexibility and proposes that standardized assessment methods are the foundation for the development of flexible energy storage devices. It then analyzes in detail the principle of electrospinning technology and the impact of various parameters on electrode performance, exploring the controlling of the morphology of fibers by optimizing process parameters. The pivotal role of electrospinning technology in manufacturing FLBs is also discussed, with a particular focus on its contribution to enhancing energy density, cycling stability, and mechanical flexibility in both cathode and anode materials. Overall, the review provides guidance for the development of high-performance FLBs.

Keywords

Flexible lithium-ion batteries / electrospinning technology / fiber-based electrodes / flexibility assessment

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Zijian Li, Mingyang Li, Wanyu He, Bin Fei. Electrospun fiber-based electrodes materials for flexible lithium-ion batteries. Energy Materials, 2025, 5(7): 500069 DOI:10.20517/energymater.2024.236

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

References

[1]

Wearable technology market size, share & trends analysis report by product (eyewear & headwear, wristwear), by application (consumer electronics, healthcare), by region, and segment forecasts, 2025-2030. Available from: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/wearable-technology-market [Last accessed on 10 Mar 2025]

[2]

Ahmadabadi V, Shirvanimoghaddam K, Kerr R, Showkath N, Naebe M. Structure-rate performance relationship in Si nanoparticles-carbon nanofiber composite as flexible anode for lithium-ion batteries.Electrochim Acta2020;330:135232

[3]

Xu C,Zhang M.A comparative study of the venting gas of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway triggered by various methods.Cell Rep Phys Sci2023;4:101705

[4]

Ke B,Zhang C.Low-temperature flexible integration of all-solid-state thin-film lithium batteries enabled by spin-coating electrode architecture.Adv Energy Mater2024;14:2303757

[5]

Gao Z,Zhang J.Advanced energy harvesters and energy storage for powering wearable and implantable medical devices.Adv Mater2024;36:e2404492

[6]

Ye T,Jiao Y.A tissue-like soft all-hydrogel battery.Adv Mater2022;34:e2105120

[7]

Lu C,Cheng X.High-performance fibre battery with polymer gel electrolyte.Nature2024;629:86-91

[8]

Zhao C,Liang H.Autonomous self-healing strategy for flexible fiber lithium-ion battery with ultra-high mechanical properties and volumetric energy densities.Chem Eng J2024;496:154153

[9]

Hassan MM,Bristi AA,Li X.Composite scaffold of electrospun nano-porous cellulose acetate membrane casted with chitosan for flexible solid-state sodium-ion batteries.Nano Energy2024;128:109971

[10]

Wan X,Li Z.Emerging polymeric electrospun fibers: from structural diversity to application in flexible bioelectronics and tissue engineering.Exploration2022;2:20210029 PMCID:PMC10191062

[11]

Cheng X,Si Y,Ding B.Direct synthesis of highly stretchable ceramic nanofibrous aerogels via 3D reaction electrospinning.Nat Commun2022;13:2637 PMCID:PMC9098874

[12]

Liu C,Jiao W.High toughness combined with high strength in oxide ceramic nanofibers.Adv Mater2023;35:e2304401

[13]

Xie G,Shi Z.SiOx based anodes for advanced Li-ion batteries: recent progress and perspectives.Adv Funct Mater2025;35:2414714

[14]

Huang Q,Zheng Z.Nanocarbon materials toward textile-based electrochemical energy storage devices. In: Nanocarbon Electrochemistry; 2020, pp.123-43.

[15]

Wu W,Pei Y.Unprecedented superhigh-rate and ultrastable anode for high-power battery via cationic disordering.Adv Energy Mater2022;12:2201130

[16]

Huang Q,Wang D,Huang Z.One-step electrospinning of carbon nanowebs on metallic textiles for high-capacitance supercapacitor fabrics.J Mater Chem A2016;4:6802-8

[17]

Chang J,Gao Y.Pathways of developing high-energy-density flexible lithium batteries.Adv Mater2021;33:e2004419

[18]

Zhang T,Zhang Z,Wang Y.Wearable flexible zinc-ion batteries based on electrospinning technology.J Energy Chem2024;98:562-87

[19]

Li H,Ma Z,Huang Q.Permeable and patternable super-stretchable liquid metal fiber for constructing high-integration-density multifunctional electronic fibers.Adv Funct Mater2024;34:2308120

[20]

Ding Y,Wu Y.Porous conductive textiles for wearable electronics.Chem Rev2024;124:1535-648

[21]

He F,Liu J.One-dimensional carbon based nanoreactor fabrication by electrospinning for sustainable catalysis.Exploration2023;3:20220164 PMCID:PMC10624385

[22]

Khurram Tufail M,Rafiq M.Chemistry aspects and designing strategies of flexible materials for high-performance flexible lithium-ion batteries.Chem Rec2024;24:e202300155

[23]

Li H,Liu Z.Evaluating flexibility and wearability of flexible energy storage devices.Joule2019;3:613-9

[24]

Xiao G,Li M.Weavable yarn-shaped supercapacitor in sweat-activated self-charging power textile for wireless sweat biosensing.Biosens Bioelectron2023;235:115389

[25]

Shao G,Zhang X.Making stretchable hybrid supercapacitors by knitting non-stretchable metal fibers.Adv Funct Mater2020;30:2003153

[26]

Ji D,Guo X.Electrospinning of nanofibres.Nat Rev Methods Primers2024;4:278

[27]

Dinuwan Gunawardhana KRS,McGuinness GB.The potential of electrospinning to enable the realization of energy-autonomous wearable sensing systems.ACS Nano2024;18:2649-84 PMCID:PMC10832067

[28]

Chen L,Fu K.Spinning the future: the convergence of nanofiber technologies and yarn fabrication.ACS Nano2024;18:15358-86

[29]

Huang Y,Zhang Y,Tan Z.Near-field electrospinning for 2D and 3D structuring: fundamentals, methods, and applications.Mater Today Adv2024;21:100461

[30]

Taylor GI.Electrically driven jets.Proc R Soc Lond A1969;313:453-75

[31]

Si Y,Hu J.Electrospinning and electrospraying synergism: twins-tech collaboration across dimensions.Matter2024;7:1373-405

[32]

Zhang Z,Hong D,Chen Z.Mechanism and experimental investigation on the formation of micro-triangle stepped jet in composite spinning solution.Polym Eng Sci2024;64:4309-20

[33]

Fang J,Wang H,Lin T.Enhanced mechanical energy harvesting using needleless electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibre webs.Energy Environ Sci2013;6:2196

[34]

Yoo J,Pyo SG.Eletrospinning: improving the performance of 1-D nanofibers used in anodes, cathodes, and separators in lithium-ion batteries.Int J Energy Res2024;2024:1847943

[35]

Xue M,Qin X,Li Y.Impacts of viscosity on bending behavior of the electrospun jet: simulation model and experiment.Polymer2024;311:127529

[36]

Han Y,Cui F,Tao Y.Solution properties and electrospinning of polyacrylamide and ε-polylysine complexes.Polymer2020;204:122806

[37]

Kheilbash M,Malayeri MR,Riazi M.Use of mixed low/high vapor pressure solvent as a novel solvent design strategy for tuning fiber diameter in electrospun mats.J Polym Res2024;31:3940

[38]

Dong T,Choi J,Ko T.Surface-modified electrospun polyacrylonitrile nano-membrane for a lithium-ion battery separator based on phase separation mechanism.Chem Eng J2020;398:125646

[39]

Asgari S,Badiei A.Zr-UiO-66, ionic liquid (HMIM+TFSI-), and electrospun nanofibers (polyacrylonitrile): all in one as a piezo-photocatalyst for degradation of organic dye.Chem Eng J2024;487:150600

[40]

Wang X,Dong X,Qi M.Ionic liquid assisted electrospinning synthesis for ultra-uniform Sn@ mesoporous carbon nanofibers as a flexible self-standing anode for lithium ion batteries.J Alloys Compd2021;866:158984

[41]

Souza RJ,Simões TA,Medeiros ES.Experimental investigation of solution blow spinning nozzle geometry and processing parameters on fiber morphology.ACS Appl Polym Mater2024;6:9735-43

[42]

Khan J,Khan MQ.Applications of co-axial electrospinning in the biomedical field.Next Mater2024;3:100138

[43]

Kim BG,Park G,Lee S.Electrospun Li-confinable hollow carbon fibers for highly stable Li-metal batteries.Chem Eng J2021;422:130017

[44]

Hu T,Peng L.Preparation of single-ion conductor solid polymer electrolyte by multi-nozzle electrospinning process for lithium-ion batteries.J Phys Chem Solids2021;158:110229

[45]

Kılıç A,İçoğlu ,Topalbekiroğlu M.Production of continuous nanofiber bundles by multi parallel electrodes in needleless electrospinning.Mater Today Commun2024;39:109025

[46]

Jin J,Lee HJ,Lee SH.The effect of nozzle spacing on the electric field and fiber size distribution in a multi-nozzle electrospinning system.J Appl Polym Sci2023;140:e53764

[47]

Ding L,Gao Y.Electrospun nanofibers for fragile artifact conservation.Compos Commun2024;46:101824

[48]

Yıldırım B,İçoğlu ,Topalbekiroğlu M.Continuous nanofiber bundle production using helical spinnerets with different configurations in needleless electrospinning.Adv Eng Mater2024;26:2400989

[49]

Norzain NA.Orientated and diameter-controlled fibrous scaffolds fabricated using the centrifugal electrospinning technique for stimulating the behaviours of fibroblast cells.J Ind Text2022;51:6728S-52S

[50]

Sun L,Kim D.Enhanced properties of solid polymer electrolytes by a bilayer nonwoven PET/nanofiber PVDF substrate for use in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.J Power Sources2023;564:232851

[51]

Zeng Z,Shen R.Coaxial electrospun Tai chi-inspired lithium-ion battery separator with high performance and fireproofing capacity.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2023;15:44259-67

[52]

Yu Y,Chen Z.Advances in nonwoven-based separators for lithium-ion batteries.Adv Fiber Mater2023;5:1827-51

[53]

Zhang S,Xu G.High-capacity Li2Mn0.8Fe0.2SiO4/carbon composite nanofiber cathodes for lithium-ion batteries.J Power Sources2012;213:10-5

[54]

Song HJ,Choi M.Li2MnSiO4 nanorods-embedded carbon nanofibers for lithium-ion battery electrodes.Electrochim Acta2015;180:756-62

[55]

Mados E,Gratz Y.Polymer-based LFP cathode/current collector microfiber-meshes with bi- and interlayered architectures for Li-ion battery.J Power Sources2024;603:234397

[56]

Akhmetova K,Kalybekkyzy S,Bakenov Z.One-step fabrication of all-in-one flexible nanofibrous lithium-ion battery.J Energy Storage2023;65:107237

[57]

Zhijiang C,Yanan F.Electrochemical properties of electrospun polyindole nanofibers as a polymer electrode for lithium ion secondary battery.J Power Sources2013;227:53-9

[58]

Xiong Y,Hu Z.Nonsolvent-induced electrospun fibers with crater-like surface and high-loading polytriphenylamine-derived as a flexible cathode for lithium-ion batteries.Surf Interfaces2024;46:104126

[59]

Park H,Tripathi R,Paik U.Li2MnSiO4/carbon nanofiber cathodes for Li-ion batteries.Ionics2014;20:1351-9

[60]

Zhang C,Yao L.Effect of thermal treatment on the properties of electrospun LiFePO4-carbon nanofiber composite cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.J Alloys Compd2015;627:91-100

[61]

Liu J,Ran F,Dai J.Electrospinning-assisted construction of 3D LiFePO4@rGO/carbon nanofibers as flexible cathode to boost the rate capabilities of lithium-ion batteries.Ceram Int2023;49:1401-8

[62]

Kwon OH,Gu B.Porous SnO2/C nanofiber anodes and LiFePO4/C nanofiber cathodes with a wrinkle structure for stretchable lithium polymer batteries with high electrochemical performance.Adv Sci2020;7:2001358

[63]

Hongtong R,Yensano R,Srilomsak S.Core-shell electrospun and doped LiFePO4/FeS/C composite fibers for Li-ion batteries.J Alloys Compd2019;804:339-47

[64]

Chen W,Chen Y.In situ electrospinning synthesis of N-doped C nanofibers with uniform embedding of Mn doped MFe1-xMnxPO4 (M = Li, Na) as a high performance cathode for lithium/sodium-ion batteries.Adv Mater Inter2020;7:2000684

[65]

Shin J,Sergey C,Kang YM.Carbon nanofibers heavy laden with Li3V2(PO4)3 particles featuring superb kinetics for high-power lithium ion battery.Adv Sci2017;4:1700128 PMCID:PMC5604389

[66]

Lokeswararao Y,Budumuru AK.Influence of nano-fibrous and nano-particulate morphology on the rate capability of Li3V2(PO4)3/C Li-ion battery cathode.Mater Res Bull2023;166:112331

[67]

Gavali DS,Nanda B.Origin of high stability, enhanced specific capacity, and low Li diffusion energy in boron doped Li3V2(PO4)3.J Energy Storage2023;69:107899

[68]

Zeng W,Wang J.Entropy-increased LiMn2O4-based positive electrodes for fast-charging lithium metal batteries.Nat Commun2024;15:7371 PMCID:PMC11349939

[69]

Duan L,Yue K,Zhuang J.Synthesis and electrochemical property of LiMn2O4 porous hollow nanofiber as cathode for lithium-ion batteries.Nanoscale Res Lett2017;12:109 PMCID:PMC5307418

[70]

Xu R,Chamoun R.Enhanced rate performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 fibers synthesized by electrospinning.Nano Energy2015;15:616-24

[71]

Kim N,Chandio ZA,Cheong JY.Breaking limits of Li-ion batteries with high-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanofiber/carbon nanotube composite cathodes.Korean J Chem Eng2024;41:1513-20

[72]

Mizushima K,Wiseman P.LixCoO2 (0 < x < -1): a new cathode material for batteries of high energy density.Mater Res Bull1980;15:783-9

[73]

Kap Ö,Er M.Li-ion battery cathode performance from the electrospun binary LiCoO2 to ternary Li2CoTi3O8.J Mater Sci Mater Electron2020;31:8394-402

[74]

Min JW,Im WB.Facile synthesis of electrospun Li1.2Ni0.17Co0.17Mn0.5O2 nanofiber and its enhanced high-rate performance for lithium-ion battery applications.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2013;5:7765-9

[75]

Jin Y,Zhang X,Tan S.Cathode structural design enabling interconnected ionic/electronic transport channels for high-performance solid-state lithium batteries.J Power Sources2022;530:231297

[76]

Zhao J,Chu Y.A polyimide cathode with superior stability and rate capability for lithium-ion batteries.Nano Res2019;12:1355-60

[77]

Li D,Hao X.Wood-derived freestanding carbon-based electrode with hierarchical structure for industrial-level hydrogen production.Adv Mater2024;36:e2304917

[78]

Cao Z,Chen S.In situ constructed (010)-oriented LiFePO4 nanocrystals/carbon nanofiber hybrid network: Facile synthesis of free-standing cathodes for lithium-ion batteries.Electrochim Acta2020;333:135538

[79]

Chen LL,Jing MX.A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes.Beilstein J Nanotechnol2019;10:2229-37 PMCID:PMC6880811

[80]

Peng Y,Ma J,Wang T.Electrospun Li3V2(PO4)3 nanocubes/carbon nanofibers as free-standing cathodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.J Mater Chem A2019;7:14681-8

[81]

Jing M,Zhai H.Three-dimensional Li3V2(PO4)3/C nanowire and nanofiber hybrid membrane as a self-standing, binder-free cathode for lithium ion batteries.RSC Adv2016;6:71574-80

[82]

Yang S,Zhang D.Hierarchical porous N-doped carbon nanofibers with encapsulated Li3VO4 nanoparticles for lithium-ion storage.ACS Appl Nano Mater2024;7:827-35

[83]

Wang Z,Wu J.Comparative effects of electrospinning ways for fabricating green, sustainable, flexible, porous, nanofibrous cellulose/chitosan carbon mats as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.J Mater Res Technol2021;11:50-61

[84]

Han X,Xing B.A facile electrospinning strategy to prepare cost-effective carbon fibers as a self-supporting anode for lithium-ion batteries.Fuel2024;373:132277

[85]

Rao X,Zhao J.Carbon nanofibers derived from carbonization of electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as high performance anode material for lithium ion batteries.J Porous Mater2023;30:403-19

[86]

Xu H,Yang Y.Flexible and crosslinking electrospun porous carbon nanofiber membranes as freestanding binder-free anodes for lithium-ion batteries.J Energy Storage2024;86:111281

[87]

Charkhesht V,Alkan Gürsel S.Electrospun nanotubular titania and polymeric interfaces for high energy density Li-ion electrodes.Energy Fuels2023;37:6197-207 PMCID:PMC10123667

[88]

Zhou Y,Jiang J,Niu X.In-situ construction of Li4Ti5O12/rutile TiO2 heterostructured nanorods for robust and high-power lithium storage.Nano Res2023;16:1513-21

[89]

Cao K,He H.Zero-strain sodium lanthanum titanate perovskite embedded in flexible carbon fibers as a long-span anode for lithium-ion batteries.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2024;16:11421-30

[90]

Chen Y,Wang A.The enhanced performance of Li-ion batteries based on Co-MOF/MXene composites.Inorg Chem Commun2024;159:111793

[91]

Liu J,Li S.Three-dimensional architecture using hollow Cu/C nanofiber interpenetrated with MXenes for high-rate lithium-ion batteries.Rare Met2023;42:3378-86

[92]

Xiao J,Cang R,Yao J.Carbon-coated MXene nanofiber as a free-standing electrode for high-performance lithium-ion storage.Electrochim Acta2023;451:142289

[93]

Yang M,Yan H.Porous nitrogen-doped Sn/C film as free-standing anodes for lithium ion batteries.Appl Surf Sci2021;551:149246

[94]

Zhu S,Wang Q.MOF-derived porous carbon nanofibers wrapping Sn nanoparticles as flexible anodes for lithium/sodium ion batteries.Nanotechnology2021;32:165401

[95]

Xin Y,Miao C.Encapsulating Sn-Cu alloy particles into carbon nanofibers as improved performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries.J Alloys Compd2022;922:166176

[96]

Li W,Li H.Encapsulating nanoscale silicon inside carbon fiber as flexible self-supporting anode material for lithium-ion battery.ACS Appl Energy Mater2021;4:8529-37

[97]

Zeng L,Liu X.Coaxial electrospinning construction Si@C core-shell nanofibers for advanced flexible lithium-ion batteries.Nanomaterials2021;11:3454 PMCID:PMC8709299

[98]

Sun N,Dong X,Qi M.PVP-grafted synthesis for uniform electrospinning silica@carbon nanofibers as flexible free-standing anode for Li-ion batteries.Solid State Ion2022;374:115817

[99]

Xian Zhang,Yu J.Si@SiOx/CNF flexible anode prepared by electrospinning for Li-ion batteries.Russ J Electrochem2023;59:430-40

[100]

Li X,Li J.High-performance, flexible, binder-free silicon-carbon anode for lithium storage applications.Electrochem Commun2022;137:107257

[101]

Zhu R,Hu X,Wang H.Silicon in hollow carbon nanospheres assembled microspheres cross-linked with N-doped carbon fibers toward a binder free, high performance, and flexible anode for lithium-ion batteries.Adv Funct Mater2021;31:2101487

[102]

Zhang T,Li X.Ultra-high rapid-charging performance of 1D germanium anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.J Alloys Compd2024;976:173287

[103]

Sheng X,Sun M.Flexible electrospun iron compounds/carbon fibers: phase transformation and electrochemical properties.Electrochim Acta2022;407:139892

[104]

Su Y,Yuan G.Three-dimensional mesoporous γ-Fe2O3@carbon nanofiber network as high performance anode material for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries.Nanotechnology2020;31:155401

[105]

Xie F,Ling Z.Flexible electrospun iron/manganese-based compounds/carbon fibers: phase transformation and electrochemical properties.Electrochim Acta2023;470:143288

[106]

Velásquez C,Alvarez-Láinez M,Calderón J.Carbon nanofibers impregnated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a flexible and high capacity negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries.J Alloys Compd2021;862:158045

[107]

Rosaiah P,Sambasivam S.Graphene based magnetite carbon nanofiber composites as anodes for high-performance Li-ion batteries.New J Chem2022;47:482-90

[108]

Guo Y,Bai Z.MXene nanofibers confining MnOx nanoparticles: a flexible anode for high-speed lithium ion storage networks.Dalton Trans2022;51:1423-33

[109]

Kim K,Ahn H.Quantum dot-derived carbon nanopocket-confined Co3O4 within mesoporous carbon nanofiber for Cu-free anode of flexible Li-ion batteries.Appl Surf Sci2023;637:157905

[110]

Xia J,Yang Y,Yao J.Electrospinning fabrication of flexible, foldable, and twistable Sb2S3/TiO2/C nanofiber anode for lithium ion batteries.Chem Eng J2021;413:127400

[111]

Kim Y,Huh J,Lee H.Carbon-nickel core-shell nanofibers decorated with bimetallic nickel-gallium chalcogenide nanosheets as flexible, binder-free lithium-ion-battery anodes.Intl J Energy Res2022;46:21797-811

[112]

Zhang C,Shen J.Anion-sorbent composite separators for high-rate lithium-ion batteries.Adv Mater2019;31:e1808338

[113]

Zhan L,Deng W.Facile approach to prepare FeP2/P/C nanofiber heterostructure via electrospinning as highly performance self-supporting anode for Li/Na ion batteries.Electrochim Acta2022;403:139682

[114]

Li X,Yu C.Enhanced electrochemical performances based on ZnSnO3 microcubes functionalized in-doped carbon nanofibers as free-standing anode materials.Dalton Trans2023;52:11187-95

[115]

Tan F,Wang Z.Electrospinning-enabled SiO@TiO2/C fibers as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.J Alloys Compd2021;888:161635

[116]

Mou H,Xiao W.Encapsulating homogenous ultra-fine SnO2/TiO2 particles into carbon nanofibers through electrospinning as high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries.Ceram Int2021;47:19945-54

[117]

Gao L,Li J,Deng N.The high-strength and ultra-thin composite electrolyte using one-step electrospinning/electrostatic spraying process for interface control in all-solid-state lithium metal battery.J Power Sources2021;515:230622

[118]

Fang Z,Peng Y.Combining organic plastic salts with a bicontinuous electrospun PVDF-HFP/Li7La3Zr2O12 membrane: LiF-rich solid-electrolyte interphase enabling stable solid-state lithium metal batteries.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2022;14:18922-34

[119]

Wang L,Zhang R.Core-shell pmia@ PVDF-HFP/Al2O3 nanofiber mats in situ coaxial electrospun on LiFePO4 electrode as matrices for gel electrolytes.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2021;13:9875-84

[120]

Xiao W,Huang L,Yang Z.An integrated separator/anode assembly based on electrospinning technique for advanced lithium-ion batteries.Electrochim Acta2021;389:138776

[121]

Shi S,Wu H.A bionic skin for health management: excellent breathability, in situ sensing, and big data analysis.Adv Mater2024;36:e2306435

[122]

Chen Q,Cao Y,Lin T.Recent progress in the fabrication and processing of triboelectric yarns.Carbon Neutralization2023;2:63-89

PDF

88

Accesses

0

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/