Recent advancement of solid oxide fuel cells towards semiconductor membrane fuel cells

Abstract

In the last few decades, there has been remarkable progress in the development of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on both traditional solid electrolyte materials and novel semiconductor membranes. However, limited attention has been given to the transition of SOFCs from oxide ion-based electrolyte membranes to semiconductor membrane devices, considering the overall perspective of materials, technology, and scientific principles. Traditional knowledge strictly dictates that semiconductors should not be used as the membrane unless these materials possess negligible electronic conduction. This is because semiconductor membrane materials typically exhibit significantly higher electrical conductivity, surpassing the inherent ionic conductivity. Interestingly, by using semiconductors as the membrane, numerous novel materials have been demonstrated in the literature, which seems difficult to understand from traditional SOFC knowledge. Therefore, there is an emerging need to summarize and explore new understanding and knowledge of materials, technology, and science of SOFCs and Semiconductor Membrane Fuel Cells and their transition. In this review, we attempted to summarize the gap between the current state of SOFCs and the advancements in new materials, technologies, scientific principles, and mechanisms driving the development of such devices.

Keywords

Solid oxide fuel cell / semiconductor membrane fuel cells / band alignment / built-in electric field / ceramic fuel cell

References

[1] Höök M.Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change - a review.Energy Policy2013;52:797-809

[2] Abdalla AM,Azad AT.Nanomaterials for solid oxide fuel cells: a review.Renew Sustain Energy Rev2018;82:353-68

[3] Suntivich J,Yabuuchi N,Goodenough JB.Design principles for oxygen-reduction activity on perovskite oxide catalysts for fuel cells and metal-air batteries.Nat Chem2011;3:546-50

[4] Singhal SC.Solid oxide fuel cells for power generation.WIREs Energy Environ2014;3:179-94

[5] Jiang S,Niu Y,Shao Z.Phase transition of a cobalt-free perovskite as a high-performance cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.ChemSusChem2012;5:2023-31

[6] Holtappels P.Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). In: Vielstich W, Lamm A, Gasteiger HA, Yokokawa H, editors. Handbook of fuel cells. Hoboken: Wiley; 2010.

[7] Fan L.Solid-state electrolytes for SOFC. In: Zhu B, Raza R, Fan L, Sun C, editors. Solid oxide fuel cells. Hoboken: Wiley; 2020. pp. 35-78.

[8] Lacerda M,Glasser FP.High oxide ion conductivity in Ca12Al14O33.Nature1988;332:525-6

[9] Nakayama S,Aono H.Ionic conductivity of lanthanoid silicates, Ln₁₀(SiO₄)₆O₃ (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Y, Ho, Er and Yb).J Mater Chem1995;5:1801-5

[10] Lacorre P,Bohnke O,Laligant Y.Designing fast oxide-ion conductors based on La₂Mo₂O₉.Nature2000;404:856-8

[11] Haugsrud R.Proton conduction in rare-earth ortho-niobates and ortho-tantalates.Nat Mater2006;5:193-6

[12] Li M,De Souza RA.A family of oxide ion conductors based on the ferroelectric perovskite Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃.Nat Mater2014;13:31-5

[13] Singh P.Monoclinic Sr_1-xNa_xSiO_3-0.5x: new superior oxide ion electrolytes.J Am Chem Soc2013;135:10149-54

[14] Fan L,Su P.Nanomaterials and technologies for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells: recent advances, challenges and opportunities.Nano Energy2018;45:148-76

[15] Zhu B,Andersson C,Nilsson M.Electrolysis studies based on ceria-based composites.Electrochem Commun2006;8:495-8

[16] Fan L,Chen M,Di J.Proton and oxygen ionic conductivity of doped ceria- carbonate composite by modified Wagner polarization.Int J Electrochem Sci2012;7:8420-35

[17] Zhu B,Qin H,Fan L.Fuel cells based on electrolyte and non-electrolyte separators.Energy Environ Sci2011;4:2986-92

[18] Zhu B,Abbas G.An electrolyte-free fuel cell constructed from one homogenous layer with mixed conductivity.Adv Funct Mater2011;21:2465-9

[19] Garcia-barriocanal J,Varela M.Colossal ionic conductivity at interfaces of epitaxial ZrO₂:Y₂O₃/SrTiO₃ heterostructures.Science2008;321:676-80

[20] Singh K,Thangadurai V.Amphoteric oxide semiconductors for energy conversion devices: a tutorial review.Chem Soc Rev2013;42:1961-72

[21] Götsch T,Menzel A,Penner S.Spectroscopic investigation of the electronic structure of yttria-stabilized zirconia.Phys Rev Mater2018;2:035801

[22] Asghar MI,Jokiranta R,Lund PD.Wide bandgap oxides for low-temperature single-layered nanocomposite fuel cell.Nano Energy2018;53:391-7

[23] Adler SB.Factors governing oxygen reduction in solid oxide fuel cell cathodes.Chem Rev2004;104:4791-843

[24] Sunarso J,Zhu N.Perovskite oxides applications in high temperature oxygen separation, solid oxide fuel cell and membrane reactor: a review.Prog Energy Combust Sci2017;61:57-77

[25] Liu D.Perovskite solar cells with a planar heterojunction structure prepared using room-temperature solution processing techniques.Nat Photon2014;8:133-8

[26] Oikawa T,Higashimine K.Application of crystalline silicon surface oxidation to silicon heterojunction solar cells.Curr Appl Phys2015;15:1168-72

[27] Wu S,Wang W.Study on the front contact mechanism of screen-printed multi-crystalline silicon solar cells.Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells2015;141:80-6

[28] Zhu B,Fan L.Novel fuel cell with nanocomposite functional layer designed by perovskite solar cell principle.Nano Energy2016;19:156-64

[29] Zhu B,Raza R.A new energy conversion technology based on nano-redox and nano-device processes.Nano Energy2013;2:1179-85

[30] Xia C,Wang B,Chen G.Shaping triple-conducting semiconductor BaCo_0.4Fe_0.4Zr_0.1Y_0.1O_3-δ into an electrolyte for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.Nat Commun2019;10:1707 PMCID:PMC6461657

[31] Zhu B,Wang Y.Charge separation and transport in La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3-δ and ion-doping ceria heterostructure material for new generation fuel cell.Nano Energy2017;37:195-202

[32] Zhang Y,Singh M.Superionic conductivity in ceria-based heterostructure composites for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.Nanomicro Lett2020;12:178 PMCID:PMC7770899

[33] Takahashi T,Iwahara H.Conduction in Bi₂O₃-based oxide ion conductor under low oxygen pressure. II. Determination of the partial electronic conductivity.J Appl Electrochem1977;7:303-8

[34] Zhu B,Xia C.A nanoscale perspective on solid oxide and semiconductor membrane fuel cells: materials and technology.Energy Mater2021;1:100002

[35] Zakaria Z,Shaari N,Boon Kar Y.A review on recent status and challenges of yttria stabilized zirconia modification to lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells operation.Int J Energy Res2020;44:631-50

[36] He L,Lanhong J.Recent advances of cerium oxide nanoparticles in synthesis, luminescence and biomedical studies: a review.J Rare Earths2015;33:791-9

[37] Bhalla AS,Roy R.The perovskite structure - a review of its role in ceramic science and technology.Mater Res Innov2000;4:3-26

[38] Wang Z,Singh M.Ni/NiO exsolved perovskite La_0.2Sr_0.7Ti_0.9Ni_0.1O_3-δ for semiconductor-ionic fuel cells: roles of electrocatalytic activity and physical junctions.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2023;15:870-81

[39] Shao K,Zhang G,Maliutina K.Approaching durable single-layer fuel cells: promotion of electroactivity and charge separation via nanoalloy redox exsolution.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2019;11:27924-33

[40] Sunarso J,Serra J.Mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) ceramic-based membranes for oxygen separation.J Membr Sci2008;320:13-41

[41] Ali R.Space group and crystal structure of the perovskite CaTiO₃ from 296 to 1720 K.J Solid State Chem2005;178:2867-72

[42] Goodenough JB.Electronic and ionic transport properties and other physical aspects of perovskites.Rep Prog Phys2004;67:1915

[43] Islam QA,Bhattacharyya S.Bimetallic nanoparticle decorated perovskite oxide for state-of-the-art trifunctional electrocatalysis.J Mater Chem A2019;7:19453-64

[44] Ishihara T.Low temperature solid oxide fuel cells using LaGaO₃-based oxide electrolyte on metal support.J Jpn Petrol Inst2015;58:71-8

[45] An H,Choi SM.BaCeO₃-BaZrO₃ solid solution (BCZY) as a high performance electrolyte of protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs).J Korean Ceram Soc2014;51:271-7

[46] Kim J,Kwon G.Triple-conducting layered perovskites as cathode materials for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells.ChemSusChem2014;7:2811-5

[47] Shen F.Comparison of different perovskite cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells.Fuel Cells2018;18:457-65

[48] Fan L.Layer-structured LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂: a new triple (H⁺/O2^-/e^-) conducting cathode for low temperature proton conducting solid oxide fuel cells.J Power Sources2016;306:369-77

[49] Huang YH,Xing ZL.Double perovskites as anode materials for solid-oxide fuel cells.Science2006;312:254-7

[50] Tao S.A redox-stable efficient anode for solid-oxide fuel cells.Nat Mater2003;2:320-3

[51] Dragan M,Varlam M.Perovskite-based materials for energy applications. In: Tian H, editor. Perovskite materials, devices and integration. London: IntechOpen; 2020.

[52] Yousaf M,Zhu B.Electrochemical properties of Ni_0.4Zn_0.6Fe₂O₄ and the heterostructure composites (Ni-Zn ferrite-SDC) for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC).Electrochim Acta2020;331:135349

[53] Pilania G,Valdez JA,Uberuaga BP.Prediction of structure and cation ordering in an ordered normal-inverse double spinel.Commun Mater2020;1:84

[54] Lan R.Novel proton conductors in the layered oxide material Li_xlAl_0.5Co_0.5O₂.Adv Energy Mater2014;4:1301683

[55] Sebastian L,Gopalakrishnan J.Probing the mobility of lithium in LISICON: Li⁺/H⁺ exchange studies in Li₂ZnGeO₄ and Li_2+2xZn_1-xGeO₄.J Mater Chem2003;13:1400-5

[56] Prabhakaran K,Lakra J,Sharma S.Characteristics of 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia powder prepared by spray drying process.J Mater Process Technol2007;189:178-81

[57] Esposito V,Hjelm J.Fabrication of thin yttria-stabilized-zirconia dense electrolyte layers by inkjet printing for high performing solid oxide fuel cells.J Power Sources2015;273:89-95

[58] Park J,Chang I.Atomic layer deposition of yttria-stabilized zirconia thin films for enhanced reactivity and stability of solid oxide fuel cells.Energy2016;116:170-6

[59] Lu Z,Fisher D.Enhanced performance of an anode-supported YSZ thin electrolyte fuel cell with a laser-deposited Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 interlayer.Electrochem Commun2010;12:179-82

[60] Lee J,Lee H,Lee J.Effect of Li₂O content and sintering temperature on the grain growth and electrical properties of Gd-doped CeO₂ ceramics.Ceram Int2016;42:11170-6

[61] Xu R,Wang X,Yang X.Enhanced ionic conductivity of yttria-stabilized ZrO₂ with natural CuFe-oxide mineral heterogeneous composite for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells.Int J Hydrog Energy2017;42:17495-503

[62] Liu W,Sun J,Cui Y.Improved lithium ionic conductivity in composite polymer electrolytes with oxide-ion conducting nanowires.ACS Nano2016;10:11407-13

[63] Han M,Yin H.Fabrication, microstructure and properties of a YSZ electrolyte for SOFCs.J Power Sources2007;165:757-63

[64] Yamamoto O.Solid oxide fuel cells: fundamental aspects and prospects.Electrochim Acta2000;45:2423-35

[65] Anirban S.Structural and ionic transport mechanism of rare earth doped cerium oxide nanomaterials: effect of ionic radius of dopant cations.Solid State Ion2017;309:137-45

[66] Singh M.Studies on structural, morphological, and electrical properties of Ga³⁺ and Cu²⁺ co-doped ceria ceramics as solid electrolyte for IT-SOFCs.Int J Hydrog Energy2020;45:24014-25

[67] Wang B,Yun S.Fast ionic conduction in semiconductor CeO_2-δ electrolyte fuel cells.NPG Asia Mater2019;11:51

[68] Chen G,He Y.Electrochemical mechanisms of an advanced low-temperature fuel cell with a SrTiO₃ electrolyte.J Mater Chem A2019;7:9638-45

[69] Iwahara H,Uchida H.Proton conduction in sintered oxides and its application to steam electrolysis for hydrogen production.Solid State Ion1981;3-4:359-63

[70] Tao S.A stable, easily sintered proton-conducting oxide electrolyte for moderate-temperature fuel cells and electrolyzers.Adv Mater2006;18:1581-4

[71] Zuo C,Liu M,Uchiyama M.Ba(Zr_0.1Ce_0.7Y_0.2)O_3-δ as an electrolyte for low-temperature solid-oxide fuel cells.Adv Mater2006;18:3318-20

[72] Zhao Y,Li Y.Enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of formate via introducing surface reactive oxygen species to a CeO₂ substrate.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2021;13:51643-51

[73] Scherrer B,Stender D.On proton conductivity in porous and dense yttria stabilized zirconia at low temperature.Adv Funct Mater2013;23:1957-64

[74] Shirpour M,Merkle R.On the proton conductivity in pure and gadolinium doped nanocrystalline cerium oxide.Phys Chem Chem Phys2011;13:937-40

[75] Stub SØ,Norby T.Mechanisms of protonic surface transport in porous oxides: example of YSZ.J Phys Chem C2017;121:12817-25

[76] Miyoshi S,Kuwata N.Low-temperature protonic conduction based on surface protonics: an example of nanostructured yttria-doped zirconia.Chem Mater2014;26:5194-200

[77] Xing Y,Li L.Proton shuttles in CeO₂/CeO_2-δ core-shell structure.ACS Energy Lett2019;4:2601-7

[78] Li L,Zhang J,Wu Y.Electrical properties of nanocube CeO₂ in advanced solid oxide fuel cells.Int J Hydrog Energy2018;43:12909-16

[79] Paydar S,Shi J.Surfacial proton conducting CeO₂ nanosheets.Ceram Int2023;49:9138-46

[80] Morales M,Tartaj J.A review of doped lanthanum gallates as electrolytes for intermediate temperature solid oxides fuel cells: from materials processing to electrical and thermo-mechanical properties.J Eur Ceram Soc2016;36:1-16

[81] Jaiswal N,Suman R,Upadhyay S.A brief review on ceria based solid electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells.J Alloys Compd2019;781:984-1005

[82] Cai Y,Akbar M.A bulk-heterostructure nanocomposite electrolyte of Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-δ-SrTiO₃ for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.Nanomicro Lett2021;13:46 PMCID:PMC8187505

[83] Benamira M,Albin V.Gadolinia-doped ceria mixed with alkali carbonates for solid oxide fuel cell applications: I. A thermal, structural and morphological insight.J Power Sources2011;196:5546-54

[84] Xia C,Tian Y.A high performance composite ionic conducting electrolyte for intermediate temperature fuel cell and evidence for ternary ionic conduction.J Power Sources2009;188:156-62

[85] Kharton V,Atkinson A.Transport properties of solid oxide electrolyte ceramics: a brief review.Solid State Ion2004;174:135-49

[86] Fan L,Chen M.Recent development of ceria-based (nano)composite materials for low temperature ceramic fuel cells and electrolyte-free fuel cells.J Power Sources2013;234:154-74

[87] Zhu B,Lund PD.Semiconductor-ionic materials could play an important role in advanced fuel-to-electricity conversion.Int J Energy Res2018;42:3413-5

[88] Shi Y,Wang Z.Defect engineering for tuning the photoresponse of ceria-based solid oxide photoelectrochemical cells.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2021;13:541-51

[89] Zhu B,Mushtaq N.Semiconductor electrochemistry for clean energy conversion and storage.Electrochem Energy Rev2021;4:757-92

[90] Fan L,Wang X,Zhu B.Understanding the electrochemical mechanism of the core-shell ceria-LiZnO nanocomposite in a low temperature solid oxide fuel cell.J Mater Chem A2014;2:5399-407

[91] He HP,Chen LQ.A practice of single layer solid oxide fuel cell.Ionics2000;6:64-9

[92] He H,Chen L.Sr-doped LaInO₃ and its possible application in a single layer SOFC.Solid State Ion2000;130:183-93

[93] Kilner JA.Ionic conductors: feel the strain.Nat Mater2008;7:838-9

[94] Lee S,Khatkhatay F,Jia Q.Ionic conductivity increased by two orders of magnitude in micrometer-thick vertical yttria-stabilized ZrO₂ nanocomposite films.Nano Lett2015;15:7362-9

[95] Yang SM,Jian J.Strongly enhanced oxygen ion transport through samarium-doped CeO₂ nanopillars in nanocomposite films.Nat Commun2015;6:8588 PMCID:PMC4633963

[96] Lu Y,Cai Y.Progress in electrolyte-free fuel cells.Front Energy Res2016;4:17

[97] Hu H,Zhu Z,Liu X.Fabrication of electrolyte-free fuel cell with Mg_0.4Zn_0.6O/Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-δ-Li_0.3Ni_0.6Cu_0.07Sr_0.03O_2-δ layer.J Power Sources2014;248:577-81

[98] Xia Y,Bai Y.Electrical conductivity optimization in electrolyte-free fuel cells by single-component Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-δ-Li_0.15Ni_0.45Zn_0.4 layer.RSC Adv2012;2:3828-34

[99] Zhao C,Zhang W.Heterointerface engineering for enhancing the electrochemical performance of solid oxide cells.Energy Environ Sci2020;13:53-85

[100] Dong W,Zhu B.Semiconductor TiO₂ thin film as an electrolyte for fuel cells.J Mater Chem A2019;7:16728-34

[101] Zhu B,Raza R.Schottky junction effect on high performance fuel cells based on nanocomposite materials.Adv Energy Mater2015;5:1401895

[102] Jiang SP.Fuel cells: advances and challenges. In: Kharton VV, editor. Solid state electrochemistry II. Hoboken: Wiley; 2011. pp. 179-264.

[103] Fergus JW.Electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells.J Power Sources2006;162:30-40

[104] Sammes N,Näfe H.Bismuth based oxide electrolytes - structure and ionic conductivity.J Eur Ceram Soc1999;19:1801-26

[105] Strickler DW.Ionic conductivity of cubic solid solutions in the system CaO-Y₂O₃-ZrO₂.J Am Ceram Soc1964;47:122-7

[106] Dixon JM,Merten U,Porter JT.Electrical resistivity of stabilized zirconia at elevated temperatures.J Electrochem Soc1963;110:276

[107] Yeh T,Chou C.Mechanical and electrical properties of ZrO₂ (3Y) doped with RENbO₄ (RE = Yb, Er, Y, Dy, YNd, Sm, Nd).J Phys IV France2005;128:213-9

[108] Yamamoto O,Takeda Y.Electrical conductivity of stabilized zirconia with ytterbia and scandia.Solid State Ion1995;79:137-42

[109] Sarat S,Smirnova A.Bismuth oxide doped scandia-stabilized zirconia electrolyte for the intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells.J Power Sources2006;160:892-6

[110] Hirano M,Kato E,Kawai M.High electrical conductivity and high fracture strength of Sc₂O₃-doped zirconia ceramics with submicrometer grains.J Am Ceram Soc1999;82:2861-4

[111] Malavasi L,Islam MS.Oxide-ion and proton conducting electrolyte materials for clean energy applications: structural and mechanistic features.Chem Soc Rev2010;39:4370-87

[112] Ishihara T,Takita Y.Doped LaGaO₃ perovskite type oxide as a new oxide ionic conductor.J Am Chem Soc1994;116:3801-3

[113] Takahashi T,Nagai Y.High oxide ion conduction in sintered Bi₂O₃ containing SrO, CaO or La₂O₃.J Appl Electrochem1972;2:97-104

[114] Wang X,Zhu B.State of the art ceria-carbonate composites (3C) electrolyte for advanced low temperature ceramic fuel cells (LTCFCs).Int J Hydrog Energy2012;37:19417-25

[115] Fruth V,Berger D.Synthesis, structure and properties of doped Bi₂O₃.J Eur Ceram Soc2006;26:3011-6

[116] Shuk P,Guth U,Greenblatt M.Oxide ion conducting solid electrolytes based on Bi₂O₃.Solid State Ion1996;89:179-96

[117] Steele BC.Materials for fuel-cell technologies.Nature2001;414:345-52

[118] Mogensen M,Tompsett GA.Physical, chemical and electrochemical properties of pure and doped ceria.Solid State Ion2000;129:63-94

[119] Shimonosono T,Sameshima S.Electronic conductivity of La-doped ceria ceramics.J Am Ceram Soc2005;88:2114-20

[120] Sha X,Huang X.Study on La and Y co-doped ceria-based electrolyte materials.J Alloys Compd2007;428:59-64

[121] Anirban S.Structure and defect interaction mediated transport mechanism of mixed di-tri valent cation containing ceria-based Ionic conductors.Int J Hydrog Energy2018;43:23418-29

[122] Khakpour Z,Maghsoudipour A.Influence of Gd³⁺ and Dy³⁺ co-doping and sintering regime on enhancement of electrical conductivity of ceria-based solid electrolyte.Ionics2014;20:1407-17

[123] Wang F,Cheng S.Gd³⁺ and Sm³⁺ co-doped ceria based electrolytes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells.Electrochem Commun2004;6:743-6

[124] Rai A,Omar S.Ionic conduction behavior in Sm_xNd_0.15-xCe_0.85O_2-δ.Solid State Ion2014;263:190-6

[125] Tadokoro S.Effect of Y and Dy co-doping on electrical conductivity of ceria ceramics.J Eur Ceram Soc2007;27:4261-4

[126] Lin Y,Su D,Chen F.Enhancing grain boundary ionic conductivity in mixed ionic-electronic conductors.Nat Commun2015;6:6824 PMCID:PMC4403342

[127] Ramesh S.Preparation and characterization of Ce_1-x(Gd_0.5Pr_0.5)_xO₂ electrolyte for IT-SOFCs.Int J Hydrog Energy2012;37:10311-7

[128] Arunkumar P,Suresh Babu K.Role of iron addition on grain boundary conductivity of pure and samarium doped cerium oxide.RSC Adv2014;4:44367-76

[129] Zając W,Świerczek K.Structural and electrical properties of grain boundaries in Ce_0.85Gd_0.15O_1.925 solid electrolyte modified by addition of transition metal ions.J Power Sources2009;194:2-9

[130] Kang YJ.The effect of alumina and Cu addition on the electrical properties and the SOFC performance of Gd-doped CeO₂ electrolyte.Solid State Ion2009;180:886-90

[131] Zhu B,Xu J.Innovative low temperature SOFCs and advanced materials.J Power Sources2003;118:47-53

[132] Raza R,Ma Y,Zhu B.Improved ceria-carbonate composite electrolytes.Int J Hydrog Energy2010;35:2684-8

[133] Zhang G,Huang W.Strongly coupled Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O₂-Na₂CO₃ nanocomposite for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells: one-step synthesis and super interfacial proton conduction.J Power Sources2018;386:56-65

[134] Zhu B,Mellander B.Theoretical approach on ceria-based two-phase electrolytes for low temperature (300-600 °C) solid oxide fuel cells.Electrochem Commun2008;10:302-5

[135] Zhu B.Intermediate temperature proton conducting salt-oxide composites.Solid State Ion1999;125:397-405

[136] Zhu B.Next generation fuel cell R&D.Int J Energy Res2006;30:895-903

[137] Maier J.Ionic conduction in space charge regions.Prog Solid State Chem1995;23:171-263

[138] Schober T.Composites of ceramic high-temperature proton conductors with inorganic compounds.Electrochem Solid-State Lett2005;8:A199

[139] Huang J,Mao Z.Effects of salt composition on the electrical properties of samaria-doped ceria/carbonate composite electrolytes for low-temperature SOFCs.Int J Hydrog Energy2010;35:4270-5

[140] Riess I,Gauckler LJ.Characterization of solid oxide fuel cells based on solid electrolytes or mixed ionic electronic conductors.Solid State Ion1996;90:91-104

[141] Lu Y,Wang J,Li J.Hybrid power generation system of solar energy and fuel cells: hybrid power generation system.Int J Energy Res2016;40:717-25

[142] Zhu B,Lund P.Breakthrough fuel cell technology using ceria-based multi-functional nanocomposites.Appl Energy2013;106:163-75

[143] Zhu B,Wang X,Qin H.A fuel cell with a single component functioning simultaneously as the electrodes and electrolyte.Electrochem Commun2011;13:225-7

[144] Zhu B,Qin H.Single-component and three-component fuel cells.J Power Sources2011;196:6362-5

[145] Dong X,Li J,Tian Y.Single layer fuel cell based on a composite of Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-δ-Na₂CO₃ and a mixed ionic and electronic conductor Sr₂Fe_1.5Mo_0.5O_6-δ.J Power Sources2014;249:270-6

[146] Paydar S,Huang L.Performance analysis of LiAl_0.5Co_0.5O₂ nanosheets for intermediate-temperature fuel cells.Int J Hydrog Energy2021;46:26478-88

[147] Zhou Y,Zhou H.Strongly correlated perovskite fuel cells.Nature2016;534:231-4

[148] Akbar N,Afzal M.Tunning tin-based perovskite as an electrolyte for semiconductor protonic fuel cells.Int J Hydrog Energy2022;47:5531-40

[149] Dong W,Janjua NK,Afzal M.All in one multifunctional perovskite material for next generation SOFC.Electrochim Acta2016;193:225-30

[150] Meng Y,Xu F.Low-temperature fuel cells using a composite of redox-stable perovskite oxide La_0.7Sr_0.3Cr_0.5Fe_0.5O_3-δ and ionic conductor.J Power Sources2017;366:259-64

[151] Akbar N,Wu Y.Tuning an ionic-electronic mixed conductor NdBa_0.5Sr_0.5Co_1.5Fe_0.5O_5+δ for electrolyte functions of advanced fuel cells.Int J Hydrog Energy2021;46:9847-54

[152] Tu Z,Liu M.Remarkable ionic conductivity in a LZO-SDC composite for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.Nanomaterials2021;11:2277 PMCID:PMC8466903

[153] Shah MY,Mushtaq N.ZnO/MgZnO heterostructure membrane with type II band alignment for ceramic fuel cells.Energy Mater2022;2:200031

[154] Lu Y,Shi J.Advanced low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells based on a built-in electric field.Energy Mater2021;1:100007

[155] Mahato N,Gupta A,Balani K.Progress in material selection for solid oxide fuel cell technology: a review.Prog Mater Sci2015;72:141-337

[156] Kang S,Cho GY.Scalable fabrication process of thin-film solid oxide fuel cells with an anode functional layer design and a sputtered electrolyte.Int J Hydrog Energy2020;45:33980-92

[157] Yang Y,Yan M.A review on the preparation of thin-film YSZ electrolyte of SOFCs by magnetron sputtering technology.Sep Purif Technol2022;298:121627

[158] Wang B,Xia C.Semiconductor-ionic membrane of LaSrCoFe-oxide-doped ceria solid oxide fuel cells.Electrochimica Acta2017;248:496-504

[159] Hu E,Fan L.Junction and energy band on novel semiconductor-based fuel cells.iScience2021;24:102191 PMCID:PMC7930592

[160] Harboe S,Margaritis N,Guillon O.Manufacturing cost model for planar 5 kWel SOFC stacks at Forschungszentrum Jülich.Int J Hydrog Energy2020;45:8015-30

[161] Dubois A,Braun RJ.Benchmarking the expected stack manufacturing cost of next generation, intermediate-temperature protonic ceramic fuel cells with solid oxide fuel cell technology.J Power Sources2017;369:65-77