Non-Flammable Electrolytes for Safe Lithium-, Sodium-, and Potassium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The widespread deployment of rechargeable lithium-, sodium-, and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) is critically constrained by safety concerns, particularly those associated with the flammability of conventional carbonate-based electrolytes. In response, the development of non-flammable electrolyte systems has emerged as a key strategy to mitigate thermal runaway risks and ensure the safe operation of energy storage devices. This review provided a comprehensive overview of recent advances in non-flammable electrolytes, with a focus on their chemical design, thermal stability, electrochemical performance, and compatibility with battery components. Various classes of flame-retardant materials were systematically examined, including organophosphorus compounds, halogenated solvents, ionic liquids, aqueous systems, and solid-state electrolytes. Special attention was given to the molecular mechanisms underlying flame suppression and interfacial stability, as well as strategies for balancing safety with high energy density. By summarizing state-of-the-art developments and identifying remaining challenges, including cost-effectiveness, compatibility with high-voltage electrodes, and long-term cycling stability, this review aimed to guide the rational design of intrinsically safe, high-performance battery systems for next-generation energy technologies.

Keywords

lithium-ion battery / non-flammable electrolyte / potassium-ion battery / sodium-ion battery / thermal runaway

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