Hyperspectral reflectance at canopy and leaf levels for predicting yield and physiological traits in spring wheat under Mediterranean conditions

Abstract

High-throughput field phenotyping offers an efficient solution for identifying and selecting genotypes of interest in plant breeding. This study aimed to develop multivariate models using spectral reflectance data to estimate physiological and yield traits in spring wheat genotypes exposed to different water regimes. Fifteen spring wheat varieties and one triticale genotype were evaluated in sixteen environments, which were generated by combining data from over four seasons in two Mediterranean locations in Chile, along with two water regimes (irrigated and water deficit). Measured traits were leaf pigments, leaf area index (LAI), leaf water potential (Ψ_leaf), gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, grain yield, and carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C). Hyperspectral reflectance was recorded at the leaf level and canopy level (45° and 90°) at anthesis and grain filling and used to generate predictive models using partial least squares (PLS), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and elastic net (E.net) regression. Models explained over 60% of the trait variation (R²) for 70% of traits analysed. Fluorescence parameters (R² ​= ​0.78-0.88), δ¹³C (R² ​= ​0.80), leaf pigments (R² ​= ​0.50-0.74), Ψ_leaf (R² ​= ​0.72), and LAI (R² ​= ​0.68) had the most robust predictions. LASSO regression showed the highest R² and accuracy, while canopy-level spectra at 90° excelled in predicting grain yield and LAI, and leaf-level spectra were best for fluorescence traits. These methods facilitated the identification of genotypes with superior water-deficit adaptation and yield potential, accelerating breeding, enhancing crop resilience to climate change, and improving food security.

Keywords

Carbon isotope composition / Chlorophyll fluorescence / High-throughput phenotyping / Hyperspectral reflectance / Leaf gas exchange / Wheat

Authors' contributions

A.G., M.G., I.A., and A.P.: Writing, reviewing, and editing; A.G. and A.C.: Formal analysis; A.G., A.C., and S.R.: Data curation; M.G. and S.R.: Investigation; M.G., S.R., G.L., and A.D.: Methodology; M.G. and A.D.: Conceptualization; I.A. and A.D.: Supervision; G.L.: Software; G.L. and A.D.: Funding acquisition; and A.D.: Project administration.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Chile, grants FONDEF Idea 14I10106 and ANILLO ATE220001, and the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA), Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE), H2020-MSCA-RISE-2019.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2025.04.004.

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