Transformations in Argentinean soybean systems: Recent changes, challenges, and opportunities

Abstract

We reviewed the historical agronomic shifts that made Argentina a major soybean producer and discussed some of the current challenges and opportunities to further increase soybean production. The early high adoption rate of this crop was a result of the combination of high relative soybean prices with low production costs and effectively developed technologies that simplified farm activities such as no-till sowing and the use of glyphosate-resistant cultivars. Decades of agronomic research have helped adjust management practices to suit different rainfed environments across Argentina. Despite these efforts, a substantial gap between the rainfed yield potential and current farmer yield remains. Further improvements via crop structure adjustment would require a better understanding of temporal weather variations. Additional possibilities for yield gap reduction rely on improvements in fertilization practices. At present, only half of the soybean area is fertilized, and fertilizer rates are typically below the crop demand driven by an unfavorable grain/fertilizer price ratio. While there is still work to be done to narrow the soybean yield gaps via yield-protecting practices, further progress in genetic yield potential is also desirable. Additionally, a faster adoption rate of newly released cultivars could further increase yield gains. Finally, the extensive adoption of soybean has revealed that fields frequently growing soybean experience soil degradation and lower crop yields. Diversifying rotations with cereal crops is crucial to prevent these issues. All these aspects are relevant to both local and global soybean production, considering the significant role that Argentina is expected to play in the coming years.

Keywords

Crop management / Fertilization / Intensification / Soybean / Yield gap

Abbreviations

BA Buenos Aires province

Bt transgenic resistance to defoliating pest

CH Chaco province

CO Córdoba province

COR Córdoba region

CREA Regional Consortiums of Agricultural Experimentation

Enlis 2,4-D+glufosinate resistant

ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation Phenomenon

ER Entre Ríos province

IRS intermediate row spacing

LP La Pampa province

NCOR North of Córdoba region

NRS narrow row spacing

RR glyphosate resistant

SE Santiago del Estero province

SF Santa Fe province

SSF South of Santa Fe region

STS sulfonylurea herbicide tolerance

WRS wide row spacing

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Authors’ contributions

G.D., J.A., and D.R.: Manuscript; G.D., J.A., D.R., and S.A.: Conceptualization and methodology; G.D., J.A., and S.A.: Visualization; D.R. and S.A.: Data curation; and S.A.: Reviewing and editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

Authors thank CREA, and particularly the DAT CREA project, for providing data of soybean management practices. Authors thank J. Micheloud for the critical reading of this manuscript.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2025.04.001.

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