Nanopores and Nanochannels: From Confined Transport Mechanisms to Functional Applications

Abstract

This review systematically summarizes recent advances in bioinspired nanopores and nanochannels for confined fluidics with emphasis on transport mechanisms, functionalization strategies and design principles for next-generation smart nanofluidic devices. Unlike macroscopic bulk fluidics, nanoscale transport leverages extreme spatial confinement to transcend classical continuum mechanics, exhibiting mass transfer and permselective properties analogous to natural biological ion channels. Focusing on fundamental physical mechanisms governing ion and molecule confinement, we elucidate anomalous transport phenomena that deviate from classical predictions. Specifically, we examine transport models modulated by the multiphysics coupling of geometric asymmetry, surface charge, electrical double layer overlap, interfacial wettability, and single-molecule recognition. Addressing the functional prerequisites of advanced devices, we categorize dynamic regulation strategies driven by structural asymmetry engineering and stimuli-responsive surface modifications. Furthermore, we evaluate critical applications of these confined systems in selective separation, smart gating, single-molecule detection, and high-performance energy conversion. Finally, we outline the persistent challenges impeding the scalability and practical implementation of artificial bioinspired nanofluidic systems, offering a forward-looking perspective on future developmental trajectories.

Keywords

Nanopore / Nanochannel / Confined transport / Bioinspired nanofluidics / Smart gating / Osmotic energy conversion

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