Circularly Polarized Luminescent Materials Based on Macrocyclic Assemblies

Abstract

Macrocycles, known for their tunable cavities, structural stability, and supramolecular assembly capabilities, have shown great potential in the field of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Rational control over supramolecular assembly enables efficient chirality transfer and luminescence enhancement in these macrocycle-based systems, yielding high dissymmetry factor (g_lum) values and improved photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY). Moreover, by leveraging noncovalent interactions, the CPL properties can be dynamically modulated by external stimuli, such as temperature, metal ions, and pH. This review comprehensively surveys recent advances in macrocycle-based chiroptical materials, focusing on the development of multi-stimuli-responsive CPL systems and the investigations into their long-term stability and reversibility, thereby highlighting their unique characteristics and prospective applications.

Keywords

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) / Macrocyclic assembly / Stimuli-responsive CPL material

References

[1] Aggeli A, Nyrkova I A, Bell M, Harding R, Carrick L, McLeish T C B, Semenov A N, Boden N. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001, 98: 11857

[2] Armon S, Efrati E, Kupferman R, Sharon E. Science, 2011, 333: 1726

[3] Kelly S M, Price N C. Current Protein & Peptide Science, 2000, 1: 349

[4] Peypoux F, Bonmatin J M, Wallach J. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1999, 51: 553

[5] Pollard D J, Woodley J M. Trends in Biotechnology, 2007, 25: 66

[6] Gal J. Nature Chemistry, 2017, 9: 604

[7] Accetta A, Corradini R, Marchelli R. Luminescence Applied in Sensor Science, 2011, 300: 175

[8] Grey P, Fernandes S N, Gaspar D, Fortunato E, Martins R, Godinho M H, Pereira L. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29: 1805279.

[9] Liu C, Yang J-C, Lam J W Y, Feng H-T, Tang B Z. Chemical Science, 2022, 13: 611

[10] Wang S, Hu D, Guan X, Cai S, Shi G, Shuai Z, Zhang J, Peng Q, Wan X. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2021, 60: 21918

[11] Zhao Y, Rahirn N A A, Xia Y, Fujiki M, Song B, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Zhu X. Macromolecules, 2016, 49: 3214

[12] Yang T B, Yan J, Gong L, Zhong W T, Chen B L, Shen L, Pan J S, Nelson J, Liang Y Y. SmartMat, 2024, 5: e1310

[13] Polavarapu P L. Chemical Record, 2007, 7: 125

[14] Yoo S, Park Q H. Nanophotonics, 2019, 8: 249.

[15] Zhang L, Wang H-X, Li S, Liu M. Chemical Society Reviews, 2020, 49: 9095

[16] Zhong H, Gao X B, Zhao B, Deng J P. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2024, 57: 1188

[17] Zhong H, Pan K, Zhao B, Deng J P. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2025, 542: 216891

[18] Fujita Y, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2025, 14: e202500155

[19] Hasegawa M, Ishida Y, Sasaki H, Ishioka S, Usui K, Hara N, Kitahara M, Imai Y, Mazaki Y. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2021, 27: 16225

[20] Hasegawa M, Mazaki Y. Synlett, 2024, 35: 1361

[21] He J, Yu M, Pang M, Fan Y, Lian Z, Wang Y, Wang W, Liu Y, Jiang H. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2022, 28: e202103832

[22] Honda T, Ogata D, Tsurui M, Yoshida S, Sato S, Muraoka T, Kitagawa Y, Hasegawa Y, Yuasa J, Oguri H. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2024, 63: e202318548

[23] Kobayashi S, Nakazono R, Okada R, Schramm M P, Amaya T. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 2024, 97: uoae098

[24] Liu B, Li M, Ding Q R, Wang F, Chen S M, Li S D. Crystal Growth & Design, 2025, 25: 5127.

[25] Cheng J, Ge F, Zhang C, Kuai Y, Hou P, Xiang Y, Zhang D, Qiu L, Zhang Q, Zou G. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2020, 8: 9271

[26] Fu K, Liu G. Chemical Communications, 2023, 59: 13751

[27] Hara N, Kaji D, Okuda K, Shizuma M, Tajima N, Imai Y. Chemistry Letters, 2018, 47: 894

[28] He M, Sun H, Zhu L, Liu G. Chemistry of Materials, 2024, 36: 2508

[29] Li Z-Q, Meng L, Chen Z, Zhong Y-W. Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 234

[30] Zhang W, Ni B, Li H, Yang Y, Li Y, Tang B Z. Materials Chemistry Frontiers, 2021, 5: 5471

[31] Zhong H, Zhao B, Deng J. Advanced Optical Materials, 2023, 11: 2202787

[32] Crassous J. Chemical Communications, 2012, 48: 9684

[33] Gawryszewska P, Sokolnicki J, Dossing A, Riehl J P, Muller G, Legendziewicz J. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2005, 109: 3858

[34] Kapper S C, Ponnekanti A, Schaab J, Li T-Y, Chung C L, Ung G, Djurovich P I, Thompson M E. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2024, 1004: 122947

[35] Schulte T R, Holstein J J, Krause L, Michel R, Stalke D, Sakuda E, Umakoshi K, Longhi G, Abbate S, Clever G H. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139: 6863

[36] Seitz M, Do K, Ingram A J, Moore E G, Muller G, Raymond K N. Inorganic Chemistry, 2009, 48: 8469

[37] Chen C, Gao L, Gao W, Ge C, Du X, Li Z, Yang Y, Niu G, Tang J. Nature Communications, 2019, 10: 1927

[38] Li M, Wang Y, Cai X, Li Y, Li H, Yang Y, Li Y. Materials Letters, 2021, 300: 130177

[39] Wu W, Shang X, Xu Z, Ye H, Yao Y, Chen X, Hong M, Luo J, Li L. Advanced Science, 2023, 10: 2206070

[40] Xu T, Li H, Liu W, Li Y, Li B, Yang Y. Dyes Pigment., 2022, 200: 110121

[41] Zhao B, Yu H, Pan K, Tan Z A, Deng J. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 3208

[42] Shi C Y, Zhang Q, Tian H, Qu D H. SmartMat, 2020, 1: e1012.

[43] Sun Z, Tang H, Wang L, Cao D. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2025, 31: e202404217

[44] Zhao J, Zeng K, Jin T, Dou W-T, Yang H-B, Xu L. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2024, 502: 215598

[45] Wang X, Ma S, Zhao B, Deng J. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33: 2214364

[46] Bacchi A, Carcelli M, Chiodo T. Acta Crystallographica A-Foundation and Advances, 2008, 64: C474

[47] Barbour L. Acta Crystallographica A-Foundation and Advances, 2009, 65: S87

[48] Cong H, Tao L-L, Yu Y-H, Tao Z, Yang F, Zhao Y-J, Xue S-F, Lawrance G A, Wei G. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2007, 111: 2715

[49] Eikeland E, Madsen S, Overgaard J, Spackman M, Iversen B. Acta Crystallographica A-Foundation and Advances, 2014, 70: C756

[50] Kobayashi M, Kumagai K-i, Hoshi T, Yamaguchi T, Sato H, Toda K, Tanizaki Y, Yoshinaga T. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 2007, 469: 31

[51] Kumar A, Sharma P, Sharma P K, Abuja M, Matisz G, Kollar L, Kunsagi-Mate S. Indian Journal of Chemistry Section A-Inorganic Bio-Inorganic Physical Theoretical & Analytical Chemistry, 2016, 55: 304

[52] Li Q, Sha X, Li S, Wang K, Quan Z, Meng Y, Zou B. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2017, 8: 2745

[53] Li Y, Wen J, Li J, Wu Z, Li W, Yang K. ACS Sensors, 2021, 6: 3882

[54] Liu J, Zhang X, Yan H-J, Wang D, Wang J-Y, Pei J, Wan L-J. Langmuir, 2010, 26: 8195

[55] Liu X, Wang K-R, Rong R-X, Liu M-H, Wang Q, Li X-L. Dyes Pigment., 2020, 174: 108043

[56] Nakahata M, Takashima Y, Harada A. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2016, 37: 86

[57] Nie C, Liu C, Sun S, Wu S. Chemphotochem, 2021, 5: 893

[58] Oh Y-H, Lee S Y, Oh H B, Lee S. Molecules, 2025, 30: 1723

[59] Pandey S, Kankanamalage D V D W, Zhou X, Hu C, Hoque M E, Isaacs L, Jayawickramarajah J, Mao H. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020, 142: 14750

[60] Park J, Park J, Lee J, Lim C, Lee D W. Nature Communications, 2022, 13: 112

[61] Park J H, Shin H, Park D H, Lee S-G. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 2010, 31: 635

[62] Qi Y, Volmer D A. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2015, 29: 2316

[63] Shi H, Cheng X, Lin Q, Yao H, Zhang Y, Wei T. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2018, 38: 1718

[64] Soriano M D P C, Simirgiotis M J, Mirabal-Gallardo Y, Santos L S. Current Organic Synthesis, 2012, 9: 279.

[65] Thomas S, Fuller R, Sobolev A, Schauer P, Grabowsky S, Koutsantonis G, Spackman M. Acta Crystallographica A-Foundation and Advances, 2014, 70: C674

[66] Wu S, Yan M, Liang M, Yang W, Chen J, Zhou J. Cancer Drug Resistance, 2023, 6: 805

[67] Xiang K, Huang W-J, Gao F, Lai Q. Annals of Tourism Research, 2022, 93: 103376

[68] Zhang W, Liu M Q, Luo Y. Aggregate, 2025, 6: e70039

[69] Liu M H, Zhang L, Wang T Y. Chem. Rev., 2015, 115: 7304

[70] Wu S, Song X, Lu J, Hao W, Liu M. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2025, 64: e202421108

[71] Yuan Y-X, Hu M, Zhang K-R, Zhou T-T, Wang S, Liu M, Zheng Y-S. Materials Horizons, 2020, 7: 3209

[72] Wang Y, Liao Q, Feng Y, Meng Q. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2024, 1304: 137695

[73] Chen S, Lin L, Zheng S, Guo H, Yang F. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2023, 391: 123176

[74] Duan H, Li S, Zhao J, Li J. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 483: 149130

[75] Duan H, Pan H, Li J, Qi D. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2022, 11: 172.

[76] Duan H, Zhu C, Qi D, Li J. Polymer, 2022, 255: 125123

[77] Fan T, Huang X, Zheng S, Guo H, Yang F. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2022, 367: 120380

[78] Goto H. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 2018, 669: 27

[79] He J, Bian K, Li N, Piao G. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2019, 7: 9278

[80] Huang H-J, Tian K-L, Wong S-Q, Lian N-X, Wang J, Sun H-J, Bermeshev M V, Zhong L-W, Chen Z, Ren X-K. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2024, 30: e202402667

[81] Ji Y, Yang K, Zhao B, Pan K, Deng J. ACS Macro Letters, 2024, 13: 673

[82] Li Q, Yuan J, Liang H, Zheng F, Lu X, Yu C, Lu Q. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 8939

[83] Li Q, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang G, Qi W, You S, Su R, He Z. Nano Letters, 2021, 21: 6406

[84] Li S-Y, Xu L, Gao R-T, Chen Z, Liu N, Wu Z-Q. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2023, 11: 1242

[85] Liu P, Battie Y, Kimura T, Okazaki Y, Pranee P, Wang H, Pouget E, Nlate S, Sagawa T, Oda R. Nano Letters, 2023, 23: 3174

[86] Lu P, Chen Y, Chen Z, Yuan Y, Zhang H. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2021, 9: 6589

[87] Luo H, Ren X-K, Zhang B-H, Huang Y-Q, Lu L, Song J. Dyes Pigment., 2021, 188: 109148

[88] Maeda H, Shirai T, Bando Y, Takaishi K, Uchiyama M, Muranaka A, Kawai T, Naito M. Organic Letters, 2013, 15: 6006

[89] Nagata Y, Uno M, Suginome M. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2016, 55: 7126

[90] Nakamura M, Suzuki J, Ota F, Takada T, Akagi K, Yamana K. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2016, 22: 9121

[91] Niu C, Liu J, Wu Q, Liu S, Tan J, Zhang J. Nanoscale, 2025, 17: 9525

[92] Reine P, Justicia J, Morcillo S P, Abbate S, Vaz B, Ribagorda M, Orte A, Alvarez de Cienfuegos L, Longhi G, Campana A G, Miguel D, Cuerva J M. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2018, 83: 4455

[93] Sakai H, Yung T-M, Mure T, Kurono N, Fujii S, Nakamura Y, Hayakawa T, Li M-C, Hirai T. JACS Au, 2023, 3: 2698

[94] Song F, Cheng Y, Liu Q, Qiu Z, Lam J W Y, Lin L, Yang F, Tang B Z. Materials Chemistry Frontiers, 2019, 3: 1768

[95] Song L, Dong Y, Zhao B, Wu Y, Deng J. Advanced Optical Materials, 2024, 12: 2400215

[96] Song L, Yang K, Zhao B, Wu Y, Deng J. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023, 15: 4601

[97] Sun W, Tian B, An B, Xu M, Ma C, Luo S, Chen Z, Yu H, Li J, Li W, Liu S. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 2023, 6: 915.

[98] Tang X, Chu D, Jiang H, Gong W, Jiang C, Cui Y, Liu Y. Materials Chemistry Frontiers, 2020, 4: 2772

[99] Wang X, Zhao B, Deng J. Adv. Mater., 2023, 35: 2304405

[100] Wang X, Zhao L, Wang C, Feng X, Ma Q, Yang G, Wang T, Yan X, Jiang J. Small, 2022, 18: 2104438

[101] Watanabe K, Akagi K. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2014, 15: 044203

[102] Wen X, Wang F, Du S, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Liu M. Small, 2024, 20: 2401954

[103] Yang G., He C.-l., Zou G., Acta Polymerica Sinica, 2017, 1725.

[104] Yang H, Ma S, Zhao B, Deng J. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023, 15: 13668

[105] Yang K, Ma S, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Deng J. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2022, 43: 2200111

[106] Yu X, Chen L, Yu W, Cheng Y, Zhu M. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2023, 11: 7526

[107] Zhang G, Bao Y, Pan M, Wang N, Cheng X, Zhang W. Science China-Chemistry, 2023, 66: 1169

[108] Zhang H, Yang C, Shan S, Wen L, Chen D, Zou G. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14: 36157

[109] Zhao B, Gao X, Lu N, Deng J. Advanced Optical Materials, 2020, 8: 2000858

[110] Zhao B, Pan K, Deng J. Macromolecules, 2018, 51: 7104

[111] Zhong H, Zhao B, Deng J. Scientia Sinica Chimica, 2024, 54: 1289.

[112] Zhang Y X, Yu W T, Li H, Zheng W H, Cheng Y X. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2023, 29: 17

[113] Maeda K, Yashima E. Supramolecular Chirality, 2006, 265: 47

[114] Konstantin P. Research, 2020, 2020: 5689246

[115] Chen W, Li B, Gao G, Sun T. Interdisciplinary Materials, 2023, 2: 689.

[116] Chen W, Shi Z, Yuan Y, Yan C. Progress in Chemistry, 2007, 19: 456

[117] Chen Y, Deng K, Lei S, Yang R, Li T, Gu Y, Yang Y, Qiu X, Wang C. Nature Communications, 2018, 9: 2711

[118] Ernst K-H. Acta Crystallographica A-Foundation and Advances, 2011, 67: C203

[119] Ernst K.-H., Parschau M., Fasel R., Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 2006, 232.

[120] Goncalves D P N, Hegmann T. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2021, 60: 17344

[121] Kawasaki T, Soai K. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 2010, 131: 525

[122] Ma X, Liu S, Ji Y, Ma S, Jiang J, Zhang L, Wu X, Li J, Liu M, Wang R-Y. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2025, 10: 2401435

[123] Mateos-Timoneda M A, Crego-Calama M, Reinhoudt D N. Supramolecular Chemistry, 2005, 17: 67

[124] Mateos-Timoneda M A, Crego-Calama M, Reinhoudt D N. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2006, 12: 2630

[125] Meijer E. W., Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 2009, 237.

[126] Mikhaylov O A A, Saigitbatalova E S, Latypova L Z Z, Kurbangalieva A R R, Gridnev I D D. Symmetry-Basel, 2023, 15: 1382

[127] Nemati A, Shadpour S, Querciagrossa L, Li L, Mori T, Gao M, Zannoni C, Hegmann T. Nature Communications, 2018, 9: 3908

[128] Nussbaumer A L, Studer D, Malinovskii V L, Haener R. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2011, 50: 5490

[129] Oestreich M, Rendler S. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2005, 44: 1661

[130] Palmans A R A, Meijer E W. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2007, 46: 8948

[131] Seo M-S, Kim K, Kim H. Chemical Communications, 2013, 49: 11623

[132] Song C E, Park S J, Hwang I-S, Jung M J, Shim S Y, Bae H Y, Jung J Y. Nature Communications, 2019, 10: 851

[133] Sung B, de la Cotte A, Grelet E. Nature Communications, 2018, 9: 1405

[134] Tschierske C, Dressel C. Symmetry-Basel, 2020, 12: 1098

[135] van Boeckel C A, Visser G M, Hegstrom R A, van Boom J H. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 1987, 25: 100

[136] van Gestel J. Macromolecules, 2004, 37: 3894

[137] Wang X, Gao X, Zhong H, Yang K, Zhao B, Deng J. Adv. Mater., 2025, 37: 2412805

[138] Yashima E, Maeda K, Nishimura T. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2004, 10: 42

[139] Evers F, Aharony A, Bar-Gill N, Entin-Wohlman O, Hedegard P, Hod O, Jelinek P, Kamieniarz G, Lemeshko M, Michaeli K, Mujica V, Naaman R, Paltiel Y, Refaely-Abramson S, Tal O, Thijssen J, Thoss M, van Ruitenbeek J M, Venkataraman L, Waldeck D H, Yan B, Kronik L. Adv. Mater., 2022, 34: 2106629

[140] Ma Z, Gan Q. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 28: e202400814

[141] Pei Y, Liu Q, Gu Y, Yang R. Optics Communications, 2025, 586: 131932

[142] Puigcerver J, Marin-Luna M, Iglesias-Siguenza J, Alajarin M, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2024, 146: 2882

[143] Wang Z. Carbon, 2019, 151: 130

[144] Yasui Y., Suzuki K., Matsumoto T., Synlett, 2004, 619.

[145] Sini G, Sun Q, Cho E, Bredas J-L, Coropceanu V. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2025, 16: 3715

[146] Uoyama H, Goushi K, Shizu K, Nomura H. Nature, 2012, 492: 234

[147] Wang Y, Cui L, Wang Y, Li F, Li Y, Meng Q. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2023, 29: e202302373

[148] Wang S P, Wu S F, Wang R J, Lu J, Liu M H. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2025, 64: e202507992

[149] Liu P, Zheng Y, Liu Z, Yang Z, Lu Z, Ai X, Ye Z, Yang C, Li X, Yuan L. Materials, 2025, 18: 200

[150] Qiao W-G, Xiong J-B, Yuan Y-X, Zhang H-C, Yang D, Liu M, Zheng Y-S. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2018, 6: 3427

[151] Li T, Guo H, Wang Y, Ouyang G, Wang Q-Q, Liu M. Chemical Communications, 2021, 57: 13554

[152] Li M, Chen C-F. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2022, 28: e202103550

[153] Shi C, Jin J-M, Wang R-J, Chen W-C, Sun C-L, Ji S, Huo Y, Zhang H-L. Adv. Mater., 2025, 37: 2420611

[154] Wang Y, Guo R, Wang F, Wu Y, Sun X, Zhou S, Zhou J. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2024, 15: 2049

[155] Wang Y-F, Li M, Zhao W-L, Shen Y-F, Lu H-Y, Chen C-F. Chemical Communications, 2020, 56: 9380

[156] Xu Y, Wang Q, Cai X, Li C, Wang Y. Adv. Mater., 2021, 33: 2100652

[157] Tang J, Xie F, Li Y, Zhou J, Zeng X. Chiral Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Material and Preparation Method Therefor, 2020

[158] Qu C, Xu Y C, Wang Y, Nie Y F, Ye K Q, Zhang H Y, Zhang Z L. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2024, 63: 7

[159] Zhao W L, Wang Y F, Wan S P, Lu H Y, Li M, Chen C F. CCS Chem., 2022, 4: 3540

[160] Yoshina R, Hirano J, Nishimoto E, Sakamoto Y, Tajima K, Minabe S, Uyanik M, Ishihara K, Ikai T, Yashima E, Omine T, Ishiwari F, Saeki A, Kim J, Oh J, Kim D, Liu G T, Yasuda T, Shinokubo H, Fukui N. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2024, 146: 29383

[161] Cao M N, Ren Y R, Wu Y, Shen J J, Li S J, Yu Z Q, Liu S X, Li J, Rojas O J, Chen Z J. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 2375

[162] Cao H Y, Gao Z S, Yan X, Li H H, Tao Y. Progress in Chemistry, 2025, 37: 949

[163] Gong Y Y, Tan Y Q, Li H, Zhang Y R, Yuan W Z, Zhang Y M, Sun J Z, Tang B Z. Science China: Chemistry, 2013, 56: 1183

[164] Deng Z H, Zhang J Y, Zhou J M, Shen W, Zuo Y F, Wang J, Yang S Y, Liu J K, Chen Y Y, Chen C C, Jia G C, Alam P, Lam J W Y, Tang B Z. Adv. Mater., 2024, 36: 2311384

[165] Chen Y Q, Chen J P, Yu T J, Zeng Y, Li Y. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2023, 81: 450

[166] Qin M M, Chu Y, Wu Z B, Zhao G J. Spectrochimica Acta Part A-Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2025, 326: 125247

[167] Shu H Y, Li H, Rao J C, Chen L, Wang X, Wu X F, Tian H K, Tong H, Wang L X. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2020, 8: 14360

[168] Tsuboi M, Nakamura S, Nandi S, de Silva P, Takeda Y, Miura M. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 2021, 94: 2498

[169] Goudappagouda, Asokan K, Nayak R, Krishnan R, Babu S S. Dyes Pigment., 2020, 173: 107931.

[170] Xu W S, Wang B W, Liu S, Fang W W, Jia Q L, Liu J Y, Bo C C, Yan X L, Li Y, Chen L G. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 4415

[171] An S G, Gao L, Hao A Y, Xing P Y. Acs Nano, 2021, 15: 20192

[172] Li C, He Z, Yin C, Li T, Sun J, Wu Z, Huang Z, Ma X. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2025, 13: 20227

[173] Feringa B L, van Delden R A, Koumura N, Geertsema E M. Chem. Rev., 2000, 100: 1789

[174] Ben L, Wesley R. Molecular Switches Second Edition, 2011, Weinheim. Wiley-VCH

[175] Sheng J, Perego J, Bracco S, Czepa W, Danowski W, Krause S, Sozzani P, Ciesielski A, Comotti A, Feringa B L. Adv. Mater., 2024, 36: e2305783

[176] Maeda H, Bando Y. Pure Appl. Chem., 2013, 85: 1967

[177] Lu P, Chen Y D, Chen Z, Yuan Y J, Zhang H L. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2021, 9: 6589

[178] Hu W P, Zhang H, Salaita K, Sirringhaus H. SmartMat, 2020, 1: 1

[179] Gao C, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Chen J, Chen Y, Zhao C, Zhao L, Feng L. Soft Matter, 2022, 18: 3125

[180] Kang W, Tang Y, Meng X, Lin S, Zhang X, Guo J, Li Q. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2023, 62: e202311486

[181] Lu J, Fu Y, Song Y, Wang D, Lu C. Rsc Advances, 2016, 6: 14247

[182] Lu L, Zhao J, Liu W, Li Y, Yang Y. Dyes Pigment., 2024, 230: 112341

[183] Qi W, Ma C, Liao P, Li H, Gu T, Wu T, Huang J, Yan Y. Advanced Optical Materials, 2023, 11: 2201229

[184] Shi H, Zhu J, Deng Y, Yang Y, Wang C, Liu Y, Zhang W, Luo D, Chen D, Shi Y. Nanophotonics, 2024, 13: 3679

[185] Takaishi K, Yoshinami F, Sato Y, Ema T. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2024, 30: e202400866

[186] Wang S, Zhang Y, Qin X, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Lu W, Liu M. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 6087

[187] Zhang T, Kang H, Li B, Zhou J, Zhao P, Zhao T, Li X, Jiang S. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2023, 11: 5461

[188] Qiu K, Yu X Y, Li Q, Li H, Kang N, Lu S X. SmartMat, 2024, 5: 1232.

[189] Huang J H, Huang X W, Wu P Y. SmartMat, 2024, 5: e1228

[190] Andrushchenko V. Spectrochimica Acta Part A-Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2019, 213: 456

[191] Cavalli E, Nardon C, Willis O G, Zinna F, Di Bari L, Mizzoni S, Ruggieri S, Gaglio S C, Perduca M, Zaccone C, Romeo A, Piccinelli F. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2022, 28: e202200574

[192] Coruh N, Riehl J P. Biochemistry, 1992, 31: 7970

[193] Deng Y, Wang M, Zhuang Y, Liu S, Huang W, Zhao Q. Light-Science & Applications, 2021, 10: 76

[194] Ehrenberg B, Steinberg I Z, Panigel R, Navon G. Biophysical chemistry, 1977, 7: 217

[195] Fu F, Zhang X, Zhou S, Shi W, Li J, Yu J, Rao Y, Wu L, Cao J. New Journal of Chemistry, 2022, 46: 5034

[196] Gao R, Xu L, Hao C, Xu C, Kuang H. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2019, 58: 3913

[197] Imai Y, Nakano Y, Kawai T, Yuasa J. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2018, 57: 8973

[198] Lunkley J L, Shirotani D, Yamanari K, Kaizaki S, Muller G. Inorganic Chemistry, 2011, 50: 12724

[199] Morita M, Iwamura M, Rau D, Itoh M, Ishikawa Y, Andoh N. Journal of Luminescence, 2007, 122: 879.

[200] Saqlain M, Zohaib H M, Qamar S, Malik H, Li H. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2024, 501: 215559

[201] Shang W, Zhu X, Liang T, Du C, Hu L, Li T, Liu M. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2020, 59: 12811

[202] Siddiqi K S, Bano S, Mohd A, Khan A A P. Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 2009, 27: 1755

[203] Takafuji M, Kawahara T, Sultana N, Ryu N, Yoshida K, Kuwahara Y, Oda R, Ihara H. Rsc Advances, 2020, 10: 29627

[204] Wang F, Ji W, Yang P, Feng C-L. ACS Nano, 2019, 13: 7281

[205] Zhao J, Liu Y, Hao A, Xing P. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 2522

[206] Zhao J, Zhang P, Quo H, Hao A, Xing P. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2021, 12: 2912

[207] Zhao Y, Niu D, Tan J, Jiang Y, Zhu H, Ouyang G, Liu M. Small Methods, 2020, 4: 2000493

[208] Huang J, Qi W, Yan Y. Thermally-enhanced Circularly-polarized Light-emitting Supramolecular Gel Material, 2021

[209] Cao S, Wang J, Sun W, An B, Xu M, Luo S, Ma C, Yu H, Chen Z, Li J, Li W, Liu S. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2025, 356: 123405

[210] Garcia-Cerezo P, Codesal M D, David A H G, Le Bras L, Abid S, Li X, Miguel D, Kazem-Rostami M, Champagne B, Campana A G, Stoddart J F, Blanco V. Adv. Mater., 2025, 37: 2417326

[211] Han F, Shi F, Li H, Yang Y, Li Y. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 2022, 4: 6742

[212] Ji M-J, Zhao W-L, Li M, Chen C-F. Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 2940

[213] Jiang Z, Wang X, Ma J, Liu Z. Science China-Chemistry, 2019, 62: 355

[214] Li J, Yang G, Shi A, Han D, Han M, Xiang C, Zhang T, Wang H. Advanced Optical Materials, 2024, 12: 2400156

[215] Li S-Y, Zong Y, Liu B-H, Liu N, Wu Z-Q. Chemical Science, 2025, 16: 5036

[216] Liu R, Ding B, Liu D, Ma X. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 421: 129732

[217] Maeda C, Ema T. Chemical Communications, 2025, 61: 4757

[218] Miwa S, Mizutani D, Kawano K, Matsuzaki K, Nagata Y, Tsubaki K, Takasu K, Takikawa H. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2025, 31: e202500335

[219] Shi A, Wang H, Yang G, Gu C, Xiang C, Qian L, Lam J W Y, Zhang T, Tang B Z. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2024, 63: e202409782

[220] Wang K, Ou X, Niu X, Wang Z, Song F, Dong X, Guo W-j, Peng H-Q, Zhao Z, Lam J W Y, Sun J, Wu H, Yu S-Y, Li F, Tang B Z. Aggregate, 2025, 6: e667

[221] Yang C, Zhang Z, Chen J, Zhang X, Dai Y, Li X, Chen Y, Xu J, Feng L. New Journal of Chemistry, 2023, 47: 4472

[222] Yu H, Zhao B, Guo J, Pan K, Deng J. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2020, 8: 1459

[223] Zercher B, Hopkins T A. Inorganic Chemistry, 2016, 55: 10899

[224] Bagheri A, Arandiyan H, Boyer C, Lim M. Advanced Science, 2016, 3: 1500437

[225] Bertrand O, Gohy J-F. Polymer Chemistry, 2017, 8: 52

[226] Ercole F, Davis T P, Evans R A. Polymer Chemistry, 2010, 1: 37

[227] Gao Z, Han Y, Wang F. Nature Communications, 2018, 9: 3977

[228] Komiyama M, Mori T, Ariga K. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 2018, 91: 1075

[229] Schumers J-M, Fustin C-A, Gohy J-F. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2010, 31: 1588

[230] Tang Z, Gao H, Chen X, Zhang Y, Li A, Wang G. Nano Energy, 2021, 80: 105454

[231] Yang H, Leow W R, Wang T, Wang J, Yu J, He K, Qi D, Wan C, Chen X. Adv. Mater., 2017, 29: 1701627.

[232] Yang P, Zhu F, Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Li Y. Chemical Society Reviews, 2021, 50: 8319

[233] Zhang Y, Huang P, Guo J, Shi R, Huang W, Shi Z, Wu L, Zhang F, Gao L, Li C, Zhang X, Xu J, Zhang H. Adv. Mater., 2020, 32: 2001082

[234] Zheng Q, Liu X, Zheng Y, Yeung K W K, Cui Z, Liang Y, Li Z, Zhu S, Wang X, Wu S. Chemical Society Reviews, 2021, 50: 5086

[235] Geng Y, Zhao Y J, Zhao J J, Zhai Y, Yuan M, Wang X D, Gao H F, Feng J G, Wu Y C, Jiang L. SmartMat, 2021, 2: 388

[236] Wang G C, Huang P, Wang L, Chen X L, Zhou Y F, Huang W, Yan D Y. SmartMat, 2022, 3: 522

[237] Ge J, Qin M M, Zhang X, Yang X Y, Yang P, Wang H, Liu G J, Zhou X L, Zhang B, Qu Z G, Feng Y Y, Feng W. SmartMat, 2024, 5: e1300

[238] Sun S, Chen Q, Li Y K, Yu Y, Li Z J, Lin H W. SmartMat, 2022, 3: 311

[239] Song X, Zhu X, Qiu S, Tian W, Liu M. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2022, 61: e202208574

[240] Takaishi K, Taniuchi I, Miyashita S, Yabushita K, Ema T. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2025, 31: e202500736

[241] Fan H, Wang R, Zhang L, Liu M. Science China-Chemistry, 2025, 68: 4415

[242] Chen S B, Zhu M Q, Xu X F, Guo H Y, Yang F F. Dyes Pigment., 2023, 219: 7

[243] David A H G, Casares R, Cuerva J M, Campana A G, Blanco V. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2019, 141: 18064

[244] Li J, Chen R-Q, Zhu T, Wang X, Xue X, Wu H, Geng D, Wang Y. Science China Materials, 2025, 68: 3229.

[245] Ye G D, Li S H, Ding R, Guo R D, Zhang H, Liu Z Q, Yang F X, Sun L J, Li Y S, Du X B, Wang X B, Wang L, Liu Y F, Fang H H, Liu Y, Xu B, Feng J. SmartMat, 2025, 6: e1329

[246] Tu L J, Xie Y J, Li Z, Tang B Z. SmartMat, 2021, 2: 326

[247] Ai L, Xiang W J, Li Z W, Liu H M, Xiao J P, Song H Q, Yu J K, Song Z Q, Zhu K, Pan Z H, Wang H L, Lu S Y. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2024, 63: 9.

[248] Kitzmann W R, Freudenthal J, Reponen A P M, Vanorman Z A, Feldmann S. Adv. Mater., 2023, 35: 14

[249] Liang N, Cao C, Xie Z L, Liu J X, Feng Y S, Yao C J. Mater. Today, 2024, 75: 309

[250] Tang J, Li B. Modern Chemical Industry, 2024, 44: 59

[251] Yan H W, He Y L, Wang D, Han T, Tang B Z. Aggregate, 2023, 4: e331

[252] Song S, Shi Y L, Zhu L L, Yue B B. Science China-Chemistry, 2024, 67: 1865

[253] Ahmad R U S, Khan M S, Hilal M E, Khan B, Zhang Y T, Khoo B L. SmartMat, 2025, 6: e1311

[254] Dhbaibi K, Abella L, Meunier-Della-Gatta S, Roisnel T, Vanthuyne N, Jamoussi B, Pieters G, Racine B, Quesnel E, Autschbach J, Crassous J, Favereau L. Chemical Science, 2021, 12: 5522

[255] Li J, Yang G J, Shi A Y, Han D X, Han M Y, Xiang C Y, Zhang T, Wang H R. Advanced Optical Materials, 2024, 12: 7

[256] Li J L, Feng Z Y, Zhang C T, Hu J A, Wang D, Xie Y F, Li J H, Li J G, Zhang H L, Zou G. Advanced Functional Materials, 2025, 35: 2501168

[257] Song L J, Dong Y, Zhao B, Wu Y P, Deng J P. Advanced Optical Materials, 2024, 12: 13

[258] Zou G, Li Q H, Jiang Z H, Gao W T, Cheng Y X. Chemical Science, 2025, 16: 11049

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Jilin University, The Editorial Department of Chemical Research in Chinese Universities and Springer-Verlag GmbH