Research Progress of Porous Framework MOFs- and COFs-based Materials for Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction

Abstract

The escalating levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions present a severe threat to humanity, driving climate change with farreaching consequences for the economy, society, and the environment. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as highly promising candidates for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) due to their exceptional properties, including high specific surface areas, tunable structures, and broad visible-light absorption capabilities. This paper reviews the application of MOFs, COFs, and their composites in the field of photocatalytic CO₂RR, including the structural characteristics, classification, and common modification strategies of MOFs and COFs, and particularly illustrates the influence of structural characteristics on the photocatalytic CO₂RR pathway. Meanwhile, this paper summarizes the applications of MOFs, COFs, and their composites in photocatalytic reduction from CO₂ to C₁, C₂₊ or oxygen-containing compounds. In addition, this review systematically explores the key challenges faced by MOFs and COFs in the field of photocatalytic CO₂RR, and proposes effective strategies to overcome bottleneck problems, providing guidance for the future development of efficient and stable sacrificial free photocatalytic CO₂RR systems. A fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationship in these porous materials is essential for driving significant advancements in this field. By providing a comprehensive analysis, this review aims to offer valuable insights and guidance for future research and applications of MOFs, COFs, and their composites in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

Keywords

Metal-organic framework / Covalent organic framework / Photocatalytic / CO₂ reduction reaction / Composite

References

[1] Song X, Wu Y, Zhang X, Li X, Zhu Z, Ma C, Yan Y, Huo P, Yang GChemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 408: 127292.

[2] Zhai R, Zhang L, Gu M, Zhao X, Zhang B, Cheng Y, Zhang JSmall, 2023, 19: 2207840.

[3] Li P, Liu Y, Yan DChemSusChem, 2025, 18: e202401174.

[4] Zhao L, Wang J, Yang W, Hou H, Yan REnviron. Chem. Lett., 2023, 21: 1499.

[5] Rodriguez-Camargo A, Endo K, Lotsch B VAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63: e202413096.

[6] Wan L, Chen R, Cheung D W F, Wu L, Luo JJ. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11: 12499.

[7] Zhu Z, Zhu Y, Ren Z, Liu D, Yue F, Sheng D, Shao P, Huang X, Feng X, Yin A-X, Xie J, Wang BJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2024, 146: 1572.

[8] She X, Wang Y, Xu H, Tsang S C E, Lau S PAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61: e202211396.

[9] Ma W, He X, Wang W, Xie S, Zhang Q, Wang YChem. Soc. Rev., 2021, 50: 12897.

[10] Rhimi B, Zhou M, Yan Z, Cai X, Jiang ZNano-Micro Lett., 2024, 16: 64.

[11] Yergaziyeva G, Kuspanov Z, Mambetova M, Khudaibergenov N, Makayeva N, Daulbayev CJournal of CO2 Utilization, 2024, 80: 102682.

[12] White J L, Baruch M F, Pander J E, Hu Y, Fortmeyer I C, Park J E, Zhang T, Liao K, Gu J, Yan Y, Shaw T W, Abelev E, Bocarsly A BChem. Rev., 2015, 115: 12888.

[13] Li N, Liu J, Dong B, Lan YAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59: 20779.

[14] Liu M, Mu Y-F, Yao S, Guo S, Guo X-W, Zhang Z-M, Lu T-BApplied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2019, 245: 496.

[15] Wang F, Lu Z, Guo H, Zhang G, Li Y, Hu Y, Jiang W, Liu GChemistry A European J., 2023, 29: e202202716.

[16] Chi X, Lan Z, Chen Q, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang G, Wang XAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62: e202303785.

[17] Zhang Y, Song H, Wang Y, Song Y, Ren F, Jiang Q, Qian Q, Han BCatal. Sci. Technol., 2025, 15: 3487.

[18] Chang H, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Zheng X, Xu QAdv. Materials Inter., 2021, 8: 2100205.

[19] Chen X, Wei Z, Li Y, Sun Q, Ding N, Zheng L, Liu S, Chen W, Li S, Pang SInorg. Chem., 2023, 62: 10572.

[20] Usman M, Zeb Z, Ullah H, Suliman M H, Humayun M, Ullah L, Shah S N A, Ahmed U, Saeed MJournal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2022, 10: 107548.

[21] Dhakshinamoorthy A, Li Z, Garcia HChem. Soc. Rev., 2018, 47: 8134.

[22] Li Z, Paitandi R P, Tsutsui Y, Matsuda W, Nobuoka M, Chen B, Ghosh S, Tanaka T, Suda M, Zhu T, Kageyama H, Miyake Y, Shinokubo H, Takagi M, Shimazaki T, Tachikawa M, Suzuki K, Kaji H, Ando Y, Ezaki T, Seki SProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2025, 122: e2424314122.

[23] Li Z, Yang C, Su Y, Cheng Y, Cui Y, Liu S, Fang YRSC Adv., 2023, 13: 31616.

[24] Chen H, Zhao C, Chen XChemistry An Asian Journal, 2025, 20: e202500106.

[25] Francis Kurisingal J, Kim H, Hyeak Choe J, Seop Hong CCoordination Chemistry Reviews, 2022, 473: 214835.

[26] Fan Z, Cai Y, Yang Z, Zhang X, Shao R, Zhong S, Zhao L, Liu D, Bai SApplied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2024, 351: 123979.

[27] Ali S, Ismail P M, Khan M, Dang A, Ali S, Zada A, Raziq F, Khan I, Khan M S, Ateeq M, Khan W, Bakhtiar S H, Ali H, Wu X, Shah M I A, Vinu A, Yi J, Xia P, Qiao LNanoscale, 2024, 16: 4352.

[28] Yuan Z, Zhu X, Gao X, An C, Wang Z, Zuo C, Dionysiou D D, He H, Jiang ZEnvironmental Science and Ecotechnology, 2024, 20: 100368.

[29] Zhong K, Sun P, Xu HSmall, 2024, 21: 2310677.

[30] Deng F, Peng J, Li X, Luo X, Ganguly P, Pillai S C, Ren B, Ding L, Dionysiou D DJournal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 416: 137957.

[31] Liang X, Wang X, Zhang X, Lin S, Ji M, Liu Q, Wang MACS Catal., 2024, 14: 4648.

[32] Ma Y, Zhang Y, Xie G, Huang Z, Peng L, Yu C, Xie X, Qu S, Zhang NACS Catal., 2024, 14: 1468.

[33] Anus A, Park SChemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 486: 150213.

[34] Sadanandan A M, Yang J-H, Devtade V, Singh G, Dharmarajan N, Fawaz M, Lee J M, Tavakkoli E, Jeon C-H, Kumar P, Vinu AProgress in Materials Science, 2024, 142: 101242.

[35] Deng A, Sun Y, Gao Z, Yang S, Liu Y, He H, Zhang J, Liu S, Sun H, Wang SNano Energy, 2023, 108: 108228.

[36] Gong L-J, Liu L-Y, Zhao S-S, Yang S-L, Si D-H, Wu Q-J, Wu Q, Huang Y-B, Cao RChemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 458: 141360.

[37] Gong Y, Mei J, Shi W, Liu J, Zhong D, Lu TAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63: e202318735.

[38] Fu P, Chen C, Wu C, Meng B, Yue Q, Chen T, Yin W, Chi X, Yu X, Li R, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Luo W, Liu X, Han Y, Wang J, Xi S, Zhou YAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64: e202415202.

[39] Zhao L, Bian J, Zhang X, Bai L, Xu L, Qu Y, Li Z, Li Y, Jing LAdvanced Materials, 2022, 34: 2205303.

[40] Xie S, Deng C, Huang Q, Zhang C, Chen C, Zhao J, Sheng HAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62: e202216717.

[41] Wang S, Wang J, Wang Y, Sui X, Wu S, Dai W, Zhang Z, Ding Z, Long JACS Catal., 2024, 14: 10760.

[42] Li H, Eddaoudi M, O’Keeffe M, Yaghi O MNature, 1999, 402: 276.

[43] Cote A P, Benin A I, Ockwig N W, O’Keeffe M, Matzger A J, Yaghi O MScience, 2005, 310: 1166.

[44] Zeng J-Y, Wang X-S, Xie B-R, Li Q-R, Zhang X-ZJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144: 1218.

[45] Millward A R, Yaghi O MJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127: 17998.

[46] Rowsell J L C, Spencer E C, Eckert J, Howard J A K, Yaghi O MScience, 2005, 309: 1350.

[47] Eddaoudi M, Kim J, Rosi N, Vodak D, Wachter J, O’Keeffe M, Yaghi O MScience, 2002, 295: 469.

[48] Eddaoudi M, Li H, Yaghi O MJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122: 1391.

[49] Kong X, He T, Zhou J, Zhao C, Li T, Wu X, Wang K, Li JSmall, 2021, 17: 2005357.

[50] Zhang P, Tuerhong R, Yu Y, Lan Y, Zhang Y, Su X, Han LJ. Mater. Chem. C, 2025, 13: 5439.

[51] Zhao H, Duan J, Zhang Z, Wang WChemCatChem, 2022, 14: e202101733.

[52] Zhu C, Gong C, Cao D, Ma L, Liu D, Zhang L, Li Y, Peng Y, Yuan GAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64: e202504348.

[53] Yin H, Liu Z, Yan X, Jiang N, Zhang Z, Hao S, Song Y, Li Z, Bai L, Jing LApplied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2025, 372: 125289.

[54] Francis Kurisingal J, Kim H, Hyeak Choe J, Seop Hong CCoordination Chemistry Reviews, 2022, 473: 214835.

[55] Ping Y, Wang C, Hou C, Shang Z, Wang DMater. Horiz., 2025, 12: 4724.

[56] Hussain M Z, Yang Z, Huang Z, Jia Q, Zhu Y, Xia YAdvanced Science, 2021, 8: 2100625.

[57] Liu K-G, Bigdeli F, Panjehpour A, Larimi A, Morsali A, Dhakshinamoorthy A, Garcia HCoordination Chemistry Reviews, 2023, 493: 215257.

[58] Liang J, Yu H, Shi J, Li B, Wu L, Wang MAdvanced Materials, 2023, 35: 2209814.

[59] Rhimi B, Liu Z, Liu Z, Zhou M, Shi W, Jiang ZCoordination Chemistry Reviews, 2025, 537: 216706.

[60] Shen Y, Pan T, Wang L, Ren Z, Zhang W, Huo FAdvanced Materials, 2021, 33: 2007442.

[61] Cai Z, Liu H, Dai J, Li B, Yang L, Wang J, Zhu HNat. Commun., 2025, 16: 2601.

[62] Chen J, Yuan D, Wang YAdv. Funct. Materials, 2023, 33: 2304071.

[63] Chen M, Zhao H, Zhang K, Zhu H, Duan H, Ren X-MInorg. Chem. Front., 2025, 12: 2698.

[64] Lei T, Mi Y, Wei Z, Li S, Pang SDalton Trans., 2023, 52: 1761.

[65] Cheng D, Ding L, Gong C, Zhang L, Ma L, Peng Y, Yuan GACS Materials Lett., 2025, 7: 1235.

[66] Meng Y, Luo Y, Shi J, Ding H, Lang X, Chen W, Zheng A, Sun J, Wang CAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59: 3624.

[67] Li Q, Li X, Zhang B, Jiang BAdv. Funct. Materials, 2025, 35: 2506421.

[68] Lin W, Lin F, Lin J, Xiao Z, Yuan D, Wang YJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2024, 146: 16229.

[69] Chen F, Zheng H, Yusran Y, Li H, Qiu S, Fang QChem. Soc. Rev., 2025, 54: 484.

[70] He Z, Goulas J, Parker E, Sun Y, Zhou X, Fei LCatalysis Today, 2023, 409: 103.

[71] Bika P, Papailias I, Giannakopoulou T, Tampaxis C, Steriotis T A, Trapalis C, Dallas PCatalysts, 2023, 13: 1331.

[72] Lin F, Lin W, Lin J, Xiao Z, Hui Y, Chen J, Wang YJ. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13: 3287.

[73] Mohata S, Majumder P, Banerjee RChem. Soc. Rev., 2025, 54: 6062.

[74] Ou S, Zhou M, Chen W, Zhang Y, Liu YChemSusChem, 2022, 15: e202200184.

[75] Dong M, Li W, Zhou J, You S, Sun C, Yao X, Qin C, Wang X, Su ZChin. J. Chem., 2022, 40: 2678.

[76] Wang L, Mao J, Huang G, Zhang Y, Huang J, She H, Liu C, Liu H, Wang QChemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 446: 137011.

[77] Ran L, Li Z, Ran B, Cao J, Zhao Y, Shao T, Song Y, Leung M K H, Sun L, Hou JJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144: 17097.

[78] López-Magano A, Daliran S, Oveisi A R, Mas-Ballesté R, Dhakshinamoorthy A, Alemán J, Garcia H, Luque RAdvanced Materials, 2023, 35: 2209475.

[79] Qin L, Sun D, Ma D, Wang Z, Liu Y, Li Q, Song F, Wu K, Gan L, Zhou T, Zhang JAdvanced Materials, 2025, 37: 2504205.

[80] Wagner A, Sahm C D, Reisner ENat. Catal., 2020, 3: 775.

[81] Xiong X, Zhao Y, Shi R, Yin W, Zhao Y, Waterhouse G I N, Zhang TScience Bulletin, 2020, 65: 987.

[82] Huang Q, Niu Q, Li X-F, Liu J, Sun S-N, Dong L-Z, Li S-L, Cai Y-P, Lan Y-QSci. Adv., 2022, 8: eadd5598.

[83] Huang Z-W, Hu K-Q, Li X-B, Bin Z-N, Wu Q-Y, Zhang Z-H, Guo Z-J, Wu W-S, Chai Z-F, Mei L, Shi W-QJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145: 18148.

[84] Zhou J, Li J, Kan L, Zhang L, Huang Q, Yan Y, Chen Y, Liu J, Li S-L, Lan Y-QNat. Commun., 2022, 13: 4681.

[85] Hu M, Liu J, Song S, Wang W, Yao J, Gong Y, Li C, Li H, Li Y, Yuan X, Fang Z, Xu H, Song W, Li ZACS Catal., 2022, 12: 3238.

[86] Zhou D, Chen Q, Zhang J, Wang T, Liu ZAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64: e202500329.

[87] Hou Y, Zhou P, Liu F, Lu Y, Tan H, Li Z, Tong M, Ni JAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63: e202318562.

[88] Hariri R, Dehghanpour SApplied Organom Chemis, 2021, 35: e6422.

[89] Fu Y, Sun D, Chen Y, Huang R, Ding Z, Fu X, Li ZAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2012, 51: 3364.

[90] Chen E, Qiu M, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Liu L, Sun Y, Bu X, Zhang J, Lin QAdvanced Materials, 2018, 30: 1704388.

[91] He Y, Li C, Chen X-B, Shi Z, Feng SACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 14: 28977.

[92] Dong Y, Jiang Y, Ni S, Guan G, Zheng S, Guan Q, Pei L, Yang QSmall, 2024, 20: 2308005.

[93] Zhang L, Zhou G, Chen G, Wang H, Zhao Q, Yin W, Yi J, Zhu X, Wang X, Ning XChemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 497: 154701.

[94] Feng H, Lv L, Huang Y, Li T, Liu Y, Wang YJournal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 684: 283.

[95] Chen L, Wang H-F, Li C, Xu QChem. Sci., 2020, 11: 5369.

[96] Li J, Huang H, Xue W, Sun K, Song X, Wu C, Nie L, Li Y, Liu C, Pan Y, Jiang H-L, Mei D, Zhong CNat Catal, 2021, 4: 719.

[97] Huang Z, Zhang T, Ma Y, Xie G, Liao L, Yu C, Xie X, Zhang NMaterials Today Energy, 2025, 49: 101834.

[98] Feng J, Li W, Chen T, Zeng Z, Tian M, Ji W, Guo Y, Min S, Liu XAdvanced Science, 2025, 12: 2411673.

[99] Huang R, Ma P, Zhang Y, Chen K, Wang L, Wang R, Shi X, Yu YApplied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2025, 367: 125120.

[100] Zhang T, Sun X, Weng S, Zhang S, Xu C, Gao X, Zhu NJournal of Molecular Structure, 2025, 1321: 140190.

[101] Gu L, Deng G, Huang R, Shi XNanoscale, 2022, 14: 15821.

[102] Hou Y, Ma H, Zhu D, Li R, Zhao Z, Li C-X, Cui C-X, Wang J-CDalton Trans., 2025, 54: 405.

[103] Cui J-X, Wang L-J, Feng L, Meng B, Zhou Z-Y, Su Z-M, Wang K, Liu SJ. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9: 24895.

[104] Song W, Chen S, Ren X, Su X, Song C, Li Y, Chen L, Bai FSmall, 2025, 21: 2409117.

[105] Ma R, Zhang Y, Yu F, Wei S, Xing Y, Qiao C, Xia Z, Yang Q, Xie G, Chen SACS Catal., 2025, 15: 3046.

[106] Geng W, Xiong Y, Chen C, Ning S, Xiong Z, Deng S, Tan Y, Song X, Pan M, Mayor M, Su CAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64: e202505546.

[107] Zhang Y, Cao L, Bai G, Lan XSmall, 2023, 19: 2300035.

[108] Guo K, Zhu X, Peng L, Fu Y, Ma R, Lu X, Zhang F, Zhu W, Fan MChemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 405: 127011.

[109] Wang W, Zhang X, Lv G, Yan T, Li J, Huang HApplied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2025, 372: 125299.

[110] Rath B B, Krause S, Lotsch B VAdv. Funct. Materials, 2024, 34: 2309060.

[111] Dai N, Qian Y, Wang D, Huang J, Guan X, Lin Z, Yang W, Wang R, Huang J, Zang S-Q, Jiang H-LPrecision Chemistry, 2024, 2: 600.

[112] Zhang Y-K, Zhao L, Terent’ev A O, He L-NJ. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13: 1407.

[113] Shanavaz H, Yogesh Kumar K, Prashanth M K, Jhaa G, Parashuram L, Alharethy F, Raghu M S, Jeon B-HMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2024, 364: 112876.

[114] Lu M, Li Q, Liu J, Zhang F-M, Zhang L, Wang J-L, Kang Z-H, Lan Y-QApplied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2019, 254: 624.

[115] Yuan X, Xiao D, Zhao C, Zhang CSmall, 2025, 21: 2411316.

[116] Skorjanc T, Shetty D, Mahmoud M E, Gándara F, Martinez J I, Mohammed A K, Boutros S, Merhi A, Shehayeb E O, Sharabati C A, Damacet P, Raya J, Gardonio S, Hmadeh M, Kaafarani B R, Trabolsi AACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 14: 2015.

[117] Liu J, Li J, Lin Z, Ye S, Lin W, Yang X, Gao S, Cao RSmall, 2025, 21: 2411315.

[118] Xu N, Diao Y, Qin X, Xu Z, Ke H, Zhu XDalton Trans., 2020, 49: 15587.

[119] Spies L, Carmo M E G, Döblinger M, Xu Z, Xue T, Hartschuh A, Bein T, Schneider J, Patrocinio A O TSmall, 2025, 21: 2500550.

[120] Wang W, Chen D, Li F, Xiao X, Xu QChem, 2024, 10: 86.

[121] Guo F, Wei Y-P, Wang S-Q, Zhang X-Y, Wang F-M, Sun W-YJ. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7: 26490.

[122] Jiang Y, Yu Y, Zhang X, Weinert M, Song X, Ai J, Han L, Fei HAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60: 17388.

[123] Mu Q, Zhu W, Li X, Zhang C, Su Y, Lian Y, Qi P, Deng Z, Zhang D, Wang S, Zhu X, Peng YApplied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2020, 262: 118144.

[124] Ikreedeegh R R, Tasleem S, Hossen AFuel, 2024, 360: 130561.

[125] Ding L, Ding Y, Bai F, Chen G, Zhang S, Yang X, Li H, Wang XInorg. Chem., 2023, 62: 2289.

[126] Hou Y, Zhang Y, Jiao S, Qin J, Liu L, Xie Z, Guan Z, Yang J, Li Q, Fu XJ. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13: 5007.

[127] Mu Q, Su Y, Wei Z, Sun H, Lian Y, Dong Y, Qi P, Deng Z, Peng YJournal of Catalysis, 2021, 397: 128.

[128] Xu X, Labidi A, Luo T, Gao T, Nuraje N, Zvereva I, Wang CJ. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13: 11389.

[129] Saadh M J, Mustafa M A, Altalbawy F M A, Ballal S, Prasad G V S, Al-saray M J, Abbas J K, Al-Maliky M A, Mohammed S K, Alam M M, Elawady AJournal of Molecular Structure, 2025, 1325: 140830.

[130] Cai Z, Liu H, Dai J, Li B, Yang L, Wang J, Zhu HNat. Commun., 2025, 16: 2601.

[131] Choi K M, Kim D, Rungtaweevoranit B, Trickett C A, Barmanbek J T D, Alshammari A S, Yang P, Yaghi O MJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139: 356.

[132] Becerra J, Nguyen D-T, Gopalakrishnan V-N, Do T-OACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2020, 3: 7659.

[133] Zhao Y, Cui Y, Xie L, Geng K, Wu J, Meng X, Hou HInorg. Chem., 2023, 62: 1240.

[134] Liu Y, Lv L, Feng H, Liu H, Wang YACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2024, 7: 27846.

[135] Yang X, Lan X, Zhang Y, Li H, Bai GApplied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2023, 325: 122393.

[136] An X, Bian J, Zhu K, Liu R, Liu H, Qu JChemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 442: 135279.

[137] Wang X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Peng W, Fu X, Zhou J, Han L, Hua Y, Zhou Z-YDalton Trans., 2025, 54: 1625.

[138] Jiang Y, Wang C, Dong T, Song Y, Wang T, Che H, Sheng H, Wu B, Wang CAdvanced Science, 2025, 12: 2505161.

[139] Streater D H, Kennehan E R, Wang D, Fiankor C, Chen L, Yang C, Li B, Liu D, Ibrahim F, Hermans I, Kohlstedt K L, Luo L, Zhang J, Huang JJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2024, 146: 4489.

[140] Mu M, Meng L, Ma S, Chen W, Yin X, Bai GJournal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 686: 63.

[141] Wang X, Jin Y, Yang X, Luan Q, Wang T, Qi D, Wang K, Jiang JSci. China Chem., 2025, 68: 1478.

[142] Kumar S, Chakrabortty P, Singh R V, Pai M R, Khan A, Siddiqui N A, Islam MACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2024, 7: 4429.

[143] Lin H, Liu Y, Wang Z, Ling L, Huang H, Li Q, Cheng L, Li Y, Zhou J, Wu K, Zhang J, Zhou TAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61: e202214142.

[144] Li S, Yu H, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhang L, Zhu P, Gao C, Yu JApplied Surface Science, 2023, 615: 156335.

[145] Zhang J, Guo C, Fang S, Zhao X, Li L, Jiang H, Liu Z, Fan Z, Xu W, Xiao J, Zhong MNat. Commun., 2023, 14: 1298.

[146] Che Y, Zhu C, Liu X, Li M, Liu X, Xing HChemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 513: 162811.

[147] Asiri M, Altalbawy F M A, Sead F F, Makasana J, M M R, Pathak P K, Juneja B, Kumar A, Saydaxmetova SJournal of Molecular Structure, 2025, 1328: 141306.

[148] Yang X, Lan X, Zhang Y, Li H, Bai GApplied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2023, 325: 122393.

[149] Yu X, Li J, Du M, Song X, Huang H, Nie LCell Reports Physical Science, 2023, 4: 101657.

[150] Lu X-Y, Zhou Q, Zhang X-Y, Zhang Y, Gong F, Sun W-YJ. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12: 19414.

[151] Kou M, Liu W, Wang Y, Huang J, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Ma M, Lei K, Xie H, Wong P K, Ye LApplied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2021, 291: 120146.

[152] Li X, Yu J, Jaroniec M, Chen XChem. Rev., 2019, 119: 3962.

[153] Lo A-Y, Taghipour FApplied Materials Today, 2021, 23: 101042.

[154] Aziz D M, Hassan S AInorganic Chemistry Communications, 2025, 178: 114551.

[155] Wang J-C, Li N, Idris A M, Wang J, Du X, Pan Z, Li ZSolar RRL, 2021, 5: 2100154.

[156] Das R, Chakraborty S, Peter S CACS Energy Lett., 2021, 6: 3270.

[157] Hong J, Zhang W, Ren J, Xu RAnal. Methods, 2013, 5: 1086.

[158] Xu Q, Han J, Tian F, Zhao X, Rong J, Zhang J, She P, Qin J-S, Rao HJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2025, 147: 10587.

[159] Song B, Song W, Liang Y, Liu Y, Li B, Li H, Zhang L, Ma Y, Ye R, Tang B Z, Zhao D, Zhou Y, Liu BAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64: e202421248.

[160] Fang Z-B, Liu T-T, Liu J, Jin S, Wu X-P, Gong X-Q, Wang K, Yin Q, Liu T-F, Cao R, Zhou H-CJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142: 12515.

[161] Yang H, Zhang M, Guan Z, Yang JCatal. Sci. Technol., 2023, 13: 6238.

[162] Ling J, Zhou A, Wang W, Jia X, Ma M, Li YACS Omega, 2022, 7: 19920.

[163] Dong H, Che H-T, Bai L-W, Zhang N-N, Tian Y-Q, Li B-Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang F-MInorg. Chem., 2024, 63: 24421.

[164] Cheng L, Wu C, Feng H, Liu HCatal. Sci. Technol., 2022, 12: 7057.

[165] Niu Y, Jiang J, Fang X, Zhang F, Wang YSolid State Sciences, 2024, 147: 107407.

[166] Dong W-W, Jia J, Wang Y, An J-R, Yang O-Y, Gao X-J, Liu Y-L, Zhao J, Li D-SChemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 438: 135622.

[167] Ikreedeegh R R, Tahir MJournal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021, 9: 105600.

[168] Yue X, Cheng L, Li F, Fan J, Xiang QAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61: e202208414.

[169] Song M, Song X, Liu X, Zhou W, Huo PChinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 51: 180.

[170] Liu J-R, Fu Y-M, He Y-O, Ju W-T, Meng X, Wang H-N, Su Z-MJournal of Solid State Chemistry, 2025, 347: 125323.

[171] Zhang M, Lu M, Lang Z, Liu J, Liu M, Chang J, Li L, Shang L, Wang M, Li S, Lan YAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59: 6500.

[172] Fang L, Bai L-W, Wu D, Che H-T, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Dong H, Zhang F-MChemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 510: 161820.

[173] Wang L, Huang G, Zhang L, Lian R, Huang J, She H, Liu C, Wang QJournal of Energy Chemistry, 2022, 64: 85.

[174] Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhou M, Zhang Y, Li H, Liang Q, Li Z, Xu SSeparation and Purification Technology, 2025, 368: 133081.

[175] Mao J, Wang L, Qu S, Zhang Y, Huang J, She H, Bai Y, Wang QInorg. Chem., 2022, 61: 20064.

[176] Liu C, Gao T, Wang G, Cheng Q, Wang KChem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2025, 41: 726.

[177] Wang L, Cheng H, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Huang J, She H, Liu C, Wang QChemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 456: 140990.

[178] Niu Q, Chen Q, Huang G, Li L, He Y, Bi JJournal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2023, 643: 102.

[179] Huang Y, Xiong J, Li Z, Yao Y, Luo X, Liang ZChemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 471: 144235.

[180] He Y, Hu P, Zhang J, Liang G, Yu J, Xu FACS Catal., 2024, 14: 1951.

[181] Wang J, Dai Z, Wang L, Zhang D, Wang Y, Li J, Zhou F, Huang JJ. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11: 2023.

[182] Liu Y, Wang Y, Shang J, Peng J, Zhu TApplied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2024, 350: 123937.

[183] Zhao H, Lan F, Wang H, Chen S, Zhao G, Lin T, Zhuang XChemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 498: 155177.

[184] Oliver M C, Wang S, Huang L, Kasule M, Wu YJ. Phys. Chem. C, 2023, 127: 6503.

[185] Song D, Bae J, Ji H, Kim M-B, Bae Y-S, Park K S, Moon D, Jeong N CJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, 141: 7853.

[186] Li J, Liu P, Chen Y, Zhou J, Li J, Yang J, Zhang D, Li J, Li LJ. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145: 19707.

[187] Ma Y, Wang Y, Li H, Guan X, Li B, Xue M, Yan Y, Valtchev V, Qiu S, Fang QAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59: 19633.

[188] Gu D, Qin X, Che G, Chen L, Yang WApplied Organom Chemis, 2024, 38: e7409.

[189] Zhao H, Jiang Y, Zhang T, Wang H, Chen S, Zhao GFuel, 2025, 381: 133553.

[190] Chen S, Zhang Z, Chen W, Lucier B E G, Chen M, Zhang W, Zhu H, Hung I, Zheng A, Gan Z, Lei D, Huang YNat. Commun., 2024, 15: 10776.

[191] Pan Q, Yi G, Li H, Zhang XSeparation and Purification Technology, 2025, 377: 134430.

[192] Wu Q-J, Liang J, Huang Y-B, Cao RAcc. Chem. Res., 2022, 55: 2978.

[193] Zhang H, Zhou Z, Yin Y, Xu H, Wang Y, Yang K, Zhang Z, Wang J, He XEcoEnergy, 2023, 1: 217.

[194] Chang B, Xu M, Li J, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Yan C, Wang H, Huo PChem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2025, 41: 850.

[195] Tang L, Xu H, Xu Y, Cheng Y, Chu Y, Feng S, Liu H, Liu X, Song M, Lu ZChem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2025, 41: 812.

[196] Wang Z, Li X, Song W, Wang C, Wang Z, Peng XChem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2025, 41: 704.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Jilin University, The Editorial Department of Chemical Research in Chinese Universities and Springer-Verlag GmbH

Just Accepted

This article has successfully passed peer review and final editorial review, and will soon enter typesetting, proofreading and other publishing processes. The currently displayed version is the accepted final manuscript. The officially published version will be updated with format, DOI and citation information upon launch. We recommend that you pay attention to subsequent journal notifications and preferentially cite the officially published version. Thank you for your support and cooperation.