Rare-earth Nanomaterials for Potential Brain Disease Theranostics

Abstract

Brain diseases with high mortality cause severe threats to human health and life. Non-invasively high-resolution imaging technologies contribute to obtaining detailed brain structures to figure out the pathogenesis. In addition, timely visualization benefits the early warning and diagnosis of brain diseases. Rare-earth-based nanoparticles(RENPs) with excellent optical properties are highlighted for the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases in recent years. Their tunable down-conversion fluorescence enables the high-resolution NIR-II fluorescence imaging of the brain. Besides, the excellent up-conversion luminescence can be applied to designing fluorescent probes to visualize brain diseases. Importantly, the surface of RENPs can be tailored to cross the blood-brain barrier, target the disease site in the brain and deliver drugs specifically, providing an effective tool for treating brain diseases. Excitingly, RENPs can be combined with emerging therapies, such as phototherapy, gas therapy and sonodynamic therapy, significantly improving the therapeutic effects of glioblastoma. This review summarizes the rational design, functionalization strategies and application of RENPs in brain imaging, diagnosis and therapy. Furthermore, a brief perspective on existing challenges and further development of RENPs is presented.

Keywords

Rare earth / Nanoparticle / Brain imaging / Diagnosis / Therapy

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