Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants

Abstract

Secondary air pollutants, originating from gaseous pollutants and primary particulate matter emitted by natural sources and human activities, undergo complex atmospheric chemical reactions and multiphase processes. Secondary gaseous pollutants represented by ozone and secondary particulate matter, including sulfates, nitrates, ammonium salts, and secondary organic aerosols, are formed in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and human health. This paper summarizes the formation pathways and mechanisms of important atmospheric secondary pollutants. Meanwhile, different secondary pollutants’ toxicological effects and corresponding health risks are evaluated. Studies have shown that secondary pollutants are generally more toxic than primary ones. However, due to their diverse source and complex generation mechanism, the study of the toxicological effects of secondary pollutants is still in its early stages. Therefore, this paper first introduces the formation mechanism of secondary gaseous pollutants and focuses mainly on ozone’s toxicological effects. In terms of particulate matter, secondary inorganic and organic particulate matters are summarized separately, then the contribution and toxicological effects of secondary components formed from primary carbonaceous aerosols are discussed. Finally, secondary pollutants generated in the indoor environment are briefly introduced. Overall, a comprehensive review of secondary air pollutants may shed light on the future toxicological and health effects research of secondary air pollutants.

Keywords

Secondary pollutant / Atmosphere / Toxicological effect / Public health / Particulate matter / Chemical Sciences / Other Chemical Sciences

References

[1] RisingJ, TedescoM, PiontekF, StainforthD ANature, 2022, 6107933643

[2] MurrayC J, AravkinA Y, ZhengP, AbbafatiC, AbbasK M, Abbasi-KangevariM, Abd-AllahF, AbdelalimA, AbdollahiM, AbdollahpourIThe Lancet, 2020, 396102581223

[3] ZhangQ, ChenR, YinG, DuX, MengX, QiuY, KanH, ZhouMEngineering, 2022, 14: 156

[4] WangY, ZhuS, MaJ, ShenJ, WangP, WangP, ZhangHSci. Total Environ., 2021, 768: 144796

[5] LiuJ, ChuB, ChenT, ZhongC, LiuC, MaQ, MaJ, ZhangP, HeHEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2021, 5584565

[6] JungD, de la PazD, NotarioA, BorgeRSci. Total Environ., 2022, 827: 154126

[7] Manisalidis I., Stavropoulou E., Stavropoulos A., Bezirtzoglou E., Front. Public Health, 2020, 14

[8] O’DellK, HornbrookR S, PermarW, LevinE J T, GarofaloL A, ApelE C, BlakeN J, JarnotA, PothierM A, FarmerD K, HuL, CamposT, FordB, PierceJ R, FischerE VEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2020, 541911838

[9] PopovicI, Soares MagalhaesR J, YangY, YangS, YangB, DongG, WeiX, FoxG J, HammerM S, MartinR V, van DonkelaarA, GeE, MarksG B, KnibbsL DEnviron. Pollut., 2023, 317: 120718

[10] WangZ, HuB, ZhangC, AtkinsonP M, WangZ, XuK, ChangJ, FangX, JiangY, ShiZEnviron. Int., 2022, 169: 107510

[11] Yang J., Ma J., Sun Q., Han C., Guo Y., Li M., Environ. Pollut., 2022, 119694

[12] ZhangR, WangG, GuoS, ZamoraM L, YingQ, LinY, WangW, HuM, WangYChem. Rev., 2015, 115103803

[13] Pérez VelascoR, JarosińskaDEnviron. Int., 2022, 170: 107556

[14] DemeautisT, DellesM, TomazS, MonneretG, GlehenO, DevouassouxG, GeorgeC, BentaherAChem. Res. Toxicol., 2022, 3571146

[15] LiC, MisovichM V, PardoM, FangZ, LaskinA, ChenJ, RudichYChemosphere, 2022, 308: 136421

[16] HoskingJ, BraubachM, BussD, KhayesiM, FilhoV P, de SaT HEnviron. Int., 2022, 169: 107472

[17] LiR, ChenG, PanM, HouX, KangN, ChenR, YuchiY, LiaoW, LiuX, MaoZ, HuoW, GuoY, LiS, WangC, HouJEnviron. Int., 2022, 169: 107496

[18] RichardA M, JudsonR S, HouckK A, GrulkeC M, VolarathP, ThillainadarajahI, YangC, RathmanJ, MartinM T, WambaughJ F, KnudsenT B, KancherlaJ, MansouriK, PatlewiczG, WilliamsA J, LittleS B, CroftonK M, ThomasR SChem. Res. Toxicol., 2016, 2981225

[19] LiuX, ZhangH, PanW, XueQ, FuJ, LiuG, ZhengM, ZhangAEcotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2019, 170: 427

[20] QiaoL, GaoL, HuangD, LiuY, XuC, LiD, ZhengMEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2022, 56117288

[21] LinY, YangJ, FuQ, RuanT, JiangGEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2019, 53105687

[22] DaellenbachK R, UzuG, JiangJ, CassagnesL E, LeniZ, VlachouA, StefenelliG, CanonacoF, WeberS, SegersA, KuenenJ J P, SchaapM, FavezO, AlbinetA, AksoyogluS, DommenJ, BaltenspergerU, GeiserM, El HaddadI, JaffrezoJ L, PrevotA S HNature, 2020, 5877834414

[23] WangL, ZhangL, RistovskiZ, ZhengX, WangH, LiL, GaoJ, SalimiF, GaoY, JingS, WangL, ChenJ, StevanovicSEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2020, 54148868

[24] MiljevicB, HeringaM F, KellerA, MeyerN K, GoodJ, LauberA, DeCarloP F, Fairfull-SmithK E, NussbaumerT, BurtscherH, PrevotA S H, BaltenspergerU, BottleS E, RistovskiZ DEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44176601

[25] ChowdhuryP H, HeQ, CarmieliR, LiC, RudichY, PardoMEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2019, 532313949

[26] PuthusseryJ V, ZhangC, VermaVAtmos. Meas. Tech., 2018, 11105767

[27] LiuF, NgN L, LuHAerosol Sci. Technol., 2021, 556623

[28] RajagopalanS, LongoD L, LandriganP JN. Engl. J. Med., 2021, 385201881

[29] KhreisH, BredellC, Wai FungK, HongL, SzybkaM, PhillipsV, AbbasA, LimY H, Jovanovic AndersenZ, WoodcockJ, BrayneCEnviron. Int., 2022, 170: 107596

[30] LiuH, TianY, SongJ, CaoY, XiangX, HuangC, LiM, HuYAm. J. Cardiol, 2018, 1215628

[31] FushimiA, NakajimaD, FuruyamaA, SuzukiG, ItoT, SatoK, FujitaniY, KondoY, YoshinoA, RamasamyS, SchauerJ J, FuP, TakahashiY, SaitohK, SaitoS, TakamiASci. Total Environ., 2021, 773: 145614

[32] YangD, LiuQ, WangS, BozorgM, LiuJ, NairP, BalaguerP, SongD, KrauseH, OuaziaB, AbbattJ P D, PengHSci. Adv., 2022, 848eabq7023

[33] AkhtarU S, RastogiN, McWhinneyR D, UrchB, ChowC W, EvansG J, ScottJ AToxicol. Rep., 2014, 1: 145

[34] ZhuF, ChengH, LeiR, ShenC, LiuJ, HouL, ZhangC, XuY, DingR, CaoJEnviron. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2019, 69: 112

[35] DobrevaZ G, KostadinovaG S, PopovB N, PetkovG S, StanilovaS AToxicol. Ind. Health, 2015, 31121210

[36] BanerjeeA, MondalN K, DasD, RayM RInflammation, 2012, 352671

[37] LiuS, HuangQ, ZhangX, DongW, ZhangW, WuS, YangD, NanB, ZhangJ, ShenH, GuoX, DengFInnovation, 2021, 21100087

[38] BrookR D, BrookJ R, UrchB, VincentR, RajagopalanS, SilvermanFCirculation, 2002, 105131534

[39] OrachJ, RiderC F, CarlstenCEnviron. Int., 2021, 150: 106424

[40] ShoenfeltJ, MitkusR J, ZeislerR, SpatzR O, PowellJ, FentonM J, SquibbK A, MedvedevA EJ. Leukocyte Biol., 2009, 862303

[41] CaoJ, QinG, ShiR, BaiF, YangG, ZhangM, LvJJ. Appl. Toxicol., 2016, 364609

[42] ZhangY Z, ZhanJ, LiuQ, ZhouQ F, JiangG BProg. Chem, 2021, 335713

[43] ZouY, JinC, SuY, LiJ, ZhuBEnviron. Pollut., 2016, 212: 627

[44] ParkM, JooH S, LeeK, JangM, KimS D, KimI, BorlazaL J S, LimH, ShinH, ChungK H, ChoiY H, ParkS G, BaeM S, LeeJ, SongH, ParkKSci. Rep., 2018, 8117007

[45] LinY-H, ArashiroM, MartinE, ChenY, ZhangZ, SextonK G, GoldA, JaspersI, FryR C, SurrattJ DEnviron. Sci. Technol. Lett., 2016, 36250

[46] WangY, LiC, ZhangX, KangX, LiY, ZhangW, ChenY, LiuY, WangW, GeM, DuLToxicology, 2021, 456: 152770

[47] LinY H, ArashiroM, ClappP W, CuiT, SextonK G, VizueteW, GoldA, JaspersI, FryR C, SurrattJ DEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2017, 51148166

[48] PardoM, QiuX, ZimmermannR, RudichYChem. Res. Toxicol., 2020, 3351110

[49] WuS, ChenZ, YangL, ZhangY, LuoX, GuoJ, ShaoYSci. Total Environ., 2021, 797: 149132

[50] YunY, GaoR, YueH, GuoL, LiG, SangNEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2017, 511911401

[51] BonvallotV, Baeza-SquibanA, BauligA, BrulantS, BolandS, MuzeauF, BaroukiR, MaranoFAm. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2001, 254515

[52] NevenK Y, SaenenN D, TarantiniL, JanssenB G, LefebvreW, VanpouckeC, BollatiV, NawrotT SLancet Planet. Health, 2018, 24e174

[53] LaingS, WangG, BriazovaT, ZhangC, WangA, ZhengZ, GowA, ChenA F, RajagopalanS, ChenL CAm. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 2010, 2994C736

[54] LaingS, WangG, BriazovaT, ZhangC, WangA, ZhengZ, GowA, ChenA F, RajagopalanS, ChenL C, SunQ, ZhangKAm. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 2010, 2994C736

[55] BilletS, GarçonG, DagherZ, VerdinA, LedouxF, CazierF, CourcotD, AboukaisA, ShiraliPEnviron. Res., 2007, 1052212

[56] ValavanidisA, FiotakisK, VlachogianniTJ. Environ. Sci. Health C, 2008, 264339

[57] SnowS J, HenriquezA R, CostaD L, KodavantiU PToxicol. Sci., 2018, 16419

[58] LopesT D M, GrothE E, VerasM, FuruyaT K, CostaN D X, RibeiroG, LopesF D, de AlmeidaF M, CardosoW V, SaldivaP H N, ChammasR, MauadTEnviron. Pollut., 2018, 241: 511

[59] WuG, BrownJ, ZamoraM L, MillerA, SatterfieldM C, MeiningerC J, SteinhauserC B, JohnsonG A, BurghardtR C, BazerF W, LiY, JohnsonN M, MolinaM J, ZhangRProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2019, 1162411590

[60] GlencrossD A, HoT R, CaminaN, HawrylowiczC M, PfefferP EFree Radical Biol. Med., 2020, 151: 56

[61] HanJ, WangS, YeungK, YangD, GuW, MaZ, SunJ, WangX, ChowC W, ChanA W H, PengHProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2020, 1174125386

[62] ZhangY, WangL, FengH, HuG, WangL, LiuJ, GaoX, ShangJ, ZhuT, TangS, JiaGEnviron. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2017, 54: 21

[63] ShangY, ZhangL, JiangY, LiY, LuPChemosphere, 2014, 100: 42

[64] SuvarapuL N, BaekS-OToxicol. Ind. Health, 2017, 33179

[65] PatelA B, ShaikhS, JainK R, DesaiC, MadamwarDFront. Microbiol., 2020, 11: 562813

[66] JanssenN A H, HoekG, Simic-LawsonM, FischerP, BreeL V, BrinkH T, KeukenM, AtkinsonR W, AndersonH R, BrunekreefB, CasseeF REnviron. Health Perspect., 2011, 119121691

[67] CoppolaA I, WagnerS, LennartzS T, SeidelM, WardN D, DittmarT, SantínC, JonesM WNat. Rev. Earth Environ., 2022, 38516

[68] LiuY, ChanC KEnviron. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2022, 244525

[69] GangwarR S, BevanG H, PalanivelR, DasL, RajagopalanSRedox Biol., 2020, 34: 101545

[70] ZhangJ, WeiY, FangZFront. Immunol., 2019, 10: 2518

[71] TanZ, LuK, MaX, ChenS, HeL, HuangX, LiX, LinX, TangM, YuD, WahnerA, ZhangYEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2022, 562417569

[72] ZhangJ, LianC, WangW, GeM, GuoY, RanH, ZhangY, ZhengF, FanX, YanC, DaellenbachK R, LiuY, KulmalaM, AnJAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2022, 22: 3275

[73] LianC, WangW, ChenY, ZhangY, ZhangJ, LiuY, FanX, LiC, ZhanJ, LinZ, HuaC, ZhangW, LiuM, LiJ, WangW, AnJ, GeMJ. Environ. Sci., 2022, 114: 334

[74] OswaldR, BehrendtT, ErmelM, WuD, SuH, ChengY, BreuningerC, MoravekA, MouginE, DelonC, LoubetB, Pommerening-RöserA, SörgelM, PöschlU, HoffmannT, AndreaeM O, MeixnerF X, TrebsIScience, 2013, 34161511233

[75] ChenY, WangW, LianC, PengC, ZhangW, LiJ, LiuM, ShiB, WangX, GeMJ. Environ. Sci., 2020, 95: 165

[76] PöschlU, ShiraiwaMChem. Rev., 2015, 115104440

[77] EvangeliouN, GrytheH, KlimontZ, HeyesC, EckhardtS, Lopez-AparicioS, StohlANat. Commun., 2020, 1113381

[78] FischerE V, JacobD J, YantoscaR M, SulprizioM P, MilletD B, MaoJ, PaulotF, SinghH B, RoigerA, RiesL, TalbotR W, DzepinaK, Pandey DeolalSAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2014, 1452679

[79] Chacon-MadridH J, PrestoA A, DonahueN MPhys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2010, 124213975

[80] GaubertB, BouararI, DoumbiaT, LiuY, StavrakouT, DeroubaixA, DarrasS, ElguindiN, GranierC, LaceyF, MullerJ F, ShiX, TilmesS, WangT, BrasseurG PJ. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 2021, 1268e2020JD034213

[81] VyskocilA, ViauC, LamySHum. Exp. Toxicol., 1998, 174212

[82] LiuH, LiuS, XueB, LvZ, MengZ, YangX, XueT, YuQ, HeKAtmos. Environ., 2018, 173: 223

[83] IritiM, FaoroFWater Air Soil Poll., 2008, 1871285

[84] O’BrienP J, SirakiA G, ShangariNCrit. Rev. Toxicol., 2005, 357609

[85] HuangX-F, ZhangB, XiaS-Y, HanY, WangC, YuG-H, FengNEnviron. Pollut., 2020, 261: 114152

[86] DelikhoonM, FazlzadehM, SorooshianA, BaghaniA N, GolakiM, AshournejadQ, BarkhordariAEnviron. Pollut., 2018, 242: 938

[87] Ahmed LaskarA, YounusHDrug Metab. Rev., 2019, 51142

[88] ZhangJ, ChenQ, WangQ, DingZ, SunH, XuYEcotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2019, 174: 218

[89] HansenJ S, NorgaardA W, KoponenI K, SorliJ B, PaidiM D, HansenS W, ClausenP A, NielsenG D, WolkoffP, LarsenS TJ. Immunotoxicol, 2016, 136793

[90] IelpoP, MangiaC, MarraG P, ComiteV, RizzaU, UricchioV F, FermoPSci. Total Environ., 2019, 648: 787

[91] YaoM, ZhaoY, HuM, HuangD, WangY, YuJ Z, YanNEnviron. Sci. Technol. Lett., 2019, 612768

[92] WangW, LiuM, WangT, SongY, ZhouL, CaoJ, HuJ, TangG, ChenZ, LiZ, XuZ, PengC, LianC, ChenY, PanY, ZhangY, SunY, LiW, ZhuT, TianH, GeMNat. Commun., 2021, 1211993

[93] VasilakosP, RussellA, WeberR, NenesAAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2018, 181712765

[94] ChenX, WangH, LuK, LiC, ZhaiT, TanZ, MaX, YangX, LiuY, ChenS, DongH, LiX, WuZ, HuM, ZengL, ZhangYEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2020, 54159243

[95] BadiaA, ReevesC E, BakerA R, Saiz-LopezA, VolkamerR, KoenigT K, ApelE C, HornbrookR S, CarpenterL J, AndrewsS J, SherwenT, von GlasowRAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2019, 1953161

[96] YuanS-J, ChenJ-J, LinZ-Q, LiW-W, ShengG-P, YuH-QNat. Commun., 2013, 412249

[97] AtkinsonR W, MillsI C, WaltonH A, AndersonH RJ. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 2015, 252208

[98] BurnettR T, BrookJ, DannT, DeloclaC, PhilipsO, CakmakS, VincentR, S. GoldbergM, KrewskiDInhalation Toxicol., 2000, 12: 15

[99] WeinmayrG, PedersenM, StafoggiaM, AndersenZ J, GalassiC, MunkenastJ, JaenschA, OftedalB, KrogN H, AamodtG, PykoA, PershagenG, KorekM, De FaireU, PedersenN L, ÖstensonC-G, RizzutoD, SørensenM, TjønnelandA, Bueno-de-MesquitaB, VermeulenR, EeftensM, ConcinH, LangA, WangM, TsaiM-Y, RicceriF, SacerdoteC, RanziA, CesaroniG, ForastiereF, de HooghK, BeelenR, VineisP, KooterI, SokhiR, BrunekreefB, HoekG, Raaschou-NielsenO, NagelGEnviron. Int., 2018, 120: 163

[100] WuS, DengF, HaoY, ShimaM, WangX, ZhengC, WeiH, LvH, LuX, HuangJ, QinY, GuoXJ. Hazard. Mater., 2013, 260: 183

[101] WangY, XiaoS, ZhangY, ChangH, MartinR V, Van DonkelaarA, GaskinsA, LiuY, LiuP, ShiLEnviron. Int., 2022, 158: 106969

[102] ShiW, LiuC, Annesi-MaesanoI, NorbackD, DengQ, HuangC, QianH, ZhangX, SunY, WangT, van DonkelaarA, MartinR V, ZhangY, LiB, KanH, ZhaoZEnviron. Int., 2021, 146: 106176

[103] KimK-H, KabirE, KabirSEnviron. Int., 2015, 74: 136

[104] YangW, WangL, MettenbrinkE M, DeAngelisP L, WilhelmSAnnu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2021, 611269

[105] LuD, LuoQ, ChenR, ZhuansunY, JiangJ, WangW, YangX, ZhangL, LiuX, LiF, LiuQ, JiangGNat. Commun., 2020, 1112567

[106] LeivaG M A, SantibañezD A, IbarraE S, MatusC P, SeguelREnviron. Pollut., 2013, 181: 1

[107] WangM, KongW, MartenR, HeX C, ChenD, PfeiferJ, HeittoA, KontkanenJ, DadaL, KurtenA, Yli-JuutiT, ManninenH E, AmanatidisS, AmorimA, BaalbakiR, BaccariniA, BellD M, BertozziB, BraklingS, BrilkeS, MurilloL C, ChiuR, ChuB, De MenezesL P, DuplissyJ, FinkenzellerH, CarracedoL G, GranzinM, GuidaR, HanselA, HofbauerV, KrechmerJ, LehtipaloK, LamkaddamH, LampimakiM, LeeC P, MakhmutovV, MarieG, MathotS, MauldinR L, MentlerB, MullerT, OnnelaA, PartollE, PetajaT, PhilippovM, PospisilovaV, RanjithkumarA, RissanenM, RorupB, ScholzW, ShenJ, SimonM, SipilaM, SteinerG, StolzenburgD, ThamY J, TomeA, WagnerA C, WangD S, WangY, WeberS K, WinklerP M, WlasitsP J, WuY, XiaoM, YeQ, Zauner-WieczorekM, ZhouX, VolkamerR, RiipinenI, DommenJ, CurtiusJ, BaltenspergerU, KulmalaM, WorsnopD R, KirkbyJ, SeinfeldJ H, El-HaddadI, FlaganR C, DonahueN MNature, 2020, 5817807184

[108] ZhangJ, ChengH, Di NarzoA, ZhuY, ShanM, ZhangZ, ShaoX, ChenJ, WangC, HaoKSci. Total Environ., 2022, 850: 157977

[109] ZhangJ, ChengH, WangD, ZhuY, YangC, ShenY, YuJ, LiY, XuS, ZhangS, SongX, ZhouY, ChenJ, JiangJ, FanL, WangC, HaoKEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2021, 5553081

[110] LiX, ZhaoB, ZhouW, ShiH, YinR, CaiR, YangD, DällenbachK, DengC, FuYSci. Total Environ., 2020, 721: 137700

[111] LiuM, WangW, LiJ, WangT, XuZ, SongY, ZhangW, ZhouL, LianC, YangJ, LiY, SunY, TongS, GuoY, GeMSci. Total Environ., 2022, 841: 156771

[112] EhnM, ThorntonJ A, KleistE, SipiläM, JunninenH, PullinenI, SpringerM, RubachF, TillmannR, LeeB, Lopez-HilfikerF, AndresS, AcirI-H, RissanenM, JokinenT, SchobesbergerS, KangasluomaJ, KontkanenJ, NieminenT, KurténT, NielsenL B, JørgensenS, KjaergaardH G, CanagaratnaM, MasoM D, BerndtT, PetäjäT, WahnerA, KerminenV-M, KulmalaM, WorsnopD R, WildtJ, MentelT FNature, 2014, 5067489476

[113] RudichY, DonahueN M, MentelT FAnnu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 2007, 581321

[114] PullinenI, SchmittS, KangS, SarrafzadehM, SchlagP, AndresS, KleistE, MentelT F, RohrerF, SpringerM, TillmannR, WildtJ, WuC, ZhaoD, WahnerA, Kiendler-ScharrAAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2020, 201710125

[115] DenjeanC, FormentiP, Picquet-VarraultB, CamredonM, PanguiE, ZapfP, KatribY, GiorioC, TapparoA, Temime-RousselB, MonodA, AumontB, DoussinJ FAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2015, 152883

[116] NaultB A, JoD S, McDonaldB C, Campuzano-JostP, DayD A, HuW, SchroderJ C, AllanJ, BlakeD R, CanagaratnaM R, CoeH, CoggonM M, DeCarloP F, DiskinG S, DunmoreR, FlockeF, FriedA, GilmanJ B, GkatzelisG, HamiltonJ F, HaniscoT F, HayesP L, HenzeD K, HodzicA, HopkinsJ, HuM, HueyL G, JobsonB T, KusterW C, LewisA, LiM, LiaoJ, NawazM O, PollackI B, PeischlJ, RappenglückB, ReevesC E, RichterD, RobertsJ M, RyersonT B, ShaoM, SommersJ M, WalegaJ, WarnekeC, WeibringP, WolfeG M, YoungD E, YuanB, ZhangQ, de GouwJ A, JimenezJ LAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2021, 211411201

[117] ZhouW, XuW, KimH, ZhangQ, FuP, WorsnopD R, SunYEnviron. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2020, 2281616

[118] PyeH O T, Ward-CavinessC K, MurphyB N, AppelK W, SeltzerK MNat. Commun., 2021, 1217215

[119] LiS, GuoB, JiangY, WangX, ChenL, WangX, ChenT, YangL, SilangY, HongF, YinJ, LinH, ZhaoXDiabetes Care, 2022, 461111

[120] XuM, WangX, XuL, ZhangH, LiC, LiuQ, ChenY, ChungK F, AdcockI M, LiFEnviron. Toxicol., 2021, 3671434

[121] GaschenA, LangD, KalbererM, SaviM, GeiserT, GazdharA, LehrC-M, BurM, DommenJ, BaltenspergerUEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2010, 4441424

[122] DelfinoR J, StaimerN, TjoaT, ArhamiM, PolidoriA, GillenD L, GeorgeS C, ShaferM M, SchauerJ J, SioutasCEpidemiology, 2010, 216892

[123] BeckerS, DaileyL, SoukupJ M, SilbajorisR, DevlinR BToxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2005, 203145

[124] AhmedC M S, CuiY, FrieA L, BurrA, KamathR, ChenJ Y, RahmanA, NordgrenT M, LinY-H, BahreiniREnviron. Sci. Technol., 2019, 532414660

[125] YangX, ZhaoT, FengL, ShiY, JiangJ, LiangS, SunB, XuQ, DuanJ, SunZEnviron. Int., 2019, 127: 601

[126] CuiY-H, HuZ-X, GaoZ-X, SongX-L, FengQ-Y, YangG, LiZ-J, PanH-WNanotoxicology, 2018, 124312

[127] Al-AbadlehH AEnviron. Sci.: Atmos., 2021, 16297

[128] TuetW Y, ChenY, FokS, GaoD, WeberR J, ChampionJ A, NgN LSci. Rep., 2017, 7115157

[129] JiangH, LiuY, XieY, LiuJ, ChenT, MaQ, HeHEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2019, 531710454

[130] ChowdhuryP H, HeQ, Lasitza MaleT, BruneW H, RudichY, PardoMEnviron. Sci. Technol. Lett., 2018, 57424

[131] VermaV, FangT, XuL, PeltierR E, RussellA G, NgN L, WeberR JEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2015, 4974646

[132] BatesK H, BurkeG J P, CopeJ D, NguyenT BAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2022, 2221467

[133] KhanF, KwapiszewskaK, ZhangY, ChenY, LambeA T, KolodziejczykA, JalalN, RudzinskiK, Martinez-RomeroA, FryR C, SurrattJ D, SzmigielskiRChem. Res. Toxicol., 2021, 343817

[134] ArashiroM, LinY H, ZhangZ, SextonK G, GoldA, JaspersI, FryR C, SurrattJ DEnviron. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2018, 202332

[135] EavesL A, SmeesterL, HartwellH J, LinY-H, ArashiroM, ZhangZ, GoldA, SurrattJ D, FryR CChem. Res. Toxicol., 2020, 332381

[136] LiK, LiJ, LiggioJ, WangW, GeM, LiuQ, GuoY, TongS, LiJ, PengC, JingB, WangD, FuPEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2017, 5131285

[137] LuX, LinY, QiuX, LiuJ, ZhuT, AraujoJ A, ZhangJ, ZhuYEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2021, 5585097

[138] SrivastavaD, VuT V, TongS, ShiZ, HarrisonR MNPJ Clim. Atmos. Sci., 2022, 5122

[139] DéméautisT, BouyssiA, GeloenA, GeorgeC, MenottiJ, GlehenO, DevouassouxG, BentaherAEnviron. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2023, 253382

[140] QinM, MurphyB N, IsaacsK K, McDonaldB C, LuQ, McKeenS A, KovalL, RobinsonA L, EfstathiouC, AllenC, PyeH O TNat. Sustain, 2021, 42129

[141] KingB M, JanechekN J, BryngelsonN, Adamcakova-DoddA, LerschT, BunkerK, CasuccioG, ThorneP S, StanierC O, FiegelJChemosphere, 2020, 241: 125126

[142] KhareP, MacheskyJ, SotoR, HeM, PrestoA A, GentnerD RSci. Adv., 2020, 636eabb9785

[143] MoralesA C, TomlinJ M, WestC P, Rivera-AdornoF A, PetersonB N, SharpeS A L, NohY, SendesiS M T, BoorB E, HowarterJ A, MoffetR C, ChinaS, O’CallahanB T, El-KhouryP Z, WheltonA J, LaskinANat. Nanotechnol., 2022, 17111171

[144] LiuQ, LiL, ZhangX, SainiA, LiW, HungH, HaoC, LiK, LeeP, WentzellJ J B, HuoC, LiS M, HarnerT, LiggioJNature, 2021, 6007889456

[145] BikkinaS, AnderssonA, KirillovaE N, HolmstrandH, TiwariS, SrivastavaA K, BishtD S, GustafssonÖNat. Sustain, 2019, 23200

[146] NiM, HuangJ, LuS, LiX, YanJ, CenKChemosphere, 2014, 107: 83

[147] Fröhlich-NowoiskyJ, KampfC J, WeberB, HuffmanJ A, PöhlkerC, AndreaeM O, Lang-YonaN, BurrowsS M, GuntheS S, ElbertW, SuH, HoorP, ThinesE, HoffmannT, DesprésV R, PöschlUAtmos. Res., 2016, 182: 346

[148] EstilloreA D, TruebloodJ V, GrassianV HChem. Sci., 2016, 7116604

[149] KodrosJ K, PapanastasiouD K, PaglioneM, MasiolM, SquizzatoS, FlorouK, SkyllakouK, KaltsonoudisC, NenesA, PandisS NProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2020, 1175233028

[150] GanttB, MeskhidzeNAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2013, 1383979

[151] DonahueN M, HenryK M, MentelT F, Kiendler-ScharrA, SpindlerC, BohnB, BrauersT, DornH P, FuchsH, TillmannRProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2012, 1093413503

[152] LiM, BaoF, ZhangY, SongW, ChenC, ZhaoJProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2018, 115307717

[153] HeX, PangS, MaJ, ZhangYAtmos. Environ., 2017, 165: 198

[154] ChenJ, BudisulistioriniS H, MiyakawaT, KomazakiY, KuwataMAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2018, 18117781

[155] JinX, WangY, LiZ, ZhangF, XuW, SunY, FanX, ChenG, WuH, RenJ, WangQ, CribbMAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2020, 202901

[156] WeitekampC A, StevensT, StewartM J, BhaveP, GilmourM ISci. Total Environ., 2020, 704: 135772

[157] AdetonaO, ReinhardtT E, DomitrovichJ, BroylesG, AdetonaA M, KleinmanM T, OttmarR D, NaeherL PInhalation Toxicol., 2016, 28395

[158] MacSweenK, Paton-WalshC, RoulstonC, GuéretteE-A, EdwardsG, ReisenF, DesservettazM, CameronM, YoungE, KubistinDExpos. Health, 2019, 124721

[159] ReidC E, BrauerM, JohnstonF H, JerrettM, BalmesJ R, ElliottC TEnviron. Health Perspect., 2016, 12491334

[160] LiX, DallmannT R, MayA A, TkacikD S, LambeA T, JayneJ T, CroteauP L, PrestoA AEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2016, 502212146

[161] OnishiK, KurosakiY, OtaniS, YoshidaA, SugimotoN, KurozawaYAtmos. Environ., 2012, 49: 94

[162] ZhuF J, ArinaS Z, ZhangZ F, LiuL Y, SongW W, ChengY, LiuJ M, MaW LChemosphere, 2022, 294: 133722

[163] WilsonJ, PöschlU, ShiraiwaM, BerkemeierTAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2021, 2186175

[164] PalmB B, PengQ, FredricksonC D, LeeB H, GarofaloL A, PothierM A, KreidenweisS M, FarmerD K, PokhrelR P, ShenY, MurphyS M, PermarW, HuL, CamposT L, HallS R, UllmannK, ZhangX, FlockeF, FischerE V, ThorntonJ AProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2020, 1174729469

[165] WuL, LingZ, ShaoM, LiuH, LuS, ZhouS, GuoJ, MaoJ, HangJ, WangXJ. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 2021, 1268e2020JD033999

[166] GentnerD R, JatharS H, GordonT D, BahreiniR, DayD A, El HaddadI, HayesP L, PieberS M, PlattS M, de GouwJ, GoldsteinA H, HarleyR A, JimenezJ L, PrevotA S H, RobinsonA LEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2017, 5131074

[167] WongJ P, TsagkarakiM, TsiodraI, MihalopoulosN, ViolakiK, KanakidouM, SciareJ, NenesA, WeberR JEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2019, 53126747

[168] PardoM, LiC, HeQ, Levin-ZaidmanS, TsooryM, YuQ, WangX, RudichYPart. Fibre Toxicol., 2020, 17: 1

[169] PfliegerM, KrofličAJ. Hazard. Mater., 2017, 338: 132

[170] DiazE A, ChungY, PapapostolouV, LawrenceJ, LongM S, HatakeyamaV, GomesB, CalilY, SatoR, KoutrakisP, GodleskiJ JInhalation Toxicol., 2012, 245288

[171] WangS, GallimoreP J, Liu-KangC, YeungK, CampbellS J, UtingerB, LiuT, PengH, KalbererM, ChanA W H, AbbattJ P DEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2023, 5731246

[172] RagerJ E, LichtveldK, EbersvillerS, SmeesterL, JaspersI, SextonK G, FryR CEnviron. Health Perspect., 2011, 119111583

[173] DiazE A, ChungY, LamoureuxD P, PapapostolouV, LawrenceJ, LongM S, MazzaroV, BuonfiglioH, SatoR, KoutrakisP, GodleskiJ JAir Qual. Atmos. Health, 2013, 62431

[174] LovettC, CacciottoloM, ShirmohammadiF, HaghaniA, MorganT E, SioutasC, FinchC EF1000Research, 2018, 7: 596

[175] LiQ, ShangJ, ZhuTAtmos. Environ., 2013, 81: 68

[176] ChuH, ShangJ, JinM, LiQ, ChenY, HuangH, LiY, PanY, TaoX, ChengZ, MengQ, JiaG, ZhuT, WeiX, HaoWSci. Total Environ., 2016, 573: 303

[177] ChengZ, ChuH, WangS, HuangY, HouX, ZhangQ, ZhouW, JiaL, MengQ, ShangL, SongY, HaoW, WeiXEnviron. Pollut., 2019, 253: 507

[178] PardoM, OfferS, HartnerE, Di BucchianicoS, BisigC, BauerS, PantzkeJ, ZimmermannE J, CaoX, BinderS, KuhnE, HuberA, JeongS, KäferU, SchneiderE, MesceriakovasA, BendlJ, BrejchaR, BuchholzA, GatD, HohausT, RastakN, KargE, JakobiG, KalbererM, KanashovaT, HuY, OgrisC, MarsicoA, TheisF, ShalitT, GrögerT, RügerC P, OederS, OrascheJ, PaulA, ZiehmT, ZhangZ-H, AdamT, SippulaO, SklorzM, Schnelle-KreisJ, CzechH, Kiendler-ScharrA, ZimmermannR, RudichYEnviron. Int., 2022, 166: 107366

[179] GilardoniS, MassoliP, PaglioneM, GiulianelliL, CarboneC, RinaldiM, DecesariS, SandriniS, CostabileF, GobbiG P, PietrograndeM C, VisentinM, ScottoF, FuzziS, FacchiniM CProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2016, 1133610013

[180] XuB, ZhangG, GustafssonO, KawamuraK, LiJ, AnderssonA, BikkinaS, KunwarB, PokhrelA, ZhongG, ZhaoS, LiJ, HuangC, ChengZ, ZhuS, PengP, ShengGNat. Commun., 2022, 1315115

[181] XuY, MiyazakiY, TachibanaE, SatoK, RamasamyS, MochizukiT, SadanagaY, NakashimaY, SakamotoY, MatsudaK, KajiiYEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2020, 5431406

[182] WangJ, YeJ, ZhangQ, ZhaoJ, WuY, LiJ, LiuD, LiW, ZhangY, WuC, XieC, QinY, LeiY, HuangX, GuoJ, LiuP, FuP, LiY, LeeH C, ChoiH, ZhangJ, LiaoH, ChenM, SunY, GeX, MartinS T, JacobD JProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2021, 1188e2022179118

[183] KuangY, HeY, XuW, YuanB, ZhangG, MaZ, WuC, WangC, WangS, ZhangS, TaoJ, MaN, SuH, ChengY, ShaoM, SunYEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2020, 5473849

[184] GeorgeC, AmmannM, D’AnnaB, DonaldsonD J, NizkorodovS AChem. Rev., 2015, 115104218

[185] HuangD D, ZhangQ, CheungH H Y, YuL, ZhouS, AnastasioC, SmithJ D, ChanC KEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2018, 52169215

[186] JiY, ShiQ, LiY, AnT, ZhengJ, PengJ, GaoY, ChenJ, LiG, WangY, ZhangF, ZhangA L, ZhaoJ, MolinaM J, ZhangRProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2020, 1172413294

[187] MauderlyJ L, ChowJ CInhal Toxicol, 2008, 203257

[188] BiancoA, VoyardG, DeguillaumeL, MailhotG, BriganteMSci. Rep., 2016, 6137420

[189] LeeA K Y, HaydenK L, HerckesP, LeaitchW R, LiggioJ, MacdonaldA M, AbbattJ P DAtmos. Chem. Phys., 2012, 12157103

[190] ZhuZ, ZhangJ, LvG, GeorgeC, HerrmannH, FuH, LiD, ZhangL, SunX, SunHEcotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2020, 202: 110898

[191] Al-ReasiH A, WoodC M, SmithD SAquat. Toxicol., 2011, 1033179

[192] YuS, LiuJ, YinY, ShenMJ. Environ. Sci., 2018, 63: 198

[193] AbbattJ P, WangCEnviron. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2020, 22125

[194] MorawskaL, AfshariA, BaeG N, BuonannoG, ChaoC Y, HanninenO, HofmannW, IsaxonC, JayaratneE R, PasanenP, SalthammerT, WaringM, WierzbickaAIndoor Air, 2013, 236462

[195] HabreR, DormanD C, AbbattJ, BahnflethW P, CarterE, FarmerD, Gawne-MittelstaedtG, GoldsteinA H, GrassianV H, MorrisonG, PecciaJ, PoppendieckD, PratherK A, ShiraiwaM, StapletonH M, WilliamsM, HarriesM EEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2022, 561510560

[196] ZannoniN, LakeyP S J, WonY, ShiraiwaM, RimD, WeschlerC J, WangN, ErnleL, LiM, BeköG, WargockiP, WilliamsJScience, 2022, 37766101071

[197] WisthalerA, WeschlerC JProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2010, 107156568

[198] WangC, CollinsD B, AbbattJ P DEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2019, 532011792

[199] WangC, BottorffB, ReidyE, RosalesC M F, CollinsD B, NovoselacA, FarmerD K, VanceM E, StevensP S, AbbattJ P DEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2020, 542113488

[200] CollinsD B, HemsR F, ZhouS, WangC, GrignonE, AlavyM, SiegelJ A, AbbattJ P DEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2018, 522112419

[201] HuY, ZhaoBBuild. Environ., 2020, 180: 106909

[202] HuangL, FrankE S, ShresthaM, RiahiS, TobiasD J, GrassianV HEnviron. Sci. Technol., 2021, 55106623

[203] NemeryB, HoetP H M, NowakDEru. Respir. J., 2002, 195790

[204] BeldaJ, RicartS, CasanP, GinerJ, Bellido-CasadoJ, TorrejonM, MargaritG, DrobnicFBr. J. Sports Med., 2008, 424244

[205] GoldenRCrit. Rev. Toxicol., 2011, 418672

[206] ZhangY, WuM, XuM, HuP, XuX, LiuX, CaiW, XiaJ, WuD, XuX, YuG, CaoZEnviron. Int., 2022, 170: 107557

[207] Ainiwaer S., Chen Y., Shen G., Shen H., Ma J., Cheng H., Tao S., Environ. Pollut., 2022, 119652

[208] YouB, ZhouW, LiJ, LiZ, SunYEnviron. Int., 2022, 170: 107611

[209] SarigiannisD A, KarakitsiosS P, GottiA, LiakosI L, KatsoyiannisAEnviron. Int., 2011, 374743

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Jilin University, The Editorial Department of Chemical Research in Chinese Universities and Springer-Verlag GmbH