Effects of Br⁻ on NDMA Formation During Chloramination: a Review of Influencing Factors, Mechanisms, and Control

Abstract

For the invasion of seawater and the stress of human activities, bromide ion(Br⁻) exists widely in drinking water sources, and it was found to influence the formation of non-brominated but carcinogenic nitrogen-containing disinfection by-product nitroso-dimethylamine(NDMA) during chloramination(NH₂Cl). The presence of Br⁻ leads to the formation of bromine-active species, such as bromamines(NH₂Br), bromochloramine(NHClBr), as well as hypobromous acid(HOBr), which are more reactive with NDMA precursors than chlorine-active species, so might promote NDMA generation. This review mainly focuses on the influencing laws, as well as the factors(disinfection conditions and characteristics of water matrixes) that affected NMDA formation during chloramination with Br⁻. In addition, the possible influencing pathways are discussed. Finally, based on the above summary, measures pertaining to reduce the impact of Br⁻ on NDMA production are concluded. This review would provide a theoretical reference for drinking water treatment plants to deal with bromine-containing water during chloramination.

Keywords

Bromide ion / Disinfection by-product / Nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) / Chloramination

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