Ultralong Life Symmetric Potassium Ion Batteries Using a Bipolar Cr/Ti Based Layered Material

Abstract

Based on low cost and earth abundance potassium resources, potassium-ion batteries have been regarded as the potential candidate for large-scale energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid. Although some earlier works have proposed reversible insertion/extraction of K⁺ ions in K cells, their cycle instability is insufficient for the further application of potassium-ion batteries. Herein, we report a symmetric potassium-ion battery with ultralong life employing a bipolar Cr/Ti based layered oxide, which contains two electrochemically active transition metals with the redox couples of Cr⁴⁺/Cr³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺/Ti³⁺ working on the cathode and anode side, respectively. Moreover, the (de)intercalation process in the structure and the in-situ electrochemical exchange process are investigated by ex-situ XRD. As a result, the symmetric cell based on the obtained K-based bipolar layered material exhibits a reversible capacity of 102 mA·h/g between 0.5 V and 3.5 V at 20 mA/g, an ultralong cycle life of 2000 cycles with a capacity retention of 80% and high rate capabilities. The outstanding cycling stability and rate performance endow this work with promising advantages for the future development of the novel energy storage system.

Keywords

Layered oxide / Potassium-ion battery / Symmetric electrode / Ultralong life

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