Nitrogen-doped Carbon Coated Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ with Superior Sodium Storage Capability

Abstract

Cathodes with high cycling stability and rate capability are required for ambient temperature sodium ion batteries in renewable energy storage application. Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ is an attractive cathode material with excellent electrochemical stability and fast ion diffusion coefficient within the 3D NASICON structure. Nevertheless, the practical application of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ is seriously hindered by its intrinsically poor electronic conductivity. Herein, solvent evaporation method is presented to obtain the nitrogen-doped carbon coated Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode material, delivering enhanced electrochemical performances. N-Doped carbon layer coating serves as a highly conducting pathway, and creates numerous extrinsic defects and active sites, which can facilitate the storage and diffusion of Na⁺. Moreover, the N-doped carbon layer can provide a stable framework to accommodate the agglomeration of the electrode upon electrode cycling. N-Doped carbon coated Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃(NC-NVP) exhibits excellent long cycling life and superior rate performances than bare Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ without carbon coating. NC-NVP delivers a stable capacity of 95.9 mA·h/g after 500 cycles at 1 C rate, which corresponds to high capacity retention(94.6%) with respect to the initial capacity(101.4 mA·h/g). Over 91.3% of the initial capacity is retained after 500 cycles at 5 C, and the capacity can reach 85 mA·h/g at 30 C rate.

Keywords

Cathode / Sodium ion battery / Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ / Nitrogen-doped carbon

References

[1] Dunn B, Kamath H, Tarascon J M. Science, 2011, 334: 928.

[2] Hou H S, Shao L D, Zhang Y, Zou G Q, Chen J, Ji X. Adv. Sci., 2017, 4: 1600243.

[3] Li L, Wu Z P, Sun H, Chen D M, Gao J, Suresh S, Chow P, Singh C V, Koratkar N. ACS Nano, 2015, 9: 11342.

[4] Cao D P, Yin C L, Shi D R, Fu Z W, Zhang J C, Li C L. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2017, 27: 1701130.

[5] Wu Z P, Liu K X, Lv C, Zhong S W, Wang Q H, Liu T, Liu X B, Yin Y H, Hu Y Y, Wei D, Liu Z Y. Small, 2018, 14: 1800414.

[6] Zhu C J, Chen J, Liu S S, Cheng B M, Xu Y, Zhang P W, Zhang Q, Li Y T, Zhong S S. J. Mater. Sci., 2018, 53: 5242.

[7] Ge P, Hou H S, Cao X Y, Li S J, Zhao G G, Guo T X, Wang C, Ji X B. Adv. Sci., 2018, 5: 1800080.

[8] Suresh S, Wu Z P, Bartolucci S F, Basu S, Mukherjee R, Gupta T, Hundekar P, Shi Y, Lu T M, Koratkar N. ACS Nano, 2017, 11: 5051.

[9] Liu X L, Li D, Mo Q L, Guo X Y, Yang X X, Chen G X, Zhong S W. J. Alloys Compd., 2014, 609: 54.

[10] Huang B, Xu BY, Li YT, Zhou W D, You Y, Zhong SW, Wang C A, Goodenough J B. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 201, 8: 14552.

[11] Cui Z H, Li C L, Yu P F, Yang M H, Guo X X, Yin C L. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3: 509.

[12] Xu J T, Wang M, Wickramaratne N P, Jaroniec M, Dou S X, Dai L M. Adv. Mater., 2015, 27: 2042.

[13] Zhang B, Dugas R, Rousse G, Rozier P, Abakumov A M, Tarascon J M. Nat. Commun., 201, 7: 10308.

[14] Li Y M, Xu S Y, Wu X Y, Yu J Z, Wang Y S, Hu Y S, Li H, Chen L Q, Huang X J. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3: 71.

[15] Zhu Y J, Wen Y, Fan X L, Gao T, Han F D, Luo C, Liou S C, Wang C S. ACS Nano, 2015, 9: 3254.

[16] Hou H S, Banks C E, Jing M J, Zhang Y, Ji X B. Adv. Mater., 2015, 27: 7861.

[17] Zou G Q, Hou H S, Foster C W, Banks C E, Guo T X, Jiang Y L, Zhang Y, Ji X B. Adv. Sci., 2018, 5: 1800241.

[18] Wu T J, Zhang C Y, Zou G Q, Hu J G, Zhu L M, Cao X Y, Hou H S, Ji X B. Sci. China Mater., 2019, 62: 1127.

[19] Zhou H P, Cao Y J, Ma Z L, Li S L. Nanotechnol., 2018, 29: 195201.

[20] Kim D H, Lee E, Slater M, Lu W Q, Rood S, Johnson C S. Electrochem. Commun., 2012, 18: 66.

[21] Yu C Y, Park J S, Jung H G, Chung K Y, Aurbach D, Sun Y K, Myung S T. Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8: 2019.

[22] Yu H J, Guo S H, Zhu Y B, Ishida M, Zhou H S. Chem. Commun., 2014, 50: 457.

[23] Han M H, Gonzalo E, Sharma N, López del Amo J M, Armand M, Avdeev M, SaizGaritaonandia J J, Rojo T. Chem. Mater., 201, 28: 106.

[24] Zhao J, Zhao LW, Lu X, Dimov N, Okada S, Nishida T. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2013, 160: 3077.

[25] Wang P F, Xin H S, Zuo T T, Li Q H, Yang X N, Yin Y X, Gao X K, Yu X Q, Guo Y G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2018, 57: 8178.

[26] Li S, Dong Y F, Xu L, Xu X, He L, Mai L Q. Adv. Mater., 2014, 26: 3545.

[27] Chao D L, Lai C H, Liang P, Wei Q L, Wang Y S, Zhu C R, Deng G, Doan-Nguyen V V T, Lin J, Mai L Q, Fan H J, Dunn B, Shen Z X. Adv. Energy Mater., 2018, 8: 1800058.

[28] Zhang J X, Fang Y J, Xiao L F, Qian J F, Cao Y L, Ai X P, Yang H X. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9: 7177.

[29] Rui X H, Sun W P, Wu C, Yu Y, Yan Q Y. Adv. Mater., 2015, 27: 6670.

[30] Fang Y J, Xiao L F, Ai X P, Cao Y L, Yang H X. Adv. Mater., 2015, 27: 5895.

[31] Zhang J X, Yuan T C, Wan H Y, Qian J F, Ai X P, Yang H X, Cao Y L. Sci. China Chem., 2017, 60: 1546.

[32] Tao S, Cui P X, Huang W F, Yu Z, Wang X B, Wei S H, Liu D B, Song L, Chu W S. Carbon, 201, 96: 1028.

[33] Wang E H, Chen M Z, Liu X H, Liu Y M, Guo H P, Wu Z G, Xiang W, Zhong B H, Guo X D, Chou S L, Dou S X. Small Methods, 2019, 3: 1800169.

[34] Liu J, Tang K, Song K P, van Aken P A, Yu Y, Maier J. Nanoscale, 2014, 6: 5081.

[35] Jiang Y, Yang Z Z, Li W H, Zeng L C, Pan F S, Wang M, Wei X, Hu G T, Gu L, Yu Y. Adv. Energy Mater., 2015, 5: 1402104.

[36] Jian Z L, Zhao L, Pan H L, Hu Y S, Li H, Chen W, Chen L Q. Electrochem. Commun., 2012, 14: 86.

[37] Zhang L L, Ma D, Li T, Liu J, Ding X K, Huang Y H, Yang X L. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10: 36851.

[38] Shen W, Wang C, Xu Q J, Liu H M, Wang Y G. Adv. Energy Mater., 2015, 5: 1400982.

[39] Shan T T, Xin S, You Y, Cong H P, Yu S H, Manthiram A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 201, 55: 12783.

[40] Zhao L, Hu Y S, Li H, Wang Z X, Chen L Q. Adv. Mater., 2011, 23: 1385.

[41] Ding Z J, Zhao L, Suo L M, Jiao Y, Meng S, Hu Y S, Wang Z X, Chen L Q. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13: 15127.

[42] Liu J, Tang K, Song K P, van Aken P A, Yu Y, Maier J. Nanoscale, 2014, 6: 5081.

[43] Gao R T, Tan R, Han L, Zhao Y, Wang Z J, Yang LY, Pan F. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5: 5273.

[44] Ling R, Cai S, Xie D L, Li X, Wang M J, Lin Y S, Jiang S, Shen K, Xiong K Z, Sun X H. Chem. Eng. J., 2018, 353: 264.

[45] Li J W, Cao X X, Pan A Q, Zhao Y L, Yang H L, Cao G Z, Liang S Q. Chem. Eng. J., 2018, 335: 301.

[46] Jian Z L, Han W Z, Lu X, Yang H X, Hu Y S, Zhou J, Zhou Z B, Li J Q, Chen W, Chen D F, Chen L Q. Adv. Energy Mater., 2013, 3: 156.

[47] Lei Z D, Xu L Q, Jiao Y L, Du A J, Zhang Y, Zhang H J. Small, 2018, 14: 1704410.

[48] Shen W, Wang C, Xu Q J, Liu H M, Wang Y G. Adv. Energy Mater., 2015, 5: 1400982.

[49] Brückner R, Tylkowski M, Hupa L, Brauer D S. J. Mater. Chem. B, 201, 4: 3121.

[50] Shen W, Li H, Wang C, Li Z H, Xu Q J, Liu H M, Wang Y G. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3: 15190.

[51] Wei T Y, Yang G Z, Wang C X. Nano Energy, 2017, 39: 363.

[52] Zheng L L, Xue Y, Hao S E, Wang Z B. Ceram. Int., 2018, 44: 9880.

[53] Liu H, Cao Q, Fu L J, Li C, Wu Y P. Electrochem. Commun., 200, 8: 1553.

[54] Qiao Y Q, Wang X L, Xiang J Y, Zhang D, Liu W L, Tu J P. Electrochim. Acta, 2011, 56: 2269.