Eco-friendly and Cleaner Process Using Online Microwave-assisted Steam Extraction Coupled with Solid-phase Extraction for Trace Analysis of Sulfonamides in Animal Feed

Abstract

An environmentally friendly method for extracting sulfonamides(SAs) residues from animal feed was described and applied. The method used online microwave-assisted steam extraction coupled with solid phase extraction(MASE-SPE), which was followed by the analysis using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS). The SAs residues were extracted successively with water steam under microwave irradiation, and thus directly introduced into an SPE column containing cation-exchange resin. The SAs were then eluted with methanol-ammonia(90:10, volume ratio) from the SPE column and followed by HPLC-MS/MS. The limits of detection(LODs) for the analytes ranged from 0.24 ng/g to 0.49 ng/g. The limits of quantification(LOQs) ranged from 0.82 ng/g to 1.63 ng/g. Average recoveries of SAs were 76.3%―92.1%. The developed method was a reliable and environmentally friendly alternative to previous methods with respect to time, solvent and labor consumption for the analysis of SAs in animal foodstuffs.

Keywords

High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry / Microwave-assisted steam extraction / Solid-phase extraction / Sulfonamide / Animal feed

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