Simple and Sensitive Determination of Aromatic Acids in Coconut Water by g-C₃N₄@SiO₂ Based Solid-phase Extraction and HPLC-UV Analysis

Abstract

In this study, graphitic carbon nitride deposited silica(g-C₃N₄@SiO₂) was prepared by simple pyrolysis of melamine on silica and then used as a solid-phase extraction(SPE) sorbent for the extraction of four representative aromatic acids including benzoic acid(BA), salicylic acid(SA), indolyl-3-butyricacid(IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid(NAA) in coconut water(CW) samples. g-C₃N₄@SiO₂ exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity for the four aromatic acids, which are in the concentration range of 500–558.8 μg/g. The four aromatic acids could be directly captured by g-C₃N₄@SiO₂ from CW samples within 5 min. Thus, a rapid, simple and effective method for the analysis of four aromatic acids in CW samples was developed by coupling g-C₃N₄@SiO₂-based SPE with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet(HPLC-UV) detection. The linearity of the developed method was in the range of 20–1000 ng/mL and its limit of detection was in the range of 1.9–5.7 ng/mL, which were significantly lower than those of the reported similar methods. The intraday and interday precisions(based on the relative standard deviation, n=3) of the four aromatic acids were under 9.5% and 10.4%, respectively. The developed method was applied to determining the four aromatic acids in real CW samples and the spiked recoveries varied from 81.1% to 121.8%.

Keywords

Aromatic acid / Coconut water / Solid-phase extraction / Graphitic carbon nitride / High-performance liquid chromatography

References

[1] Zhang X. F., Xu S. X., Sun Y. H., Wang Y. Y., Wang C. Chromatographia, 2011, 73: 1217.

[2] Han Z., Liu G., Rao Q. X., Bai B., Zhao Z. H., Liu H., Wu A. B. J. Chromatogr. B, 2012, 881/882: 83.

[3] Ma L. Y., Zhang H. Y., Xu W. T., He X. Y., Yang L. L., Luo Y. B., Huang K. L. Food Anal. Methods, 2012, 6: 941.

[4] Sultan M. T., Butt M. S., Qayyum M. M., Suleria H. A. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2014, 54: 1298.

[5] Li G. L., Liu S. C., Sun Z. W., Xia L., Chen G., You J. M. Food Chem., 2015, 170: 123.

[6] Liu S. C., Chen W. Q., Qu L., Gai Y., Jiang X. N. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2013, 405: 1257.

[7] Huang L. F., He M., Chen B. B., Hu B. J. Chromatogr. A, 2014, 1343: 10.

[8] Tan S. N., Yong J., Ge L. Y. Chromatography, 2014, 1: 211.

[9] Koesukwiwat U., Lehotay S. J., Leepipatpiboon N. J. Chromatogr. A, 2011, 1218: 7039.

[10] Wang F., Zhang W. F., Chen Y. L., Xu G. G., Deng Z. F., Du H. F., Wang Y. X., Zhang S. S., Zhao W. J. Anal. Methods, 2015, 7: 6365.

[11] Yong J. W., Ge L., Ng Y. F., Tan S. N. Molecules, 2009, 14: 5144.

[12] Ma Z., Ge L. Y., Lee A. S. Y., Yong J. W., Tan S. N., Ong E. S. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2008, 610: 274.

[13] Henriksen T., Juhler R. K., Brandt G. B., Kjaer J. J. Chromatogr. A, 2009, 1216: 2504.

[14] Li W. K., Chen J., Zhang H. X., Shi Y. P. Talanta, 2017, 168: 136.

[15] Peng X. T., Yuan B. F., Feng Y. Q. J. Sep. Sci., 2011, 34: 3123.

[16] Du F. Y., Ruan G. H., Liu H. W. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2012, 403: 55.

[17] Han Q., Liang Q. L., Zhang X. Q., Yang L., Ding M. Y. J. Chromatogr. A, 2016, 1447: 39.

[18] Zheng H. B., Ding J., Zheng S. J., Zhu G. T., Yuan B. F., Feng Y. Q. Talanta, 2016, 148: 46.

[19] Zhu Y. P., Ren T. Z., Yuan Z. Y. Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7: 16850.

[20] Wang Y., Yao J., Li H. R., Su D. S., Antonietti M. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133: 2362.

[21] Sun Y. P., Ha W., Chen J., Qi H. Y., Shi Y. P. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2016, 84: 12.

[22] Guan W. B., Long Z., Liu J. Y., Hua Y. F., Ma Y. Q., Zhang H. Y. Food Anal. Methods, 2015, 8: 2202.

[23] Zhu G. T., He X. M., Chen X., Hussain D., Ding J., Feng Y. Q. J. Chromatogr. A, 2016, 1437: 137.

[24] Speltini A., Maraschi F., Govoni R., Milanese C., Profumo A., Malavasi L., Sturini M. J. Chromatogr. A, 2017, 1489: 9.

[25] Luo D., Yu Q. W., Yin H. R., Feng Y. Q. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2007, 588: 261.

[26] Sajonz P., Zhong G. M. Guiochon.G., J. Chromatogr. A, 1996, 731: 1.

[27] Gupta V., Kumar M., Brahmbhatt H., Reddy C. R., Seth A., Jha B. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2011, 49: 1259.

[28] Han F., He Y. Z., Li L., Fu G. N., Xie H. Y., Gan W. E. Anal. Chimica Acta, 2008, 618: 79.

[29] Liu H. T., Li Y. F., Luan T. G., Lan C. Y., Shu W. S. Chromatographia, 2007, 66: 515.

[30] Wang N., Yu H., Shao S. J. J. Sep. Sci., 2016, 39: 1700.

[31] Wu Y. L., Hu B. J. Chromatogr. A, 2009, 1216: 7657.