Synthesis of LiMn₂O₄ nano-wires via flux method and their usage as cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Abstract

LiMn₂O₄ nano-wires with ideal size distribution were readily synthesized by flux method. Samples prepared conventionally were used as the comparison references to investigate the effect of flux. The structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of nano-sized materials were examined by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and charge-discharge cycling analysis. Results from galvanostatic charge-discharge analysis show that the samples prepared at 700 °C via flux method(FM-700) afford the highest initial discharge capacity of 125.5 mA·h/g between 3.0 to 4.3 V at a rate of 0.2 C. After 50 cycles, a cycling retention of 89.6% is evident. Overall, the LiMn₂O₄ nano-wires developed in this work seem to be promising cathode materials for lithium ion batteries suitable to different energy-saving settings.

Keywords

Flux method / LiMn₂O₄ nano-wire / Lithium ion battery

References

[1] Goodenough J. B., Kim Y. Chemistry of Materials, 2010, 22: 587.

[2] Kim Y. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2012, 4: 2329.

[3] Mun J., Jung Y. S., Yim T., Lee H. Y., Kim H. J., Kim Y. G., Oh S. M. Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 194: 1068.

[4] Li Z. H., Zhao T. P., Zhan X. Y., Gao D. S., Xiao Q. Z., Lei G. T. Electrochimica Acta, 2010, 55: 4594.

[5] Xue L., Zhang S., Li S., Lu Y., Toprakci O., Xia X., Chen C., Hu Y., Zhang X. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2013, 577: 560.

[6] Kim W. K., Han D. W., Ryu W. H., Lim S. J., Eom J. Y., Kwon H. S. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, 592: 48.

[7] Menkin S., Barkay Z., Golodnitsky D., Peled E. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 245: 345.

[8] Hassoun J., Lee K. S., Sun Y. K., Scrosati B. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011, 133: 3139.

[9] Miao F., Li Q., Tao B., Chu P. K. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, 594: 65.

[10] Tang W., Hou Y., Wang F., Liu L., Wu Y., Zhu K. Nano Letters, 2013, 13: 2036.

[11] Lee H. W., Muralidharan P., Ruffo R., Mari C. M., Cui Y., Kim D. K. Nano Letters, 2010, 10: 3852.

[12] Kim D. K., Muralidharan P., Lee H. W., Ruffo R., Yang Y., Chan C. K., Peng H. L., Huggins R. A., Cui Y. Nano Letters, 2008, 8: 3948.

[13] Eiji H. T. K., Honma I., Matsuda H., Zhou H. S. Nano Letters, 2009, 9: 1045.

[14] Zhou X., Chen M., Bai H., Su C., Feng L., Guo J. Vacuum, 2014, 99: 49.

[15] Li B. X., Liu X. Y., Chu Q. X., Li G. H., Wang X. F., Zhao X. D. Chem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2013, 29(5): 825.

[16] Ma B., Wei W., Meng Y. J., Wang X. F., Li B. X., Liu X. Y. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2013, 34(12): 2686.

[17] Chu Q., Wang X., Li B., Jin H., Cao X., Zhao X., Liu X. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2011, 322: 103.

[18] Jayaraman S., Aravindan V., Kumar S. P., Ling W. C., Ramakrishna S., Madhavi S. Chem. Commun., 2013, 49: 6677.

[19] Kitaura H., Hayashi A., Tadanaga K., Tatsumisago M. Solid State Ionics, 2011, 192: 304.

[20] Bruce P. G., Scrosati B., Tarascon J. M. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2008, 47: 2930.

[21] Liu Y., Liu Z., Wang G. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, 2003, 76: 1117.

[22] Cushing B. L., Kolesnichenko V. L., O’Connor C. J. Chemical Reviews, 2004, 104: 3893.