Progress of Microneedle Electrochemical Biosensors for Interstitial Fluid Detection and Monitoring

Abstract

Microneedle electrochemical biosensors have emerged as a crucial technology for non-invasive biomarker detection, offering minimally invasive and real-time monitoring capabilities. These biosensors utilize a microneedle array to extract interstitial fluid, and integrate biological recognition elements (e.g., enzymes, antibodies) and electrochemical signal converters (e.g., current, resistance) to enable rapid and sensitive detection of various biomarkers like blood glucose, lactic acid, and electrolytes. Despite the commercialization of this technology in continuous blood glucose monitoring, challenges persist, including the need to balance needle length and mechanical strength, ensure long-term stability against biological contamination and enzyme inactivation, and optimize large-scale manufacturing processes. Future advancements are anticipated through interdisciplinary collaborations, leveraging artificial intelligence for data analysis and exploring biodegradable materials, to facilitate the transition of microneedle electrochemical sensors from research settings to clinical use and advance the field of personalized medicine. This review examines the historical development, design, manufacturing processes, sensing mechanisms, biomarker detection capabilities, and integration potential of microneedle electrochemical biosensors, while also addressing their application prospects and technical hurdles.

Keywords

Microneedle / Electrochemical biosensor / Interstitial fluid / Biomarker / Detection and monitoring

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