Coastal areas serve as vital habitats for aquatic organisms, but they are facing increasing environmental degradation due to pollution and human activities. Continuous and accurate water quality monitoring in these regions is essential for sustainable ecosystem management. This study presents a novel Internet of Things (IoT)-based water quality monitoring system that distinguishes itself from prior approaches through its real-time, second-by-second data acquisition, on-site display, and low-cost architecture tailored for tropical coastal environments. The system utilizes a Node MicroController unit microcontroller integrated with pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids sensors. It displays data through a liquid crystal display and transmits it to a cloud-based server for further analysis. Calibration of the sensors resulted in an average error rate of 2.0%, which is within the acceptable range for practical water quality assessment. A key innovation of this system is its continuous monitoring and instant detection of deviations in water quality parameters, enhancing the responsiveness to potential environmental threats. This solution reduces the dependence on labor-intensive manual sampling and enables long-term historical data storage and analysis, supporting data-driven decision-making by researchers and local authorities. The results demonstrate that the IoT-based monitoring system is reliable, cost-effective, and adaptable, making it a promising tool for the sustainable management of coastal water ecosystems in Semarang city and Kendal Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.

Waste is a general term used to describe materials or products considered largely worthless. This study assesses the current post-war state of solid waste management in the city of Adigrat, Ethiopia. It aims to evaluate household waste generation patterns, disposal practices, and community perceptions toward municipal waste services, identifying gaps and proposing strategies for sustainable recovery. A total of 165 households were chosen randomly from the target demographic using a mixed-method research strategy that combined quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews for comprehensive insight. The study found that the average solid waste generation rate among the 165 randomly selected households was 1.087 kg/household/day. Most respondents (81.8%) disposed of their waste in open areas or drainage systems, and 51.2% expressed dissatisfaction with municipal solid waste collection. These practices have significant implications for public health, urban hygiene, and environmental sustainability. To rebuild the system, governments, non-governmental organizations, and concerned citizens should cooperate through coordinated planning and resource mobilization.

As a pivotal region for China’s wind and solar energy strategic deployment, northwest China holds critical importance in the national energy transition. Our integrated analysis reveals concerning multidecadal declines in wind energy resources (WER) and solar energy resources (SER) - climate-sensitive parameters requiring urgent mechanistic elucidation. Through the synergistic application of meteorological station networks, reanalysis datasets, and machine learning architectures, we establish three key findings: (i) both resources demonstrate regime shifts with distinct phases - initial growth, transitional decline, and accelerated depletion - superimposed with significant 29 - 30-year oscillation signals (wavelet analysis); (ii) WER and SER display marked differences in spatial evolution; WER shows an increasing trend from south to north, while SER shows a decreasing trend from the central region to the surrounding areas; and (iii) the main controlling factors of WER have shifted from air-sea cycle dominance to inter-regional climate variability, while SER exhibits the opposite trend. This is mainly attributed to a significant reduction in cloud cover and a marked decrease in the rate of increase of the daily maximum temperature. This study demonstrates that synoptic-scale circulation reorganizations override local anthropogenic impacts in determining the viability of renewable energy resources.

The coastal agriculture sector is highly exposed to natural disasters, especially cyclones, severely affecting rice production and farmer livelihoods in Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess the impacts of Cyclones Amphan and Bulbul on rice production in the cyclone-prone districts of Khulna and Satkhira. The analysis focused on rice-producing farming households in these districts using primary data collected from 400 farmers (200 in each district) through structured interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. T-tests, Cobb Douglas production functions, and panel fixed effects regressions were applied to estimate production losses. The results showed that Cyclone Amphan reduced rice output by 38% in Khulna and 26% in Satkhira. Cyclone Bulbul caused losses of 45% in Khulna and 38% in Satkhira. Average production losses ranged 30 - 37% across both events. Panel regression results further showed that rice production decreased by 29%, 22%, and 26% in Khulna, Satkhira, and both regions combined, respectively, during the cyclone season compared to the pre-cyclone period. Farmers whose primary occupation was agriculture, and who had lower levels of education and smaller household sizes, experienced greater financial losses. These results offer evidence to inform targeted adaptation and disaster mitigation strategies for coastal farming communities.

Aquatic macrophytes serve as a remarkable biological filter. By absorbing the dissolved metals and pollutants through their tissues, they can efficiently detoxify water streams. The majority of human activities result in the discharge of toxic substances, including heavy metals, as byproducts into water, sediments, and the environment. This study assesses the efficacy of the usage of submerged aquatic macrophytes, such as Ceratophyllum demerssum L. (Family: Ceratophyllaceae) and Potamogeton pectinatus L. (Family: Potamogetonaceae), gathered from El-Burullus Lake, which is located northeast to deltaic vicinity of Egypt, to purify waste-polluted water from heavy metals: cadmium, lead, zinc and manganese. Concentrations of these metals in the wastewater samples were measured by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that C. demerssum has an elimination performance of 63% for heavy metals studied, which was lower than that of P. pectinatus measured at 75%. Therefore, aquatic macrophytes studied are promising candidates for remediating wastewater, comparing extent of eco-toxicity, and preventing pollution occurring in the aquatic environments.

Plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems represents a significant and escalating global environmental crisis, demanding urgent scientific and policy attention. This study examines the transport and accumulation patterns of plastic waste originating from the Ma, Lach Bang, and Len Rivers in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. To simulate these dynamics, we employed the OpenDrift modeling framework, which integrates high-resolution environmental parameters such as wave action, wind patterns, ocean currents, temperature, and salinity. Simulations were conducted across four seasonal scenarios (winter, transitional periods, and summer) and were validated against unmanned aerial vehicle imagery, demonstrating strong spatial concordance in accumulation patterns. The results reveal marked seasonal variability: winter conditions, dominated by the Northeast monsoon and reduced river discharge, led to localized accumulation along southern coastal zones, whereas summer conditions, characterized by intensified river flow and Southwest monsoon winds, facilitated extensive offshore dispersion. These findings unveil critical, previously overlooked patterns of plastic waste dynamics, guiding precise risk mapping and strategic interventions for sustainable marine management in Thanh Hoa and beyond.

Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn is a native and valuable economic tree species found in the Guinea savanna ecosystem of West Africa. The majority of rural populations, especially women, depend on it for food, domestic energy (fuelwood), and as a source of employment and income. Unfortunately, the extensive felling of this tree species for charcoal production over the past decades poses a grave threat to both the environment and the livelihoods of people; therefore, efforts to restore and conserve the tree species are urgently required. The salient question here is where to obtain viable seeds for its propagation and restoration. This study applied remote sensing technology to extract vegetation-related phenotypic data from satellite images (Landsat 8 - 9), combined with climate data, using a machine learning-based species distribution model. This approach aimed to identify environmentally suitable habitats for V. paradoxa and locate areas likely to contain healthy and viable seed sources. These areas were identified through the spatial combination of thresholded habitat suitability maps and vegetation indices - an approach herein referred to as the seed zone priority location index (SZPI). The SZPI is an area that is not only climatically suitable for V. paradoxa distribution and survival but also where healthy and viable tree populations can be found. The SZPI is expected to provide vital information necessary to guide the location and collection of suitable and viable seeds required for the restoration and conservation of V. paradoxa.

Green finance plays a key role in closing the funding gap for sustainable development and environmental initiatives. In Pakistan, the transport sector contributes over 43% of emissions, causing significant air pollution and public health risks in urban areas. While projects like Karachi’s Green Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) aim to address these issues, the implementation of green financing remains limited due to weak financial incentives, institutional gaps, and low stakeholder engagement. Despite the National EV Policy’s target of 30% electric vehicle penetration by 2030, adoption remains below 1%. This study investigates how green financing can enable sustainable transportation in Pakistan by identifying regulatory, financial, and institutional challenges and opportunities. It analyzes mechanisms such as green bonds, public-private partnerships, and climate funds to assess their potential in addressing barriers to low-carbon mobility. Key challenges identified include the lack of a structured green finance framework, restricted access to international climate finance, and misaligned policies. The research employs thematic analysis, policy matrix evaluations, and meta-analysis to assess financial viability and policy effectiveness. Drawing on stakeholder interviews and a review of national strategies and global best practices, findings emphasize the urgent need for a national green finance strategy, improved climate finance access, and coordinated policy action. Advancing sustainable transport - through EV scale-up, BRT expansion, and clean mobility - demands collaboration across government bodies, financial institutions, and the private sector to build a supportive financial ecosystem, reduce urban air pollution, and align with Pakistan’s climate goals.

Global warming and extreme temperature shocks pose significant challenges to human societies. While much research focuses on the economic hazards of extreme temperatures, exploring proactive countermeasures holds greater research value. Utilizing daily meteorological data from prefecture-level cities in China and panel data from listed manufacturing companies (2011 - 2022), we constructed a city-level extreme temperature index in this study and employed a two-way fixed-effects model to empirically examine the impact of extreme temperatures on the digital transformation of manufacturing enterprises. The results revealed that extreme temperatures significantly predict digital transformation, a finding robust to various tests. Mechanism analysis indicated that extreme temperatures increase production costs and reduce efficiency, thereby accelerating digital transformation. Heterogeneity analysis further demonstrated that the effect is more pronounced in private enterprises, high-tech firms, and non-high-pollution industries, with a stronger impact observed in the eastern region of China. In addition, corporate environmental, social, and governance disclosure, executive rejuvenation, and digital infrastructure construction positively moderated this relationship, whereas the implementation of carbon trading policies partially weakened the effect. This study not only underscores the micro-level impacts of climate change but also provides valuable insights for enterprises seeking to mitigate the effects of extreme temperature events through digital transformation.

Flood disasters in Malaysia pose recurring challenges to humanitarian operations, necessitating stronger internal capabilities within responding organizations. While prior studies have acknowledged the individual roles of human resource management (HRM) and logistics coordination in disaster response, there is limited empirical research examining their combined impact on humanitarian operations performance (HOP), particularly within Southeast Asian contexts. This study addresses that gap by evaluating the dual and synergistic effects of HRM and logistics coordination on HOP among humanitarian organizations operating in Malaysia. The present study employed a quantitative approach using the partial least squares structural equation modeling, which was selected for its strength in modeling latent variables and managing complex, non-normally distributed data. A structured questionnaire was distributed to personnel involved in disaster response across the Malaysian Civil Defence Force (APM) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Malaysia, resulting in 29.7% valid responses. The respondents, identified through the National Disaster Management Agency database, had substantial field experience in flood-related humanitarian missions. Findings revealed that both HRM and logistics coordination significantly and positively influence HOP, with HRM having a greater effect. This underscores the importance of integrating strategic human capital development and synchronized logistics systems in disaster response planning. The study’s novelty lies in its empirical validation of these internal mechanisms within a unified model specific to flood disasters in Malaysia. The results provide practical insights for policymakers and humanitarian leaders, while also contributing to sustainable development goals 9, 16, and 17 by promoting resilient infrastructure, effective institutions, and inter-organizational collaboration.

Coffee production in Abaya and Gelana needs précis land mapping amid and climate issues to increase sustainable yields. This study aimed to analyze optimal land suitability for coffee production in Abaya and Gelana Districts using Geographical Information System, Remote Sensing, and Analytical Hierarchy Process-based techniques. A mixed-methods approach was adopted using an explanatory sequential research design, combining quantitative analysis of questionnaires from 398 respondents with qualitative insights from interviews. The coffee suitability map areas were classified as highly (S1), moderately (S2), or marginally suitable (S3) based on weighted factors in accordance with Food and Agriculture Organization guidelines. In the Abaya District, 19.6% of the land is highly suitable, 43% moderately suitable, and 0.49% marginally suitable for coffee production. In the Gelana District, 5.1% of land is highly suitable, 15% moderately suitable, and 71.5% marginally suitable. Cross-tabulation results indicated that climate (99.07%), soil fertility (97.5%), and infrastructure (98.59%) are the main determinants of coffee land suitability, with economic factors being secondary. The results are supported by focus group discussions and key informant interviews, which suggest that the community is concerned about inadequate roads restricting access to markets and support services, fluctuating rainfall interfering with planting, and deteriorating soil fertility affecting production. The study identified optimal coffee-suitable land in the northern, central, and southern parts of the Abaya District and in the southwest and northwest parts of the Gelana District. The Abaya District has more highly suitable land for coffee, supporting larger-scale farming, while the Gelana District offers smaller but viable areas for localized production. To enhance productivity in these areas, the study recommends advancing infrastructure, adopting sustainable practices, and addressing economic and technological challenges.

Bombax ceiba wood waste-derived activated carbon (AC) provides a low-cost, sustainable, and efficient solution for rhodamine B (RhB) dye removal from industrial wastewater through eco-friendly adsorption techniques. This study reports the synthesis of ACs from B. ceiba wood dust using three different chemical activating agents - phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate - followed by carbonization at an optimized temperature determined through thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The optimal carbonization temperature was identified as 400°C. AC samples were prepared through a one-step chemical impregnation and carbonization process under nitrogen flow. Comprehensive characterization using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis confirmed the formation of amorphous carbon structures with abundant oxygenated surface functional groups and porous architectures. Among the three samples, phosphoric acid-activated carbon (Bc-H) exhibited the highest surface area (1,451.2 m²/g) and a well-developed micro-mesoporous structure. Batch adsorption experiments showed that Bc-H achieved 99.9% RhB removal under optimized conditions (20 ppm initial dye concentration, pH 8.5, 0.03 g adsorbent, 10 min). Its superior performance is attributed to its large surface area and rich surface functionalities. Notably, Bc-H also outperformed commercial AC under identical conditions, demonstrating faster kinetics and higher removal efficiency. These findings underscore B. ceiba wood dust as a low-cost and sustainable precursor for high-performance AC production. The work contributes to waste biomass valorization and offers a scalable, eco-friendly solution for industrial wastewater treatment, particularly relevant to textile and dyeing effluents in resource-limited settings such as Nepal.

Biomass fractions within municipal solid waste present significant fire hazards and environmental pollution risks, amplified by their distinct physical architectures. Discarded cotton wadding and poplar fluff, characterized by porous, fluffy morphologies and high specific surface areas, readily form combustible air-premixed systems during storage and transport, posing risks of uncontrolled fires and associated pollutant release. Understanding the combustion kinetics of such waste streams is critical not only for fire safety but also for assessing their potential for efficient energy conversion and minimizing incomplete combustion emissions. This study focused on a representative elongated fibrous biomass: waste cotton floc. By integrating microscopic structural characterization with theoretical combustion modeling, we systematically uncovered the unique deflagration behavior and latent hazards associated with this class of materials, linking them to potential environmental impacts. A custom setup with high-speed imaging quantified flame spread (1.5 m/s in confined conditions vs. 0.8 m/s in open conditions) and reaction times. Confined burning, which mimics common waste accumulation scenarios, such as containers or piles, displayed 85% faster propagation but lower combustion efficiency (stabilizing at ~20% with higher fuel loads) and ultra-short combustion durations (0.2 s at peak loading); these conditions favor incomplete combustion and elevated pollutant generation. The proposed structural fuel theory identified porosity as the key control parameter, linking fiber network topology to combustion dynamics and pollutant formation potential. These insights are vital for advancing strategies to mitigate combustion-related pollution events, optimize waste biomass energy recovery efficiency, and enhance fire safety protocols within the waste management sector to protect environmental quality.

The Central Environmental Protection Inspection (CEPI) program is an important strategic deployment of China’s reform in the field of environmental protection that has attracted the attention of academia. However, with respect to the impact of CEPI on corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) greenwashing (Gws) behavior, particularly from the perspective of executive attention, the specific manifestations and strategic adjustments of corporate executives remain to be explored in greater depth. Based on the panel data of A-share-listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2013 to 2022, this paper employed the difference-in-differences model, with fixed year and industry effects, to examine the impact of CEPI on ESG Gws of enterprises. Empirically, it is found that CEPI can effectively inhibit corporate ESG Gws after one lagged period. For mechanistic analysis, financial slack (Fs) can positively moderate the effect of CEPI on corporate ESG Gws. In terms of the heterogeneity test, enterprises characterized by chief executive officer (CEO) duality, as well as those with executives possessing postgraduate education and financial backgrounds, exhibit a more pronounced effectiveness in curbing Gws practices. Moreover, further analysis revealed that high-powered CEOs are more actively utilizing Fs to cater to policy requirements. This research reveals the key factors in regulating enterprises’ environmental behaviors and curbing ESG Gws, while expanding the application scope of attention theory in enterprise management practices. It offers distinct implications for central regulators, local governments, and individual enterprises and provides new theories and ideas for the harmonious development of economies and the environment across various countries.

This study addresses the hydraulic inefficiencies and maintenance challenges associated with the roadside drainage system along a 1.85 km stretch of the TANZAM Highway between Simike and the Nzovwe River, which includes five circular culverts. The objective was to evaluate the system’s hydraulic performance under rainfall events using the Hydrologic Engineering Centre’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) one-dimensional hydraulic model. Specifically, the study focused on analyzing flow regimes, specific energy transitions, and sediment transport dynamics to identify critical points of inefficiency. The methodology involved simulating steady flow conditions, assessing the influence of channel and culvert geometry, and performing a sensitivity analysis on key hydraulic parameters, including Manning’s roughness coefficient, channel slope, and culvert dimensions. The model results revealed that subcritical flow conditions (Froude number, Fr <1) upstream of culverts lead to sediment accumulation, while steeper channel sections with supercritical flow (Fr >1) pose erosion risks. Pronounced hydraulic jumps were observed near culvert outlets, resulting in significant turbulence, abrupt energy dissipation, and localized erosion. Flow velocities decreased sharply from over 7 m/s to below 1 m/s across these transition zones. This study provides an integrated evaluation of hydraulic and sediment transport interactions in a real-world drainage system using HEC-RAS, supported by targeted design optimization strategies. Key recommendations include modifying side slope geometry, increasing longitudinal gradients, and enlarging culvert dimensions to enhance flow capacity and reduce sediment deposition. In addition, the application of riprap in high-velocity zones, vegetative lining in low-velocity areas, and the inclusion of sediment traps are proposed to control erosion and minimize maintenance.