Global reliance on fossil fuels has led to the depletion of crude oil reserves, increased energy consumption, and rising oil prices, particularly in Indonesia. Crude oil, as a non-renewable resource, exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions and environmental imbalance. In response, there is a need to promote energy diversification through the utilization of biomass waste as a renewable energy alternative. This study focuses on utilizing areca nut husk through the torrefaction process to produce biopellets. The research started with the pre-processing of areca nut husk waste, which was washed and soaked for 24 hours, then drained and dried under the sun for two days. After drying, the areca nut husk was processed through torrefaction at temperatures of 150°C, 200°C, and 300°C for 30 minutes. The resulting biochar was then processed into biopellets using a pelletizing machine. The produced biopellets were analyzed for proximate analysis, calorific value, combustion test, density, and drop shatter test. Additionally, the study also describes the torrefaction temperature profile, product characteristics, product distribution, fuel consumption, and particle size distribution. The optimal operating condition is at 300°C, with biochar production of 36% and a calorific value of 5870 cal/g. The highest combustion temperature is 548°C, with a burning time of 71 min and a burning rate of 0.603 g/min. The density and drop shatter test were 0.996 g/cm³ and 0.12%, respectively. Furthermore, the proximate analysis indicated that the biopellet production confirmed the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8675:2018.

Healthcare supply chains face significant challenges during epidemic outbreaks due to rapidly changing demand, supply disruptions, and limited healthcare resources. These challenges are particularly pronounced for vector-borne diseases, where healthcare resource allocation must be coordinated with vector control operations. This study develops a tri-objective mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for healthcare supply chain network design that jointly considers material distribution, patient transportation, resilience, and responsiveness. The proposed network consists of primary suppliers, backup suppliers, distribution centers, VCUs, communities, and hospitals. To address uncertainty in the demand, facility capacity, and transportation costs, the established robust possibilistic programming (RPP) framework with trapezoidal fuzzy numbers is incorporated into the proposed optimization model. The resulting formulation simultaneously minimizes total system cost, critical-node penalties, and response deviations while accounting for both optimality robustness and feasibility robustness through heterogeneous penalty coefficients. The augmented ε-constraint (AEC) method is used to generate the Pareto-optimal frontier and analyze the trade-offs among the robust total objective, resilience, and responsiveness. The proposed model is validated using a real-world case based on the 2025 Chikungunya fever outbreak in Shunde District, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China. The results show that the proposed framework effectively supports healthcare resource allocation under uncertainty, while the RPP model with confidence levels of α = β = 0.5 exhibits the lowest cross-scenario variability among the tested configurations. The Pareto analysis further provides quantitative guidance for balancing operational cost, resilience, and responsiveness under different epidemic response scenarios. The proposed framework offers a practical decision support tool for healthcare administrators and emergency planners facing uncertain public health emergencies.

In this study, the influence of solid–liquid extraction conditions on the coagulation performance of a chestnut shell (Castanea sativa)-derived biocoagulant was systematically investigated. Extraction pH, chestnut shell mass, and extraction time were evaluated using response surface methodology based on a Box–Behnken design. The extracted tannins were subsequently chemically modified via the Mannich reaction to introduce positively charged groups and evaluated for turbidity removal from synthetic water through coagulation–flocculation jar test experiments using kaolin suspension as model turbid water. Statistical analysis indicated that the proposed model was not statistically significant (ANOVA, P = 0.531), and none of the evaluated extraction variables showed significant individual effects (P > 0.05). However, the quadratic effect of extraction time approached significance ( P = 0.068), suggesting a possible nonlinear influence on turbidity removal. However, extraction time showed evidence of a potential nonlinear influence on turbidity removal, suggesting the existence of an optimal extraction range. Despite the limited predictive capability of the model, the synthesized coagulant demonstrated high efficiency, achieving turbidity removal rates of up to 96% under optimal experimental conditions. Moreover, its performance was directly comparable to that of aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃), a conventional metal-based coagulant, when tested under identical operational conditions. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of chestnut shell-derived coagulants as effective and sustainable alternatives to metal-based coagulants for wastewater treatment applications, contributing to agricultural residue valorization and circular economy principles.

This study examines the relationships among Environmental Management Accounting (EMA), Sustainability Reporting Quality (SRQ), and Corporate Sustainability Performance (CSP) in Saudi petrochemical companies. These companies are facing increasing pressures related to sustainability and ESG. We studied data from 13 listed companies from 2017 to 2024 and explored how eco-efficiency and emission efficiency affect environmental and economic sustainability performance, directly and through the quality of sustainability reporting. A quantitative research design was used, applying Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Eco-efficiency was measured using asset-based energy efficiency. Emission efficiency assesses the ability to generate economic value in relation to greenhouse gas emissions. SRQ was measured using a multidimensional disclosure index that meets Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards. The findings showed that EMA practices have a greater impact on sustainability performance than sustainability disclosure mechanisms alone. Emission efficiency positively influences environmental and economic sustainability outcomes. In contrast, eco-efficiency shows negative short-term effects, indicating costs associated with sustainability transitions and pressures for organizational adjustments. The results also suggest that SRQ acts as a selective mediator, benefiting environmental sustainability outcomes more than economic performance. This study adds to the literature on sustainability accounting and environmental management. It highlights the need to integrate EMA practices with sustainability reporting to advance industrial sustainability transformation and ensure environmental accountability, in line with Saudi Vision 2030.

Rapid urbanization has profoundly altered socioeconomic–ecological interactions, particularly within environmentally sensitive deltaic systems. This study evaluates the spatiotemporal evolution of socioeconomic–ecological coordination in the Nile Delta, Egypt, from 2010 to 2023, using the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Multi-source remote sensing data processed through Google Earth Engine (GEE) were used to construct consistent socioeconomic and environmental indicators, while the entropy weight method (EWM) was applied to determine objective indicator weights. The results reveal a nonlinear temporal coordination trajectory, with the average CCD declining from 0.72 in 2010 to a low of 0.54 in 2015, followed by a limited recovery to 0.55 in 2020 and a stronger recovery to 0.63 in 2023. Furthermore, the dominant constraint shifted from ecological lag in 2010 to socioeconomic lag during the 2020–2023 period, indicating that improvements in environmental conditions were not accompanied by comparable socioeconomic advancement. Spatially, the Delta shifted from a polarized center–periphery pattern toward greater spatial homogeneity at moderate coordination levels, although significant spatial dependence persisted and low–low clusters expanded along the northern coastal fringe. These findings demonstrate how dominant constraints and spatial configurations of socioeconomic–ecological coordination can change over time within a highly dynamic delta system. By extending CCD-based assessment to an underrepresented African deltaic context, this study advances the understanding of the spatial and temporal patterns of socioeconomic–ecological coupling under environmental change.

Small island tourism areas are highly vulnerable to environmental health risks due to limited infrastructure for municipal solid waste and wastewater management. In this study, we applied an Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA)-based environmental monitoring approach to evaluate sanitation conditions, community behavior, and health risk levels in two small island tourism destinations in Selayar Islands Regency, Indonesia, namely Pasi Gusung Island and Bahuluang Island. A quantitative ecological study design using an EHRA-based environmental monitoring approach was conducted across 295 households selected through multistage random sampling. Data collection primarily involved direct field observation, environmental sanitation inspection, infrastructure verification, and EHRA-based environmental scoring, supported by limited household validation forms and guided interviews. The results showed that access to clean water sources was relatively high, with 72.4% of households on Pasi Gusung Island and 88.5% on Bahuluang Island classified in the good category. Similarly, latrine ownership was also high, reaching 78.6% on Pasi Gusung Island and 98.1% on Bahuluang Island. However, household solid waste management remained predominantly poor, affecting 74.9% and 73.1% of households, respectively. In addition, inadequate wastewater disposal systems were observed in 66.7% of households on Pasi Gusung Island and 53.8% on Bahuluang Island. Although handwashing with soap was reported as good among most households (95.1% on Pasi Gusung Island and 100% on Bahuluang Island), substantial gaps in solid waste and wastewater management remained and were reflected in moderate EHRI values of 2.23 and 2.33, respectively. The findings indicate that sanitation improvements are uneven and that behavioral interventions alone may be insufficient to reduce environmental health risks without corresponding infrastructure development. This study highlights that integrated municipal solid waste and wastewater management are important determinants of reducing faecal–oral exposure risks in small island tourism settings. The EHRA-based monitoring approach provides a practical tool for identifying priority sanitation interventions to support sustainable health risk reduction and environmental protection in vulnerable coastal tourism areas.

Photovoltaic (PV) module manufacturing footprints are typically reported per kWp, yet their interpretation changes when these burdens are allocated over lifetime electricity generation in regions with unequal solar resources. We present a parameterized life-cycle assessment (LCA) model for monocrystalline silicon PV modules linking manufacturing emissions, provincial grid factors, solar resources, technology routes, material-factor scenarios, and Monte Carlo uncertainty. Manufacturing-footprint results are reported in kg CO₂e/kWp, while generation-intensity outcomes are described by their relative rankings to avoid mixing different allocation bases. Built on International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS) Task 12 inventories, ecoinvent 3.9.1 Cutoff material factors with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2021 100-year global warming potential (GWP100), China’s 2023 provincial electricity factors, and the NASA POWER 2014–2023 irradiation data, the 19.5% crystalline-silicon (c-Si) reference module yields 494.4 kg CO₂e/kWp under national-average manufacturing electricity. Route-specific proxies for passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC), tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon), and heterojunction (HJT) modules give 446.2, 392.8, and 367.9 kg CO₂e/kWp, respectively, under the ecoinvent 3.9.1 Cutoff factor set. The three factor sets are the ecoinvent 3.9.1 Cutoff, China-adjusted literature, and low-carbon materials-and-power sets; their route-specific ranges are 367.9–446.2, 593.0–719.4, and 73.9–88.7 kg CO₂e/kWp, respectively. The production–use matrix distinguishes manufacturing-location effects from use-location solar-resource effects, while the uncertainty analysis shows that factor-set ordering is more stable than technology-route ordering. PV carbon-footprint screening should jointly disclose material factors, electricity factors, solar-resource assumptions, and technology-route parameters.

As global imperatives demand urgent climate action, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), technologies stand at the forefront of industrial decarbonization. In this review, we provide a critical and comprehensive insight into the current landscape of carbon dioxide (CO₂) capturing methodologies, bridging the gap between foundational chemical processes and next-generation innovations. By systematically evaluating the technical efficiencies, economic viability, and scalability bottlenecks of diverse pathways, including absorption, adsorption, and advanced membrane systems, this paper offers a definitive roadmap to guide future research and accelerate the deployment of viable net- zero solutions. Concern about climate change has increased over the years from a global viewpoint. To date, the reduction of CO₂emissions remain aesthetic attention and consideration abroad the nations, owing to the toxicity of CO₂gas and the seriousness of its release into the air; it has become possible to collect it and sell it in hard currency in the global markets. With the renaissance of capturing CO₂ gas, there has been a steadily growing interest in this research field. Confirming the assertion, we present a state-of-the-art review of CO₂ gas capturing, collection, and utilization by physical processes. There are several technologies, such as Absorption, Adsorption, Membrane, Cryogenic Distillation, and others, to capture and separate CO₂ gas to use it as a raw material in other industries or for storage on capture storage (CCS), carbon capture utilizing and storage (CCUS), and to obtain financial benefits from the Certificates of Emissions Reduction (CER) in carbon markets. Until now, only absorption technology has been applied in the industry, although it includes some problems and requires work to develop it to increase its advantages and reduce its disadvantages. For the other technologies, more research is needed to improve the technical procedure to reduce the problems in them and increase the benefits for everyone, such as the key advances of CO₂ capturing, its utilization principles, and comparisons of capturing and selling. Conclusively, this research paper will enhance the researchers' concept and fill the gap toward a green environment.