Insight into carbon dioxide gas (CO2) capturing technologies: A review

Abstract

As global imperatives demand urgent climate action, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), technologies stand at the forefront of industrial decarbonization. In this review, we provide a critical and comprehensive insight into the current landscape of carbon dioxide (CO₂) capturing methodologies, bridging the gap between foundational chemical processes and next-generation innovations. By systematically evaluating the technical efficiencies, economic viability, and scalability bottlenecks of diverse pathways, including absorption, adsorption, and advanced membrane systems, this paper offers a definitive roadmap to guide future research and accelerate the deployment of viable net- zero solutions. Concern about climate change has increased over the years from a global viewpoint. To date, the reduction of CO₂emissions remain aesthetic attention and consideration abroad the nations, owing to the toxicity of CO₂gas and the seriousness of its release into the air; it has become possible to collect it and sell it in hard currency in the global markets. With the renaissance of capturing CO₂ gas, there has been a steadily growing interest in this research field. Confirming the assertion, we present a state-of-the-art review of CO₂ gas capturing, collection, and utilization by physical processes. There are several technologies, such as Absorption, Adsorption, Membrane, Cryogenic Distillation, and others, to capture and separate CO₂ gas to use it as a raw material in other industries or for storage on capture storage (CCS), carbon capture utilizing and storage (CCUS), and to obtain financial benefits from the Certificates of Emissions Reduction (CER) in carbon markets. Until now, only absorption technology has been applied in the industry, although it includes some problems and requires work to develop it to increase its advantages and reduce its disadvantages. For the other technologies, more research is needed to improve the technical procedure to reduce the problems in them and increase the benefits for everyone, such as the key advances of CO₂ capturing, its utilization principles, and comparisons of capturing and selling. Conclusively, this research paper will enhance the researchers' concept and fill the gap toward a green environment.

Keywords

carbon dioxide / capturing / global warming / climate change / carbon market / UNFCCC

References

[1] Zhao C, Liu B, Piao S, et al. (2017) Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates. Proc Nati Acad Sci 114: 9326-9331. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701762114

[2] Leggett JA (2020) The united nations framework convention on climate change, the Kyoto protocol, and the Paris agreement: a summary. UNFCC, New York 2.

[3] Yuan Y, Zhang B, Wang L, et al. (2022) Low-carbon strategies considering corporate environmental responsibility: based on carbon trading and carbon reduction technology investment. Sustainability 14: 6683. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116683

[4] Gür TM (2022) Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Capture, Storage and Utilization: Review of Materials, Processes and Technologies. Prog Energy Combust Sci 89: 100965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2021.100964

[5] Rodríguez López N, Alvarez Cabal JV, Cuiñas MC, et al. (2023) Applicability of Technology Maturity Level Evaluation Methodologies within Small-and Medium-Sized Organizations: Prospects and Proposals. Systems 11: 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11080385

[6] Abdalla AN, Ali OM, Awad OI, et al. (2019) Wavelet analysis of an SI engine cycle-to-cycle variations fuelled with the blending of gasoline-fusel oil at a various water content. Energy Convers Manage 183: 746-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.01.034

[7] Saleh AM, Alias AB, Hasan SSAS, et al. (2025) Isotherm and kinetic models of SO2 adsorption on palm kernel shell-activated carbon and xerogel blends: Effect of flow rate and contact time. Results Eng 25: 103970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.103970

[8] Ombustion STC, Division C, Davis K, et al. (2005) CALCULATION TOOL FOR DIRECT EMISSIONS FROM July 2005 A WRI / WBCSD Tool Prepared by Michael Gillenwater With special contributions from. Combustion 1-94.

[9] Saleh AM, Ali OM, Shihab TA, et al. (2026) Hybrid palm kernel shell activated carbon - Xerogel adsorbents for efficient SO 2 capture : Synthesis , characterization , and process optimization. Sep Sci Technol 00: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2026.2671792

[10] Bušić A, Marđetko N, Kundas S, et al. (2018) Bioethanol Production from Renewable Raw Materials and Its Separation and Purification: A Review. Food Technol Biotechnol 56: 289-311. https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.56.03.18.5546

[11] EPA (2012) Overview of Greenhouse Gases. Epa 1.

[12] Vaz S, Rodrigues de Souza AP, Lobo Baeta BE (2022) Technologies for carbon dioxide capture: A review applied to energy sectors. Clean Eng Technol 8: 100456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2022.100456

[13] Saleh AM, Alias AB, Ali OM, et al. (2023) Impact of Using Different Renewable Energy Sources on Mitigation of CO2 Emissions and Treatment of Climate Change in Iraq: a Short Review. Int Rev Mech Eng 17: 549-556. https://doi.org/10.15866/ireme.v17i11.23860

[14] Saleh NM, Saleh AM, Hasan RA (2022) The Renewable , Sustainable , and Clean Energy in Iraq Between Reality and Ambition According to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.58496/MJBD/2022/005

[15] Taseska T, Yu W, Wilsey MK, et al. (2023) Analysis of the Scale of Global Human Needs and Opportunities for Sustainable Catalytic Technologies. Top Catal 66: 338-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-023-01799-3

[16] Kuramochi T, Höhne N, Gonzales-Zuñiga S, et al. (2017) Greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios for major emitting countries. Analysis of current climate policies and mitigation pledges (Update: November 2016). 103.

[17] Williamson K, Satre-Meloy A, Velasco K, et al. (2018) Climate Change Needs Behavior Change. Yale Program on Clim Chang Commun 5-59.

[18] Lynas M, Houlton BZ, Perry S (2021) Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. Environ Res Lett 16. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966

[19] Fatma B, Fadhl B, Expert IC (2022) UNDP Support to the Government of Iraq for.

[20] UNFCCC (2022) Summary of Global Climate Action at COP27. Global Clim Act 1-16.

[21] OECD (2012) Green Growth and Developing Countries.

[22] Wang X, Zhang F, Li L, et al. (2021) Carbon dioxide capture, Advances in Chemical Engineering, 297-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ache.2021.10.005

[23] Qiu HH, Liu LG (2018) A study on the evolution of carbon capture and storage technology based on knowledge mapping. Energies 11: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051103

[24] IPCC (2022) Summary for Policymakers Sixth Assessment Report (WG3). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.001

[25] Conservation NYSD of E (2022) 2022 Statewide GHG Emissions Report: Summary Report, Albany, NY.

[26] Alwan NT, Majeed MH, Shcheklein SE, et al. (2021) Experimental Study of a Tilt Single Slope Solar Still Integrated with Aluminum Condensate Plate. Inventions 6: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040077

[27] Zhang H, Wang F, Zhao SY, et al. (2021) Earth’s energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity.

[28] EPA, CDC (2016) Climate change and extreme heat: What can people do to prepare.

[29] Calvo Buendia E, Guendehou S, Limmeechokchai B, et al. (2019) 2019 Refinement of the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. 1-15.

[30] Awad OI, Ali OM, Hammid AT, et al. (2018) Impact of fusel oil moisture reduction on the fuel properties and combustion characteristics of SI engine fueled with gasoline-fusel oil blends. Renew Energ 123: 79-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.019

[31] Saleh AM, Alias AB, Saleh NM, et al. (2023) Production of First and Second-Generation Biodiesel for Diesel Engine Operation : A Review. 5: 8-23. https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v5i1.512

[32] Saleh AM, Alias AB, Ali OM, et al. (2023) Factors Affecting on Process of Synthesizing Biodiesel and Arranging Production Steps: a Review Study. Int Rev Mech Eng 17: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.15866/ireme.v17i1.22675

[33] IPCC (1992) IPCC First Assessment Report Overview and Policymaker Summaries and 1992 IPCC Supplement. Climate Change: The 1990 and 1992 IPCC Assessments .

[34] Delbeke J, Runge-Metzger A, Slingenberg Y, et al. (2019) The paris agreement. Towards a Climate-Neutral Europe: Curbing the Trend 24-45. https://doi.org/10.4324/9789276082569-2

[35] EPA (2016) Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases 1-13.

[36] Jun P, Gillenwater M, Barbour W (2001) CO2 , CH4 , and N2O Emissions from Transportation- WaTer-Borne Navigation. Good Pract Guid Uncert Manag National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 71-92.

[37] Alwan NT, Shcheklein SE, Ali OM (2019) A practical study of a rectangular basin solar distillation with single slope using paraffin wax (PCM) cells. Int J Energy Convers 7: 162-170. https://doi.org/10.15866/irecon.v7i4.17862

[38] Dotti G, Gleiser RJ (2005) Gravitational instability of Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet black holes under tensor mode perturbations. Class Quantum Grav 22. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/22/1/L01

[39] Mahdi HH, Saleh AM, Alias AB, et al. (2024) Synthesis and Characterization of xerogel Derived from Palm Kernel Shell Biochar and Comparison with Commercial Activated Carbon. J Ecol Eng https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/183719

[40] Mohammed A, Azil S, Alias B, et al. (2024) Characterizing Biochar Derived from Palm Kernel Shell Biomass via Slow Pyrolysis for Adsorption Applications. 6: 10-20. https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v6i1.729

[41] Kuh KF (2018) The Law of Climate Change Mitigation: An Overview, In: Dellasala DA, Goldstein MI (Eds.), Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, Oxford, Elsevier, 505-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809665-9.10027-8

[42] Reichle DE (2023) Chapter 15 - Carbon, climate change, and public policy, In: Reichle DE (Ed.), The Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Change (Second Edition), Elsevier, 503-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-18775-9.00015-2

[43] Poulopoulos SG (2016) Chapter 2 - Atmospheric Environment, In: Poulopoulos SG, Inglezakis VJ (Eds.), Environ and Development, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 45-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-62733-9.00002-2

[44] Foran J (2016) The Paris agreement scam. Nation 302: 1-4.

[45] Perejón A, Romeo LM, Lara Y, et al. (2016) The Calcium-Looping technology for CO2 capture: On the important roles of energy integration and sorbent behavior. Appl Energy 162: 787-807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.121

[46] Nocito F, Dibenedetto A (2020) Atmospheric CO2 mitigation technologies: carbon capture utilization and storage. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 21: 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2019.10.002

[47] Khosroabadi F, Aslani A, Bekhrad K, et al. (2021) Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Capturing Technologies and their technology developments. Clean Eng Technol 5: 100279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100279

[48] Hamed HH, Mohammed AE, Habeeb OA, et al. (2021) Biodiesel Production From Waste Cooking Oil using Homogeneous Catalyst. Egypt J Chem 64: 2827-2832. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2021.62395.3339

[49] Ali KA, Ahmad MI, Yusup Y (2020) Issues, impacts, and mitigations of carbon dioxide emissions in the building sector. Sustainability 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187427

[50] Dagnachew A, Hof A, Van Soest H, et al. (2021) Climate change measures and sustainable development goals. PBL Netherlands Environ Assess Agen 1-55.

[51] Florjańczyk Z, Rokicki G, Parzuchowski PG, et al. (2022) Polymeric Materials Based on Carbon Dioxide: A Brief Review of Studies Carried Out at the Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology. Polymers 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040718

[52] López L, Bocanegra J, Malagón-Romero D (2015) Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by transesterification. Ing y Univ 19: 155-172. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.iyu19-1.odba

[53] Dolganyuk V, Belova D, Babich O, et al. (2020) Microalgae: A Promising Source of Valuable Bioproducts. Biomolecules 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10081153

[54] Brochure P, Efficiency I, Human T, et al. AML Continuous Emission Monitoring ( CEMS ).

[55] International Energy Agency (IEA) (2019) Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions. Energy Rep 86.

[56] Davidson R (2011) Pre-combustion capture of CO2 in IGCC plants.

[57] International Energy Agency (2005) Oxy Combustion Processes for CO2 Capture from Power Plant. IEA Greenh Gas R&D Prog 212.

[58] Kanniche M, Gros-Bonnivard R, Jaud P, et al. (2010) Pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxy-combustion in thermal power plant for CO2 capture. Appl Therm Eng 30: 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.05.005

[59] Wang Y, Zhao L, Otto A, et al. (2017) A Review of Post-combustion CO2 Capture Technologies from Coal-fired Power Plants. Ener Procedia 114: 650-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1209

[60] Mourad AA-H, Mohammad AF, Al-Marzouqi AH, et al. (2022) Carbon dioxide capture through reaction with potassium hydroxide and reject brine: A kinetics study. Int J Greenh Gas Control 120: 103768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103768

[61] Rissman J, Bataille C, Masanet E, et al. (2020) Technologies and policies to decarbonize global industry: Review and assessment of mitigation drivers through 2070. Appl Energy 266: 114848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114848

[62] Yousefzadeh H, Güler C, Erkey C, et al. (2022) CO2 absorption into primary and secondary amine aqueous solutions with and without copper ions in a bubble column. Turk J Chemy 46: 999-1010. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0527.3410

[63] Garcia JA, Villen-Guzman M, Rodriguez-Maroto JM, et al. (2022) Technical analysis of CO2 capture pathways and technologies. J Environ Chem Eng 10: 108470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108470

[64] Yang Z, Zhou S, Zu J, et al. (2018) High-Performance Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters and Their Applications. Joule 2: 642-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.011

[65] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2021) And innovation 2021.

[66] Balwit A, Berg A, Cerra V, et al. (2021) participants in the IMF IG seminar series, and numerous IMF colleagues for insightful comments and suggestions.

[67] Ziobrowski Z, Krupiczka R, Rotkegel A (2016) Carbon dioxide absorption in a packed column using imidazolium based ionic liquids and MEA solution. Int J Greenh Gas Control 47: 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.01.018

[68] Deguchi H, Kubota Y, Furukawa H, et al. (2011) Hydration structure around CO2 captured in aqueous amine solutions observed by high energy X-ray scattering. Int J Greenh Gas Con 5: 1533-1539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2011.08.010

[69] Vega F, Sanna A, Navarrete B, et al. (2014) Degradation of amine‐based solvents in CO2 capture process by chemical absorption. Greenhouse Gases: Sci Technol 4: 707-733. https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.1446

[70] Winterton N (2021) The green solvent: a critical perspective. Clean Technol Environ Policy 23: 2499-2522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02188-8

[71] Oh M-K, Cha J-Y, Lee KH, et al. (2026) Techno-economic optimization of CO2 capture process integrated with VLE-driven thermodynamic modeling in AMP blended (MEA, DEA, MDEA, PZ) amines. J Energy Chem 115: 226-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2025.11.028

[72] De Luna P (2024) Will Direct Air Capture Ever Cost Less than $100 per Ton of CO2. Forbes (11/29/2024).

[73] Lawal MWA, Stephenson P, Sidders J, et al. (2011) Post-combustion CO 2 Capture with Chemical Absorption : A State-of-the-art Review. Chem Eng Res Des 89: 1609-1624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2010.11.005

[74] Capture PC (2012) CO 2 CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES POST COMBUSTION CAPTURE ( PCC ).

[75] Khan U, Ogbaga CC, Abiodun O-AO, et al. (2023) Assessing absorption-based CO2 capture: Research progress and techno-economic assessment overview. Carbon Capture Sci Technol 8: 100125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100125

[76] Peu SD, Das A, Hossain MS, et al. (2023) A Comprehensive Review on Recent Advancements in Absorption-Based Post Combustion Carbon Capture Technologies to Obtain a Sustainable Energy Sector with Clean Environment. Sustainability 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075827

[77] Luis P (2016) Use of monoethanolamine (MEA) for CO2 capture in a global scenario: Consequences and alternatives. Desalination 380: 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.08.004

[78] Rochelle GT CO 2 Capture by Aqueous Absorption.

[79] Filippov GG, Erlykina ME (1973) Linear Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions. Russ Chem Rev 42: 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1070/RC1973v042n04ABEH002579

[80] Said R Ben, Kolle JM, Essalah K, et al. (2020) A Unified Approach to CO2-Amine Reaction Mechanisms. ACS Omega 5: 26125-26133. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03727

[81] Ziobrowski Z, Rotkegel A (2022) Comparison of CO2 Separation Efficiency from Flue Gases Based on Commonly Used Methods and Materials. Materials 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020460

[82] Arnup K (1992) ‘Victims of vaccination?’: opposition to compulsory immunization in Ontario, 1900-90. Can Bull Med Hist 9: 159-176. https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.9.2.159

[83] General Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications 1.0 | FlatWorld.

[84] Décultot M, Ledoux A, Estel L, et al. (2021) and glycerol from 283 . 15 K to 373 . 15 K and up to To cite this version : HAL Id : hal-02328159 Solubility of CO 2 in methanol , ethanol , 1 , 2-.

[85] Aghel B, Janati S, Alobaid F, et al. (2022) Application of Nanofluids in CO2 Absorption: A Review. Appl Sci 12: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12063200

[86] II A, Khojasteh Y, Nease J (2014) Processes and simulations for solvent-based CO2 capture and syngas cleanup. React Proc Des Sustain Energ Technol 163-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59566-9.00006-5

[87] Saleh AM, Mahdi HH, Alias AB, et al. (2024) Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Optimization of Hydrogen Sulphide Adsorption Using Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel: Effect of Adsorption Pressure and Hydrogen Sulphide Flowrate. Ann Chim Sci Mat 48: 509-518. https://doi.org/10.18280/acsm.480408

[88] Softening W, Water DOF, Water DOF, et al. C h a p t e r. 843-846.

[89] Saleh AM, Mahdi HH, Alias AB, et al. (2024) Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies in adsorption of H2S using Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel: Effect of Mass Adsorbent and Temperature. Desalin Water Treat 100149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100149

[90] Gao X, Yang S, Hu L, et al. (2022) Carbonaceous materials as adsorbents for CO2 capture: synthesis and modification. Carbon Capture Sci Technol 3: 100039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100039

[91] Hinkov I, Lamari F, Langlois P, et al. (2021) Carbon Dioxide Capture by Adsorption ( review ) To cite this version : HAL Id : hal-03355471.

[92] Mahdi HH, Saleh AM, Alias AB, et al. (2024) Optimization for the Effects of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Xerogel Weight and Temperature on the Hydrogen Sulphide Adsorption Using Response Surface Methodology. Int J Energy Convers 12. https://doi.org/10.15866/irecon.v12i4.25011

[93] Da A (2001) Adsorption ᎏ from theory to practice ଝ.

[94] Yassin KF (2024) Experimental assessment of the effect of black dye and water depth on the performance of PV/solar distiller. Desalin Water Treat 318: 100317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100317

[95] Aghaa HM, Musa SA, Hapiz A, et al. (2025) Biocomposite Adsorbent of Grafted Chitosan-benzaldehyde/Lactobacillus Casei Bacteria for Removal of Acid Red 88 Dye: Box-Benken Design Optimization and Mechanism Approach. AUIQ Complem Biol Syst 2: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.70176/3007-973X.1020

[96] Ibrahim TK, Rahman MM, Ali OM, et al. (2016) Optimum performance enhancing strategies of the gas turbine based on the effective temperatures, MATEC Web of Conferences, 1002. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20163801002

[97] Modak A, Jana S (2019) Advancement in porous adsorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture. Micropor Mesopor Mat 276: 107-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2018.09.018

[98] Mohammad NK, Ghaemi A, Tahvildari K (2019) Hydroxide modified activated alumina as an adsorbent for CO2 adsorption: Experimental and modeling. Int J Greenh Gas Con 88: 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.05.029

[99] Chen C, Ahn W-S (2011) CO2 capture using mesoporous alumina prepared by a sol-gel process. Chem Eng J 166: 646-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.038

[100] Lennard JE (1932) Chapter 2 Physical Adsorption. 13-71.

[101] Alwan NT, Shcheklein SE, Ali OM (2021) Experimental analysis of thermal performance for flat plate solar water collector in the climate conditions of Yekaterinburg, Russia. Mater Today Proc 42: 2076-2083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.263

[102] Siriwardane R V, Shen M, Fisher EP, et al. (2003) Adsorption of CO 2 , N 2 , and O 2 on Natural Zeolites. 571-576. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef020135l

[103] Davarpanah E, Armandi M, Hernández S, et al. (2020) CO2 capture on natural zeolite clinoptilolite: Effect of temperature and role of the adsorption sites. J Environ Manage 275: 111229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111229

[104] Pérez-Botella E, Valencia S, Rey F (2022) Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 122: 17647-17695. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00140

[105] a-Schematic-diagram-of-the-fixed-bed-adsorption-system-used-in-this-work-b-Details.

[106] Yasin MHM, Mamat R, Ali OM, et al. (2017) Study of Diesel-biodiesel Fuel Properties and Wavelet Analysis on Cyclic Variations in a Diesel Engine. Energ Procedia https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.175

[107] Vaccarelli M, Carapellucci R, Giordano L (2014) Energy and economic analysis of the CO2 capture from flue gas of combined cycle power plants. Energ Procedia 45: 1165-1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.122

[108] De DK, Oduniyi IA, Alex Sam A (2022) A novel cryogenic technology for low-cost carbon capture from NGCC power plants for climate change mitigation. Therm Sci Eng Prog 36: 101495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101495

[109] Jensen M (2015) Energy Process Enabled by Cryogenic Carbon Capture.

[110] Jeklin A, Bustamante Farías Ó, Saludables P, et al. (2016) Padres DE Menores, Victimas DE Violencia, Intrafamiliar Desde, et al. Correspondencias & Análisis 1-23.

[111] Songolzadeh M, Soleimani M, Ravanchi MT, et al. (2014) Carbon Dioxide Separation from Flue Gases : A Technological Review Emphasizing Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/828131

[112] Du S, Wang H, Qiu G, et al. (2025) The effect of CO2 desublimation on heat transfer in binary gas based on cryogenic experiment. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 169: 109834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109834

[113] De DK, Oduniyi IA (2019) Novel and highly cost effective technology for capture of industrial emissions without reagent for clean energy and clean environment applications.

[114] De DK, Oduniyi IA, Sam AA, et al. (2024) Modelling carbon capture from power plants with low energy and water consumption using a novel cryogenic technology. Appl Therm Eng 257: 124315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124315

[115] Li Y (2022) Progress and Prospect in Membrane CO 2 Separation. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Creative Industry and Knowledge Economy (CIKE 2022) 651: 462-467. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220404.088

[116] Mazzotti M (2016) Membrane separations Rate controlled seperation processes. Eth Zurich.

[117] Ekins P, Zenghelis D (2021) The costs and benefits of environmental sustainability. Sustain Sci 16: 949-965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00910-5

[118] Ali OM, Mamat R, Faizal CKM (2012) Palm biodiesel production, properties and fuel additives. Int Rev Mech Eng 6.

[119] Zhang Y, Sunarso J, Liu S, et al. (2013) Current status and development of membranes for CO2/CH4 separation: A review. Int J Greenh Gas Con 12: 84-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.10.009

[120] Tong Z, Sekizkardes AK (2021) Recent developments in high-performance membranes for CO2 separation. Membranes 11: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020156

[121] Rahimalimamaghani A, Godini HR, Mboussi M, et al. (2023) Carbon molecular sieve membranes for selective CO2 separation at elevated temperatures and pressures. J CO2 Util 68: 102378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102378

[122] Ozkan M, Akhavi A-A, Coley WC, et al. (2022) Progress in carbon dioxide capture materials for deep decarbonization. Chem 8: 141-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2021.12.013

[123] Lei L, Bai L, Lindbråthen A, et al. (2020) Carbon membranes for CO2 removal: Status and perspectives from materials to processes. Chem Eng J 401: 126084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126084

[124] Vishnu S, Prabu B, Pugazhvadivu M (2023) Strategies to improve the mechanical performance of elastomers using ternary blends: A review. Hybrid Adv 3: 100062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100062

[125] Han Y, Ho WSW (2021) Polymeric membranes for CO2 separation and capture. J Membr Sci 628: 119244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119244

[126] Ghasem N (2023) Efficient CO2 absorption through wet and falling film membrane contactors: insights from modeling and simulation. Sci Rep 13: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38249-9

[127] Guo H, Wei J, Ma Y, et al. (2022) Facilitated transport membranes for CO2/CH4 separation - State of the art. Adv Membr 2: 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100040

[128] Hassan Abdul Razzaq G, Shihab MA, Humadi JI, et al. (2023) CO2 capturing from natural gas employing new porous mixed matrix membranes. Mater Today Proc https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.432

[129] Pandey P, Chauhan RS (2001) Membranes for gas separation. Prog Polym Sci 26: 853-893. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00009-0

[130] Chen D, Wang K, Yuan Z, et al. (2023) Boosting membranes for CO2 capture toward industrial decarbonization. Carbon Capture Sci Technol 7: 100117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100117

[131] Chen G, Wang T, Zhang G, et al. (2022) Membrane materials targeting carbon capture and utilization. Adv Membr 2: 100025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100025

[132] Zagho MM, Hassan MK, Khraisheh M, et al. (2021) A review on recent advances in CO2 separation using zeolite and zeolite-like materials as adsorbents and fillers in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Chem Eng J Adv 6: 100091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100091

[133] Khalilpour R, Mumford K, Zhai H, et al. (2015) Membrane-based carbon capture from flue gas: A review. J Clean Prod 103: 286-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.053

[134] Wang J, Tian K, Li D, et al. (2023) Machine learning in gas separation membrane developing: Ready for prime time. Sep Purif Technol 313: 123493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123493

[135] Kammerer S, Borho I, Jung J, et al. (2023) Review: CO2 capturing methods of the last two decades. Int J Environ Sci Technol 20: 8087-8104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04680-0

[136] Bui M, Adjiman CS, Bardow A, et al. (2018) Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward. Energy Environ Sci 11: 1062-1176. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE02342A

[137] Boot-Handford ME, Abanades JC, Anthony EJ, et al. (2013) Carbon capture and storage update. Energ Environ Sci 7: 130-189. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE42350F

[138] Wilberforce T, Baroutaji A, Soudan B, et al. (2019) Outlook of carbon capture technology and challenges. Sci Total Environ 657: 56-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.424

[139] Leung DYC, Caramanna G, Maroto-Valer MM (2014) An overview of current status of carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies. Renew Sust Energ Rev 39: 426-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.093

[140] Jana A, Modi A (2024) Recent progress on functional polymeric membranes for CO2 separation from flue gases: A review. Carbon Capture Sci Technol 11: 100204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100204

[141] Godin J, Liu W, Ren S, et al. (2021) Advances in recovery and utilization of carbon dioxide: A brief review. J Environ Chem Eng 9: 105644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105644

[142] Wanison R, Syahputra WNH, Kammuang-lue N, et al. (2025) A review of cryogenic carbon 7capture research: Experimental studies, simulations, and application potential. Therm Sci Eng Prog 61: 103562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103562

[143] Song C, Liu Q, Deng S, et al. (2019) Cryogenic-based CO2 capture technologies: State-of-the-art developments and current challenges. Renew Sust Energy Rev 101: 265-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.018

[144] Huihui S, Yihang L, Yi L, et al. (2026) Promising solid adsorbents for CO₂ capture: MOFs, zeolites, and POPs. J Environ Chem Eng 14: 124181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2026.124181

[145] Bruno I, Lobo G, Covino BV, et al. (2020) Technology readiness revisited: A proposal for extending the scope of impact assessment of European public services. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1145/3428502.3428552

[146] Lamb WF, Wiedmann T, Pongratz J, et al. (2021) A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018. Environ Res Lett 16. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abee4e

[147] United Nations ECLAC (2021) technologies new future Thank you for your interest in. Cepal .

[148] Salazar G, Russi-Vigoya MN (2021) Technology Readiness Level (TRL) as the foundation of Human Readiness Level (HRL) Understanding the TRLs as the foundation of Human Readiness Level (HRL). Erg Des 29: 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33128-9

[149] Fernndez FO (2023) Methodologies within Small- and Medium-Sized.

[150] Lavin A, Gilligan-Lee CM, Visnjic A, et al. (2022) Technology readiness levels for machine learning systems. Nat Commun 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33128-9

[151] Mahidin M, Mulana F, Adisalamun A, et al. (2023) Recent Status and Research & Development in the Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology. J Appl Technol 10: 7-16.

[152] NDA (Nuclear Decommissioning Authority) (2014) Guide to Technology Readiness Levels for the NDA Estate and its Supply Chain. EDRMS No 22515717 1-27.

[153] Santos FD, Ferreira PL, Pedersen JST (2022) The Climate Change Challenge: A Review of the Barriers and Solutions to Deliver a Paris Solution. Climate 10: 1-32. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10050075

[154] Ludeña C, de Miguel C, Schuschny A (2016) Climate change and Carbon Markets: Implications for developing countries. CEPAL Review 2015: 61-84. https://doi.org/10.18356/68536e46-en

[155] of the Board of IOSCO R (2022) Compliance Carbon Markets Consultation Report.

[156] OECD (2004) Policies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Industry: Successful Approaches and Lessons Learned: Workshop Report. OECD Papers 4: 51 p.

[157] Betz R, Michaelowa A, Castro P, et al. (2022) The Carbon Market Challenge: Preventing Abuse Through Effective Governance, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009216500

[158] Partnership for Market Readiness and WBG (2021) Enhancing Carbon Pricing and International Carbon Market Readiness Through the Mitigation Action Assessment Protocol: Summary Report, Washington, DC.