Fibrous Network-Based Interlocking Interfaces for Aqueous-Stable and Mechanically Robust Bioelectronics

Abstract

Bioelectronics interface with living systems to capture physiological signals and advance our understanding of health. However, the aqueous and dynamically deforming nature of biological tissues poses significant challenges to the structural stability and long-term reliability of bioelectronic devices, particularly at internal interfaces between dissimilar materials. Here, we report robust and stretchable bioelectronics (RSB) that achieve exceptional aqueous and mechanical stability by introducing a mechanically interlocking interface inspired by traditional wooden mortise–tenon structures. In the RSB, conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is integrated with fibrous network-decorated elastomeric matrices via spin coating and laser-induced phase separation. As a result, the bioelectronics maintain conductivity under tensile strains exceeding 100% and stable impedance after continuous immersion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for over 30 days. Moreover, the RSB enables high-fidelity electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring and electrical stimulation-mediated restoration of normal sinus rhythm in rat models. Beyond biological systems, the bioelectronics can be integrated onto robotic fingertips, establishing a paradigm for robot-assisted acquisition of physiological signals through direct human–robot contact. The flexible interlocking interface provides a versatile platform for robust, stretchable, and long-lasting bioelectronic systems across biological and robotic interfaces.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Microfiber / Conductive polymer / Interface / Bioelectronics

References

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(52373201)

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Donghua University, Shanghai, China