Structure-Guided Design of Lignocellulosic Fibers: From Biomass Architecture to Functional Materials

Abstract

Although lignocellulosic fibers offer a promising route to low-carbon functional materials, current research remains fragmented across feedstock selection, pretreatment, fiber formation, and application-specific optimization, which limits the establishment of predictive structure–process–performance relationships. To address this problem, this review proposes a structure-guided framework that connects native lignocellulosic architecture, controlled deconstruction, fiber assembly, interfacial engineering, and sustainability-oriented applications. Lignocellulosic biomass is examined as a structurally programmable feedstock in which cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and lignin–carbohydrate interfaces jointly define processing constraints and design opportunities. We analyze how pretreatment, nanofiber generation, dissolution–regeneration, spinning, self-assembly, and post-treatment regulate key structural descriptors, including cellulose chain integrity, crystallinity, orientation, pore topology, surface chemistry, lignin state, lignin–carbohydrate complex (LCC) retention, and interfacial bonding. On this basis, we show that application diversity in textiles, packaging, separation, energy devices, electronics, and biomedicine arises not from isolated material categories, but from the repeated reorganization of common structural descriptors to meet different functional priorities. Route-specific sustainability hotspots and application- and performance-based life-cycle assessment are further discussed. We conclude that the future development of lignocellulosic fibers requires a shift from empirical optimization toward predictive, scalable, and sustainability-guided design.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Lignocellulosic fibers / Native structure / Nanocellulose / Fiber formation / Interfacial engineering

References

[1] Zhang L, Leung MY, Boriskina S, Tao X. Advancing life cycle sustainability of textiles through technological innovations. Nat Sustain., 2023, 6: 243

[2] Zhao W, He Z, Tang BZ. Room-temperature phosphorescence from organic aggregates. Nat Rev Mater, 2020, 5: 869

[3] Zhang S, Chen W, Zhang Q, Krey V, Byers E, Rafaj P, Nguyen B, Awais M, Riahi K. Targeting net-zero emissions while advancing other sustainable development goals in china. Nat Sustain., 2024, 7: 1107

[4] Sulis DB, Lavoine N, Sederoff H, Jiang X, Marques BM, Lan K, Cofre-Vega C, Barrangou R, Wang JP. Advances in lignocellulosic feedstocks for bioenergy and bioproducts. Nat Commun, 2025, 16: 1244

[5] Kamdem Tamo A, Doench I, Deffo G, Zambou Jiokeng SL, Doungmo G, Fotsop CG, Tonleu Temgoua RC, Montembault A, Serghei A, Njanja E, Kenfack Tonle I, Osorio-Madrazo A. Lignocellulosic biomass and its main structural polymers as sustainable materials for (bio)sensing applications. J Mater Chem A., 2025, 13: 24185

[6] Thomas B, Raj MC, B AK, H RM, Joy J, Moores A, Drisko GL, Sanchez C. Nanocellulose, a versatile green platform: from biosources to materials and their applications. Chem Rev, 2018, 118: 11575

[7] Zhang J, Wang W, Hao S, Zhu H, Wang C, Hu Z, Yu Y, Wang F, Fu P, Shao C, Yang J, Cong H. Robust and biodegradable heterogeneous electronics with customizable cylindrical architecture for interference-free respiratory rate monitoring. Nano-Micro Lett, 2025, 18: 34

[8] Zhu J, Zhang J, Zha J, Zhao S, Ren W, Wang B, Xiao L-P, Hao S, Shao C, Yang J, Sun R. Engineering renewable lignocellulosic biomass as sustainable solar-driven interfacial evaporators. Nano-Micro Lett, 2026, 18: 174

[9] Zhao D, Zhu Y, Cheng W, Chen W, Wu Y, Yu H. Cellulose-based flexible functional materials for emerging intelligent electronics. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2000619

[10] Wang Z, Lee Y-H, Kim S-W, Seo J-Y, Lee S-Y, Nyholm L. Why cellulose-based electrochemical energy storage devices?. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2000892

[11] Zhang Y, Liu H, Li J, Deng Y, Miao X, Xu D, Liu S, Xie K, Tian Y. Life cycle assessment of ammonia synthesis in China. Int J Life Cycle Assess, 2022, 27: 50

[12] Zinatloo-Ajabshir S, Morassaei MS, Salavati-Niasari M. Eco-friendly synthesis of nd2sn2o7–based nanostructure materials using grape juice as green fuel as photocatalyst for the degradation of erythrosine. Compos Part B Eng, 2019, 167: 643

[13] Zinatloo-Ajabshir S, Mahmoudi-Moghaddam H, Amiri M, Akbari JH. A green and simple procedure to synthesize dysprosium cerate plate-like nanostructures and their application in the electrochemical sensing of mesalazine. J Mater Sci Mater Electron, 2024, 35: 500

[14] Zinatloo-Ajabshir S, Yousefi A, Jekle M, Sharifianjazi F. Ingenious wheat starch/lepidium perfoliatum seed mucilage hybrid composite films: synthesis, incorporating nanostructured dy2ce2o7 synthesized via an ultrasound-assisted approach and characterization. Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl., 2025, 9100657

[15] Zinatloo-Ajabshir S, Akbari Javar H, Mahmoudi-Moghaddam H, Azari A. Green synthesis of silver tungstate/ionic liquid-modified electrode for highly efficient electrochemical detection of the antidepressant vortioxetine. Sci Rep, 2025, 15 45772

[16] Zinatloo-Ajabshir S, Pardakhty A, Mahmoudi-Moghaddam H, Akbari JH. Amino acid-assisted green synthesis of a porous binary oxide nanocomposite for sensitive electrochemical detection of chlorpromazine. Sci Rep, 2025, 15: 35158

[17] Zinatloo-Ajabshir S, Ahmadi-Zeidabadi M, Amiri M, Sharifianjazi F. Innovative sono-synthesis of cerium dioxide nanomaterials using mentha extract with efficient activity for cancer therapy application. Results Eng, 2024, 23 102720

[18] Zinatloo-Ajabshir S, Pardakhty A, Ahmadzadeh S, Mahmoudi-Moghaddam H. Electrochemical assay for ciprofloxacin detection in the presence of metoclopramide based on green-synthesized cluster-like ag2wo4. Measurement, 2026, 267 120511

[19] Qi Y, Guo Y, Liza AA, Yang G, Sipponen MH, Guo J, Li H. Nanocellulose: a review on preparation routes and applications in functional materials. Cellulose, 2023, 30: 4115

[20] Kapoor DU, Gaur M, Kumar A, Singh S, Chidrawar VR, Prajapati BG. Value-added lignocellulose from waste biomass as a potential source in fabrication of lignin-based composite for multifaceted applications. Regen Eng Transl Med., 2025, 11: 244

[21] Smriti SA, Haque ANMA, Khadem AH, Siddiqa F, Rahman ANMM, Himu HA, Farzana N, Islam MA, Naebe M. Recent developments of the nanocellulose extraction from water hyacinth: a review. Cellulose, 2023, 30: 8617

[22] Zhang T, Gu M, Liu Y, Chen G, Zhang H, Chen L, Zhou X, Sun L, Wen Z, Zhou Y, Huang H. Functionalized wood: a green nanoengineering platform for sustainable technologies. Nano-Micro Lett., 2026, 18: 108

[23] Siddiqa A, Yhobu Z, Nagaraju DH, Padaki M, Budagumpi S, Pasupuleti VR, Lim J-W. Review and perspectives of sustainable lignin, cellulose, and lignocellulosic carbon special structures for energy storage. Energy Fuels, 2023, 37: 2498

[24] Wang H-M, Yang W, Sipponen MH, Dai L. Editorial: Lignocellulosic biomass-based materials: design, fabrication, and applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol., 2023, 11: 1188168

[25] Liu C, Luan P, Li Q, Cheng Z, Xiang P, Liu D, Hou Y, Yang Y, Zhu H. Biopolymers derived from trees as sustainable multifunctional materials: a review. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2001654

[26] Lou Y, Sun X, Yu Y, Zeng S, Li Y, Liu Y, Yu H. One-pot protolignin extraction by targeted unlocking lignin–carbohydrate esters via nucleophilic addition–elimination strategy. Research, 2023, 6: 0069

[27] Chen C, Kuang Y, Zhu S, Burgert I, Keplinger T, Gong A, Li T, Berglund L, Eichhorn SJ, Hu L. Structure–property–function relationships of natural and engineered wood. Nat Rev Mater, 2020, 5: 642

[28] Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding nanocellulose–water interactions: turning a detriment into an asset. Chem Rev, 1925, 2023: 123

[29] Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S, Lindström T, Ankerfors M, Gray D, Dorris A. Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials. Angewandte Chemie Int Edit., 2011, 50: 5438

[30] Lee HV, Yazid NA, Bin Johan MRRahimpour MR, Bakhtyari A, Makarem MA. Chapter two - cellulose and hemicellulose: types, cleavage, and depolymerization. Advances in hydrotreating for integrated biofuel production, 2024Elsevier, 51

[31] Deng HY, Wang SM, Shi JY, Zhang D, Xu WB. Efficient conversion of lignin fractions in lignocellulose using multifunctional polyoxometalate catalysts. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 306 141613

[32] Wang X, Xu WB, Zhang D, Li XY, Shi JY. Structural characteristics-reactivity relationships for catalytic depolymerization of lignin into aromatic compounds: a review. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24: 8330

[33] Tobimatsu Y, Schuetz M. Lignin polymerization: How do plants manage the chemistry so well?. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2019, 56: 75

[34] Yu S, Hu Y, Cao T, Zhu Y, Li H, You T, Xu F. Revealing the molecular interactions between lignin and carbohydrates towards improved lignocellulose utilization. Prog Polym Sci, 2026, 173 102070

[35] Abbasi MA. Cellulose nanocrystals examined by atomic force microscopy: Applications and fundamentals. ACS Food Sci Technol., 2022, 2: 1789

[36] Himmel ME, Ding S-Y, Johnson DK, Adney WS, Nimlos MR, Brady JW, Foust TD. Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science, 2007, 315: 804

[37] Lv Z, Bai Z, Su L, Rao J, Hu Y, Tian R, Jia S, Guan Y, Lü B, Peng F. Unveiling lignin structures and lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) linkages of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) fibers and parenchyma cells. Int J Biol Macromol, 2023, 241 124461

[38] Ciesielski PN, Pecha MB, Lattanzi AM, Bharadwaj VS, Crowley MF, Bu L, Vermaas JV, Steirer KX, Crowley MF. Advances in multiscale modeling of lignocellulosic biomass. ACS Sustain Chem Eng., 2020, 8: 3512

[39] Ray U, Zhu S, Pang Z, Li T. Mechanics design in cellulose-enabled high-performance functional materials. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2002504

[40] Koshani R, Pitcher ML, Yu J, Mahajan CL, Kim SH, Sheikhi A. Plant cell wall-like soft materials: micro- and nanoengineering, properties, and applications. Nano-Micro Lett., 2025, 17: 103

[41] Yoo CG, Meng X, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ. The critical role of lignin in lignocellulosic biomass conversion and recent pretreatment strategies: A comprehensive review. Bioresour Technol, 2020, 301 122784

[42] Karimah A, Ridho MR, Munawar SS, Adi DS, Ismadi, Damayanti R, Subiyanto B, Fatriasari W, Fudholi A. A review on natural fibers for development of eco-friendly bio-composite: characteristics, and utilizations. J Mater Res Technol, 2021, 13: 2442

[43] Lisý A, Ház A, Nadányi R, Jablonský M, Šurina I. About hydrophobicity of lignin: a review of selected chemical methods for lignin valorisation in biopolymer production. Energies, 2022, 15: 6213

[44] Ho M-p, Wang H, Lee J-H, Ho C-k, Lau K-t, Leng J, Hui D. Critical factors on manufacturing processes of natural fibre composites. Compos Part B Eng, 2012, 43: 3549

[45] Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and reassembly of renewable polymers and biocolloids into next generation structured materials. Chem Rev, 2021, 121: 14088

[46] Berglund LA, Burgert I. Bioinspired wood nanotechnology for functional materials. Adv Mater, 2018, 30: 1704285

[47] Montanari C, Olsén P, Berglund LA. Sustainable wood nanotechnologies for wood composites processed by in-situ polymerization. Front Chem, 2021, 9 682883

[48] Zoghlami A, Paës G. Lignocellulosic biomass: Understanding recalcitrance and predicting hydrolysis. Front Chem, 2019, 7: 874

[49] Zhou S, Xue Y, Sharma A, Bai X. Lignin valorization through thermochemical conversion: comparison of hardwood, softwood and herbaceous lignin. ACS Sustain Chem Eng., 2016, 4: 6608

[50] Zhang L, Larsson A, Moldin A, Edlund U. Comparison of lignin distribution, structure, and morphology in wheat straw and wood. Ind Crops Prod, 2022, 187 115432

[51] Míguez JL, Porteiro J, Behrendt F, Blanco D, Patiño D, Dieguez-Alonso A. Review of the use of additives to mitigate operational problems associated with the combustion of biomass with high content in ash-forming species. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2021, 141 110502

[52] Ziegler-Devin I, Chrusciel L, Brosse N. Steam explosion pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: a mini-review of theorical and experimental approaches. Front Chem, 2021, 9 705358

[53] Scapini T, dos Santos MSN, Bonatto C, Wancura JHC, Mulinari J, Camargo AF, Klanovicz N, Zabot GL, Tres MV, Fongaro G, Treichel H. Hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for hemicellulose recovery. Bioresour Technol, 2021, 342 126033

[54] Jönsson LJ, Martín C. Pretreatment of lignocellulose: Formation of inhibitory by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects. Bioresour Technol, 2016, 199: 103

[55] Mqoni N, Bahadur I, Singh S, Meng X, Ragauskas A. Deep eutectic solvents for pretreatment of lignocellulose biomass: Physical properties, solubility mechanisms, and their interactions. Chem Rev, 2026, 126: 1206

[56] Zhou J, Chen B, Tong L, Chong G, Abdullah LC, Guo H. Recent advances of microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent for lignocellulosic biorefining. Cellulose, 2025, 32: 8669

[57] Raheja Y, Gaur P, Islam T, Chaurasia AK, Gaur VK, Chadha BS. Advancement in lignocellulolytic enzyme production: tailored strategies to overcome challenges in biomass hydrolysis. Syst Microbiol Biomanuf., 2025, 5: 948

[58] Wang Z, Jiang J, Wei K, Zhou X, Shahzad MW, Li Y, Zhang X, Xu BB, Ge S. Advanced cellulose-based gels for wearable physiological monitoring: from fiber modification to application optimization. Adv Funct Mater, 2026, 36 e15132

[59] Beck S, Mushrif SH. Reaction pathways and energetics of the deconstruction of lignin carbohydrate complexes (lccs) in lignocellulosic biomass. Sustain Energy Fuels., 2024, 8: 3113

[60] Chen L, Yu L, Qi L, Eichhorn SJ, Isogai A, Lizundia E, Zhu JY, Chen C. Cellulose nanocomposites by supramolecular chemistry engineering. Nat Rev Mater, 2025, 10: 728

[61] Zhang X, Zhang L, Fan Y, Wang Z. The case-dependent lignin role in lignocellulose nanofibers preparation and functional application-a review. Green Energy Environ., 2023, 8: 1553

[62] Frka-Petesic B, Parton TG, Honorato-Rios C, Narkevicius A, Ballu K, Shen Q, Lu Z, Ogawa Y, Haataja JS, Droguet BE. Structural color from cellulose nanocrystals or chitin nanocrystals: Self-assembly, optics, and applications. Chem Rev, 2023, 123: 12595

[63] Raghuwanshi VS, Garnier G. Nanoparticle decorated cellulose nanocrystals (cnc) composites for energy, catalysis, and biomedical applications. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2412869

[64] Sharma P, Hicks S, Ruggiero AR, Sharma SK, Hsiao BS, Springstead J. Extraction and analysis of carboxycellulose nanofibers from virgin plant fibers using updated tempo-mediated oxidation. Cellulose, 2025, 32: 887

[65] Kontturi E, Meriluoto A, Penttilä PA, Baccile N, Malho J-M, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Ruokolainen J, Serimaa R, Laine J, Sixta H. Degradation and crystallization of cellulose in hydrogen chloride vapor for high-yield isolation of cellulose nanocrystals. Angewandte Chemie Int Edit., 2016, 55: 14455

[66] Lu J, Bai T, Wang D, Yu H, Wang Q, Niu Z, Hu Y, Liu X, Han G, Cheng W. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile membrane in situ modified with cellulose nanocrystal anchoring TiO2 for oily wastewater recovery. Adv Fiber Mater, 2023, 5: 2055

[67] Wang T, Wang Y, Ji C, Li Y, Yang H. All-cellulose-based flexible photonic films. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34: 2408464

[68] Wong LC, Leh CP, Goh CF. Designing cellulose hydrogels from non-woody biomass. Carbohydr Polym, 2021, 264 118036

[69] Asadnia M, Sadat-Shojai M. Recent perspective of synthesis and modification strategies of cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils and their beneficial impact in scaffold-based tissue engineering: a review. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 293 139409

[70] Saleh AK, El-Sayed MH, El-Sakhawy MA, Alshareef SA, Omer N, Abdelaziz MA, Jame R, Zheng H, Gao M, Du H. Cellulose-based conductive materials for bioelectronics. Chemsuschem, 2025, 18 e202401762

[71] Zhang Z, Li X, Qu Y, Wu Y, Wan C. Current progress in bamboo-based transparent materials for flexible electronic devices. Cellulose, 2025, 32: 6935

[72] Mazega A, Lehrhofer AF, Aguado RJ, Potthast A, Marquez R, Rosenau T, Delgado-Aguilar M. Key insights into tempo-mediated oxidation of cellulose: Influence of starting material. Cellulose, 2025, 32: 5227

[73] Faggioli EG, Punta C, Ghirardello D, Aguado RJ, Bastida GA, Delgado-Aguilar M, Sacchetti A. Production of tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibers: tuning the physio-chemical properties by controlling the process. Carbohydr Polym, 2026, 380 125114

[74] Tao S, Li Y, Chen Y, Li Q, Peng F, Meng L, Sun Z, Peng F, Qi H. Comparative characterization of sulfated holocellulose nanofibrils from different plant materials. Cellulose, 2024, 31: 2849

[75] Yang X, Berglund LA. Structural and ecofriendly holocellulose materials from wood: microscale fibers and nanoscale fibrils. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2001118

[76] Yang X, Reid MS, Olsén P, Berglund LA. Eco-friendly cellulose nanofibrils designed by nature: effects from preserving native state. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 724

[77] Yang X, Berthold F, Berglund LA. High-density molded cellulose fibers and transparent biocomposites based on oriented holocellulose. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11: 10310

[78] Cho Y, Ninh PTT, Hwang S, Choe S, Myung J. Sustainability meets functionality: green design approaches to cellulose-based materials. ACS Mater Lett., 2025, 7: 1563

[79] Jamieson Z, Clar JF, Runge T. Cellulose nanofibers as rheological modifiers to improve biomass slurry processing and fermentation. Fermentation, 2024, 10: 626

[80] Liu Y, Zhang S, Li L, Li N. High-performance cellulose nanofibers/carbon nanotubes composite for constructing multifunctional sensors and wearable electronics. Adv Fiber Mater, 2024, 6: 758

[81] Tang Q, Li X, Xu Y, Han X. Lignin containing cellulose nanofibers for advanced materials: from hierarchical structure to functional applications. Bioresour Technol, 2026, 447 134157

[82] Sun S-C, Xu Y, Wen J-L, Yuan T-Q, Sun R-C. Recent advances in lignin-based carbon fibers (lcfs): precursors, fabrications, properties, and applications. Green Chem, 2022, 24: 5709

[83] Rojo E, Peresin MS, Sampson WW, Hoeger IC, Vartiainen J, Laine J, Rojas OJ. Comprehensive elucidation of the effect of residual lignin on the physical, barrier, mechanical and surface properties of nanocellulose films. Green Chem, 1853, 2015: 17

[84] Kwon G-J, Cho S-W, Bandi R, Yang B-S, Dadigala R, Han S-Y, Ma S-Y, Kim J-K, Kim N-H, Lee S-H. Production of lignocellulose nanofibrils by conventional and microwave-assisted deep-eutectic-solvent pretreatments: Mechanical, antioxidant, and uv-blocking properties. Cellulose, 2023, 30: 4277

[85] Nair SS, Chen H, Peng Y, Huang Y, Yan N. Polylactic acid biocomposites reinforced with nanocellulose fibrils with high lignin content for improved mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. ACS Sustain Chem Eng., 2018, 6: 10058

[86] Anushikha, Gaikwad KK. Lignin as a uv blocking, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agent for food packaging applications. Biomass Convers Bioref., 2024, 14: 16755

[87] Liu H, Mulderrig L, Hallinan DJr, Chung H. Lignin-based solid polymer electrolytes: Lignin-graft-poly(ethylene glycol). Macromol Rapid Commun, 2021, 42: 2000428

[88] Guterman R, Molinari V, Josef E. Ionic liquid lignosulfonate: dispersant and binder for preparation of biocomposite materials. Angewandte Chemie Int Edit., 2019, 58: 13044

[89] Chandna S, Olivares MCA, Baranovskii E, Engelmann G, Böker A, Tzschucke CC, Haag R. Lignin upconversion by functionalization and network formation. Angewandte Chemie Int Edit., 2024, 63 e202313945

[90] Liu F, Wang Q, Zhai G, Xiang H, Zhou J, Jia C, Zhu L, Wu Q, Zhu M. Continuously processing waste lignin into high-value carbon nanotube fibers. Nat Commun, 2022, 13: 5755

[91] Tu Z, Liu W, Wang J, Qiu X, Huang J, Li J, Lou H. Biomimetic high performance artificial muscle built on sacrificial coordination network and mechanical training process. Nat Commun, 2021, 12: 2916

[92] Cao Q, Zhu M, Chen J, Song Y, Li Y, Zhou J. Novel lignin-cellulose-based carbon nanofibers as high-performance supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12: 1210

[93] Cho M, Yiu J, Lin L-T, Hua Q, Karaaslan MA, Renneckar S. Lignin nanofiber flexible carbon aerogels for self-standing supercapacitors. Chemsuschem, 2025, 18 e202400932

[94] Zeng Z, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang P, Seyed Shahabadi SI, Pei Y, Chen M, Lu X. Ultralight and highly elastic graphene/lignin-derived carbon nanocomposite aerogels with ultrahigh electromagnetic interference shielding performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10: 8205

[95] Zhang W, Yang P, Li X, Zhu Z, Chen M, Zhou X. Electrospun lignin-based composite nanofiber membrane as high-performance absorbent for water purification. Int J Biol Macromol, 2019, 141: 747

[96] Liu K, Du H, Xu T, Xiang H, Si C. Cellulosic fibers for sustainable functional textiles and devices. Adv Fiber Mater, 2026, 8: 843

[97] Shen H, Sun T, Zhou J. Recent progress in regenerated cellulose fibers by wet spinning. Macromol Mater Eng, 2023, 308: 2300089

[98] Vocht MP, Beyer R, Thomasic P, Müller A, Ota A, Hermanutz F, Buchmeiser MR. High-performance cellulosic filament fibers prepared via dry-jet wet spinning from ionic liquids. Cellulose, 2021, 28: 3055

[99] Reyes G, Ajdary R, Yazdani MR, Rojas OJ. Hollow filaments synthesized by dry-jet wet spinning of cellulose nanofibrils: Structural properties and thermoregulation with phase-change infills. ACS Appl Polym Mater., 2022, 4: 2908

[100] Ji D, Lin Y, Guo X, Ramasubramanian B, Wang R, Radacsi N, Jose R, Qin X, Ramakrishna S. Electrospinning of nanofibres. Nat Rev Methods Primers., 2024, 4: 1

[101] Jedvert K, Heinze T. Cellulose modification and shaping—a review. J Polym Eng, 2017, 37: 845

[102] Lamm ME, Li K, Qian J, Wang L, Lavoine N, Newman R, Gardner DJ, Li T, Hu L, Ragauskas AJ, Tekinalp H, Kunc V, Ozcan S. Recent advances in functional materials through cellulose nanofiber templating. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2005538

[103] Lu P, Cheng F, Ou Y, Lin M, Su L, Chen S, Yao X, Liu D. Rapid fabrication of transparent film directly from wood fibers with microwave-assisted ionic liquids technology. Carbohydr Polym, 2017, 174: 330

[104] Azimi B, Maleki H, Gigante V, Bagherzadeh R, Mezzetta A, Milazzo M, Guazzelli L, Cinelli P, Lazzeri A, Danti S. Cellulose-based fiber spinning processes using ionic liquids. Cellulose, 2022, 29: 3079

[105] Bi X, Li J, Wen J, Guo J, Yu C. Construction of a multi-scale hierarchical filament for advanced identifiable textile. Ind Crops Prod, 2025, 224 120373

[106] Chen X, Burger C, Wan F, Zhang J, Rong L, Hsiao BS, Chu B, Cai J, Zhang L. Structure study of cellulose fibers wet-spun from environmentally friendly naoh/urea aqueous solutions. Biomacromol, 1918, 2007: 8

[107] Klar V, Orelma H, Rautkoski H, Kuosmanen P, Harlin A. Spinning approach for cellulose fiber yarn using a deep eutectic solvent and an inclined channel. ACS Omega, 2018, 3: 10918

[108] Wang L, Ago M, Borghei M, Ishaq A, Papageorgiou AC, Lundahl M, Rojas OJ. Conductive carbon microfibers derived from wet-spun lignin/nanocellulose hydrogels. ACS Sustain Chem Eng., 2019, 7: 6013

[109] Wang C, Su Y, Xie J. Advances in electrospun nanofibers: Versatile materials and diverse biomedical applications. Acc Mater Res., 2024, 5: 987

[110] Zhang Y-Q, Wang P, Shi Q-F, Ning X, Chen Z, Ramakrishna S, Zheng J, Long Y-Z. Advances in wet electrospinning: rich morphology and promising applications. Adv Fiber Mater., 2025, 7: 374

[111] Zhan L, Deng J, Ke Q, Li X, Ouyang Y, Huang C, Liu X, Qian Y. Grooved fibers: preparation principles through electrospinning and potential applications. Adv Fiber Mater., 2022, 4: 203

[112] Xue Y, Li W, Yang G, Lin Z, Qi L, Zhu P, Yu J, Chen J. Strength enhancement of regenerated cellulose fibers by adjustment of hydrogen bond distribution in ionic liquid. Polymers, 2022, 14: 2030

[113] Feng S, Yao L, Feng M, Cai H, He X, He M, Bu X, Zhou Y. Regeneration of pea-pod-like cellulose acetate fibers as aerogel-derived boards for building thermal regulation and carbon reduction. Adv Fiber Mater., 2024, 6: 570

[114] Xu W, Molino BZ, Cheng F, Molino PJ, Yue Z, Su D, Wang X, Willför S, Xu C, Wallace GG. On low-concentration inks formulated by nanocellulose assisted with gelatin methacrylate (gelma) for 3d printing toward wound healing application. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11: 8838

[115] Chen Y, Yu Z, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Li G, Jiang F. Superelastic, hygroscopic, and ionic conducting cellulose nanofibril monoliths by 3d printing. ACS Nano, 1869, 2021: 15

[116] Zhou G, Li M-C, Wang F, Liu C, Mei C. 3d printing of cellulose nanofiber monoliths for thermal insulation and energy storage applications. Add Manuf., 2022, 59103124

[117] Lin X, Fan L, Wang L, Filppula AM, Yu Y, Zhang H. Fabricating biomimetic materials with ice-templating for biomedical applications. Smart Med., 2023, 2 e20230017

[118] Ye Z, Chen C, Su Y, Feng J, Yin Y. Templating methods for materials fabrication across scales. Chem Rev, 2026, 126: 717

[119] Abdel Kader AH, Fahmy TYA, Kamel S. Lignocellulosic reinforced composites: a snapshot of progress. J Wood Chem Technol, 2025, 45: 167

[120] Iglesias MC, Gomez-Maldonado D, Davis VA, Peresin MS. A review on lignocellulose chemistry, nanostructure, and their impact on interfacial interactions for sustainable products development. J Mater Sci, 2023, 58: 685

[121] Du Z, Wang N, Du J. Recent progress in cellulose-based conductive hydrogels. Polymers, 2025, 17: 1089

[122] Zheng Y, Guan Y, Liu H, Wang A, Dai L, Wang L, Liu J, Si C. Biomacromolecules-encapsulated room-temperature liquid metal nanoparticle systems. Adv Funct Mater, 2026, 36 e24610

[123] Cui X, Du G, Liu T, Ye Z, Liu Y, Cai C, Luo B, Nie S. Cellulosic triboelectric elastomers for energy harvesting and emerging applications. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2507912

[124] Xiong R, Hu K, Grant AM, Ma R, Xu W, Lu C, Zhang X, Tsukruk VV. Ultrarobust transparent cellulose nanocrystal-graphene membranes with high electrical conductivity. Adv Mater, 2016, 28: 1501

[125] Liu Y, Yu S-H, Bergström L. Transparent and flexible nacre-like hybrid films of aminoclays and carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28: 1703277

[126] Liu Y, Shen S, Duan Z, Deng J, Fan D. Hydrogels for long-term moisture retention under ambient conditions: Inhibiting the evaporation of free water from macroscopic to molecular scales. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2504356

[127] Kapuge Dona NL, Smith RC. Tailoring polymer properties through lignin addition: a recent perspective on lignin-derived polymer modifications. Molecules, 2025, 30: 2455

[128] Shadhin M, Tisha NJ, Dulal M, Jayaraman R, Rahman M. Adhesion chemistry of plant-based cellulosic fibers and polymeric matrices in composites: a review. RSC Adv, 2026, 16: 6132

[129] AhmadvashAghbash S, Verpoest I, Swolfs Y, Mehdikhani M. Methods and models for fibre–matrix interface characterisation in fibre-reinforced polymers: a review. Int Mater Rev, 2023, 68: 1245

[130] Simmons TJ, Mortimer JC, Bernardinelli OD, Pöppler A-C, Brown SP, deAzevedo ER, Dupree R, Dupree P. Folding of xylan onto cellulose fibrils in plant cell walls revealed by solid-state nmr. Nat Commun, 2016, 7: 13902

[131] Quan G, Wu Y, Li W, Li D, Liu X, Wang K, Dai S, Xiao L, Ao Y. Construction of cellulose nanofiber/carbon nanotube synergistic network on carbon fiber surface to enhance mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of composites. Compos Sci Technol, 2024, 248 110454

[132] Yang X, Biswas SK, Han J, Tanpichai S, Li M-C, Chen C, Zhu S, Das AK, Yano H. Surface and interface engineering for nanocellulosic advanced materials. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2002264

[133] Bettotti P, Scarpa M. Nanocellulose and its interface: On the road to the design of emerging materials. Adv Mater Interfaces, 2022, 9: 2101593

[134] Jiao H, Sun J, Shi Y, Lu X, Ali SS, Fu Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang Q, Zhou M, Liu J. Recent advances in strategies of nanocellulose surface and/or interface engineering for potential biomedical applications as well as its ongoing challenges: a review. Cellulose, 2023, 30: 6741

[135] Wang X, Zhang S, Zhang J, Wang Y, Jiang X, Tao Y, Li D, Zhong C, Liu C. Rational design of functional amyloid fibrillar assemblies. Chem Soc Rev, 2023, 52: 4603

[136] Md Nor SS, Abdul Patah MF, Mat SM. Surface modification of bio-based composites via silane treatment: a short review. J Adhes Sci Technol, 2023, 37: 801

[137] Wu H, Zhang J, Song Y, Jia D, Sun G, Wang C. Effect of alkali treatment and silane functionalization on cellulose fibers: experimental investigation, mechanism and molecular dynamics simulation. Appl Surf Sci, 2026, 716 164716

[138] Cheng C, Zhu S, Lu C, Xu ZJ. Modification strategies for cellulose-based anion exchange membranes. Green Chem, 2025, 27: 8041

[139] Rafieian F, Hosseini M, Jonoobi M, Yu Q. Development of hydrophobic nanocellulose-based aerogel via chemical vapor deposition for oil separation for water treatment. Cellulose, 2018, 25: 4695

[140] Sun Z, Zhao K, Yang H, Liang J, Chen Z, Feng J, Jiang Y, Li L, Hu Y, Feng J. Research progress on modification of aerogels by chemical vapor deposition. Langmuir, 2024, 40: 19304

[141] Dong Y, Jia B, Fu F, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhou J. Fabrication of hollow materials by fast pyrolysis of cellulose composite fibers with heterogeneous structures. Angewandte Chemie Int Edit., 2016, 55: 13504

[142] Zhou S, Zhang C, Fu Z, Zhu Q, Zhou Z, Gong J, Zhu N, Wang X, Wei X, Xia L, Xu W. Color construction of multi-colored carbon fibers using glucose. Nat Commun, 1979, 2024: 15

[143] Wågberg L, Erlandsson J. The use of layer-by-layer self-assembly and nanocellulose to prepare advanced functional materials. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2001474

[144] Song W, Pan X, Wang X, Wang H, Li J, Li D, Ma X, Yin F. Load-bearing structure inspired cellulose-based aerogel with high resilience and water tolerance. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2415937

[145] Chatterjee A, Yadav A, Sen S, Ghosh S, Choudhary N, Dey N, Mishra S, Maji PK. Polymer-modified nonwovens: functional surfaces for separation, sensing, biomedical and smart textile applications. J Mater Chem A Mater Energy Sustain, 2026, 14: 3210

[146] Seydibeyoğlu MÖ, Dogru A, Wang J, Rencheck M, Han Y, Wang L, Seydibeyoğlu EA, Zhao X, Ong K, Shatkin JA, Shams Es-haghi S, Bhandari S, Ozcan S, Gardner DJ. Review on hybrid reinforced polymer matrix composites with nanocellulose, nanomaterials, and other fibers. Polymers, 2023, 15: 984

[147] Clarkson CM, El Awad Azrak SM, Forti ES, Schueneman GT, Moon RJ, Youngblood JP. Recent developments in cellulose nanomaterial composites. Adv Mater, 2021, 33 2000718

[148] Peng N, Huang D, Gong C, Wang Y, Zhou J, Chang C. Controlled arrangement of nanocellulose in polymeric matrix: from reinforcement to functionality. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 16169

[149] Yuan Y, Luo X, Wang X, Dong S, Bai J. A review on the application of nanocellulose in cementitious composites and its ecological value. Eur J Environ Civ Eng, 2026, 30 2608210

[150] Kumar S, Graninger G, Hawkins SC, Falzon BG. A nanostructured cellulose-based interphase layer to enhance the mechanical performance of glass fibre-reinforced polymer composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf, 2021, 148 106475

[151] Chen D, Liang Z, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Li Z. Enhancement and control of water vapor permeability and thermal conductivity of polymers: a review. Polym Adv Technol, 2023, 34: 1451

[152] Wang Q, Zhang T, Ma P, Li J, Yu Y, Wang C, Lu H. In-situ constructing carbon nanotube/carbon fiber-based composite: Synergistic effect, multifunctional performances and versatility. Compos Sci Technol, 2025, 270 111284

[153] Toivonen MS, Kaskela A, Rojas OJ, Kauppinen EI, Ikkala O. Ambient-dried cellulose nanofibril aerogel membranes with high tensile strength and their use for aerosol collection and templates for transparent, flexible devices. Adv Funct Mater, 2015, 25: 6618

[154] Shi K, Yang X, Cranston ED, Zhitomirsky I. Efficient lightweight supercapacitor with compression stability. Adv Funct Mater, 2016, 26: 6437

[155] Uzun S, Seyedin S, Stoltzfus AL, Levitt AS, Alhabeb M, Anayee M, Strobel CJ, Razal JM, Dion G, Gogotsi Y. Knittable and washable multifunctional mxene-coated cellulose yarns. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29: 1905015

[156] Cao W-T, Ma C, Mao D-S, Zhang J, Ma M-G, Chen F. Mxene-reinforced cellulose nanofibril inks for 3d-printed smart fibres and textiles. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29: 1905898

[157] Tian L, Gao F-L, Li Y-X, Yang Z-Y, Xu X, Yu Z-Z, Shang J, Li R-W, Li X. High-performance bimodal temperature/pressure tactile sensor based on lamellar cnt/mxene/cellulose nanofibers aerogel with enhanced multifunctionality. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2418988

[158] Shi K, Zou H, Sun B, Jiang P, He J, Huang X. Dielectric modulated cellulose paper/pdms-based triboelectric nanogenerators for wireless transmission and electropolymerization applications. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30: 1904536

[159] Dolan GK, Cartwright B, Bonilla MR, Gidley MJ, Stokes JR, Yakubov GE. Probing adhesion between nanoscale cellulose fibres using afm lateral force spectroscopy: The effect of hemicelluloses on hydrogen bonding. Carbohydr Polym, 2019, 208: 97

[160] Liu L, Peng H, Bi H, Shen L, Zhu T, Sun X, Xu Z. Insight into the dissolving selectivity of ionic liquids for the major components in both parenchyma cells and fiber cells of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ind Crops Prod, 2025, 229 120994

[161] Mozgova O, Chernyayeva O, Sroka-Bartnicka A, Pieta P, Nowakowski R, S.Pieta I. Physicochemical characterization of biodegradable polymers for biomedical applications: insights from XPS, DRIFT, and AFM techniques. J Polym Environ, 2025, 33: 3477

[162] Gholampour A, Ozbakkaloglu T. A review of natural fiber composites: properties, modification and processing techniques, characterization, applications. J Mater Sci, 2020, 55: 829

[163] Jia C, Chen C, Kuang Y, Fu K, Wang Y, Yao Y, Kronthal S, Hitz E, Song J, Xu F, Liu B, Hu L. From wood to textiles: top-down assembly of aligned cellulose nanofibers. Adv Mater, 2018, 30 e1801347

[164] Sun X, Wang X, Sun F, Tian M, Qu L, Perry P, Owens H, Liu X. Textile waste fiber regeneration via a green chemistry approach: A molecular strategy for sustainable fashion. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2105174

[165] Xu W, Cheng Q, Alam W, Tian Y, Deng P, Niu Z, Warsinger D, Li T. Robust bio-textiles via mycelium-cellulose interface engineering. Adv Funct Mater, 2026, 36 e17897

[166] Zhang D, Liang Q, Zhang T, Guan M, Wang H, Chen S. A dual gelation strategy under gravity-enhanced orientation to construct super-strong and tough bacterial cellulose phase change fiber for wearable heat supply. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2413361

[167] Yu Z, Deng C, Sun J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Liu C, Seidi F, Han J, Yong Q, Xiao H. Cellulosic nonwovens incorporated with fully utilized mxene precursor as smart pressure sensor and multi-protection materials. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34: 2402707

[168] Liu T, Zhao X, Zhong L, Zhuo H, He Y, Zhang Y, Peng X. Biomimetic stiff nanocomposite for high-strength structural material. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34: 2405362

[169] Yue X, Yang H-B, Han Z-M, Lu Y-X, Yin C-H, Zhao X, Liu Z-X, Guan Q-F, Yu S-H. Tough and moldable sustainable cellulose-based structural materials via multiscale interface engineering. Adv Mater, 2024, 36: 2306451

[170] Yang H-B, Yue X, Liu Z-X, Guan Q-F, Yu S-H. Emerging sustainable structural materials by assembling cellulose nanofibers. Adv Mater, 2025, 37: 2413564

[171] Zhou J, Ma Y, Chen J, Cai Z, Qi L, Cui J, Deng S, Ouyang W, Fang Z, Qiu X, Chen C. Supramolecular scale hydrophilicity regulation enabling efficient dewatering and assembly of nanocellulose into dense and strong bulk materials as sustainable plastic substitutes. Adv Mater, 2025, 37: 2415313

[172] Zhang J, Zheng J, Gao M, Xu C, Cheng Y, Zhu M. Nacre-mimetic nanocomposite aerogels with exceptional mechanical performance for thermal superinsulation at extreme conditions. Adv Mater, 2023, 35: 2300813

[173] Mujica R, Augustine A, Pauly M, Battie Y, Decher G, Houérou VL, Felix O. Nature-inspired helicoidal nanocellulose-based multi-compartment assemblies with tunable chiroptical properties. Adv Mater, 2024, 36: 2401742

[174] Kellersztein I, Tish D, Pederson J, Bechthold M, Daraio C. Multifunctional biocomposite materials from chlorella vulgaris microalgae. Adv Mater, 2025, 37: 2413618

[175] Yang Y, Dang B, Wang C, Chen Y, Chen K, Chen X, Li Y, Sun Q. Anisotropic nature of lightweight wooden metamaterials with mechanical/thermomechanical multistability. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33: 2307242

[176] Zhang QG, Deng C, Soyekwo F, Liu QL, Zhu AM. Sub-10 nm wide cellulose nanofibers for ultrathin nanoporous membranes with high organic permeation. Adv Funct Mater, 2016, 26: 792

[177] Zhai R, Jiang L, Chen Z, Zhang X, Zhou J, Ma X, Teng C, Zhou Y, Jiang L. Kelp nanofiber-based composite membranes for highly efficient osmotic energy conversion. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34: 2313914

[178] Wang C, Zhou Z, Zhou T, Luo X, Gao A, Zhou Y, Yang X, Li Z, Yang Q, Qiao J. Microstructural tuning of high-performance bacterial cellulose anion exchange membranes via constrained in situ polymerization and double chemical cross-linking. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34: 2410009

[179] Zandi Z, Rastgar M, Mohseni M, Firouzjaei MD, Dilokekunakul W, Anasori B, Vecitis CD, Keller R, Wessling M, Elliott M, Rahimpour A, Sadrzadeh M. Electro-conductive ti3c2 mxene multilayered membranes: dye removal and antifouling performance. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34: 2401970

[180] Li Y, Cao L, Yin X, Si Y, Yu J, Ding B. Semi-interpenetrating polymer network biomimetic structure enables superelastic and thermostable nanofibrous aerogels for cascade filtration of pm2.5. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30: 1910426

[181] Wen R-M, Ye H, Wu M-B, Luo Q, Ye Q-H, Hu Z-T, Yu Y, Yao J, Zhang C. Designing confined thermal-recognized hydrogen bonding nanochannels for effective and energy-efficient water isotopologue sieving. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2423564

[182] Chaudhary R, Xu J, Xia Z, Asp LE. Unveiling the multifunctional carbon fiber structural battery. Adv Mater, 2024, 36: 2409725

[183] Cheng L, Zhang Y, Li D, Li R, Ouyang H, He H, Chen S, Zheng S, Li H. Cu-mof functionalized hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose composite separator enabling dendrite-free fast charging and enhanced thermal safety for high-loading graphite anode. Adv Funct Mater, 2026, 36 e15523

[184] Wang L, Wang Z, Bai Y, Yuan D, Chen J, Dou S-X, Liu H-K, Wu C. Separator engineering for sodium metal batteries: Challenges, rational design and recent modification strategies. Adv Mater, 2025, 37 e10480

[185] Li H, Jia R, Chen W, Wei C, Ji Q, Long X, Wang B, Zhang K, Feng J, Tan L. Bio-based separator engineering toward better metal anodes in rechargeable batteries: progress and perspectives. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35 e12051

[186] Li H, Wu D, Wu J, Dong L-Y, Zhu Y-J, Hu X. Flexible, high-wettability and fire-resistant separators based on hydroxyapatite nanowires for advanced lithium-ion batteries. Adv Mater, 2017, 29: 1703548

[187] Liu B, Ye Y, Yang M, Liu Y, Chen H, Li H, Fang W, Qiu J. All-in-one biomass-based flexible supercapacitors with high rate performance and high energy density. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34: 2310534

[188] Hang C-C, Zhang C, Guan Q-F, Ye L, Su Y, Yu S-H. Cellulose nanofiber-supported electrochemical percolation of capacitive nanomaterials with 0d, 1d, and 2d structures. Adv Mater, 2025, 37: 2414904

[189] Wang H, Fu J, Wang C, Zhang R, Yang Y, Li Y, Li C, Sun Q, Li H, Zhai T. A universal aqueous conductive binder for flexible electrodes. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31: 2102284

[190] Chen R, Tang H, He P, Zhang W, Dai Y, Zong W, Guo F, He G, Wang X. Interface engineering of biomass-derived carbon used as ultrahigh-energy-density and practical mass-loading supercapacitor electrodes. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33: 2212078

[191] Chen K, Li Y, Yang G, Hu S, Shi Z, Yang G. Fabric-based teng woven with bio-fabricated superhydrophobic bacterial cellulose fiber for energy harvesting and motion detection. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33: 2304809

[192] Zhang J, Dong H, Yu Y, Yin S, Cao M, Li C, Shen X, Li J, Xu Y, Chen S, Xu F. An eco-friendly and multifunctional textile integrating radiative heating and cooling for large-temperature-variation personal thermal management. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2419777

[193] Li L, Wang R, Fu Y, Jin Z, Chen J, Du H, Pan X, Wang Y-C. Fabricating and engineering woody-biomass aerogels for high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and biomechanical monitoring. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2412324

[194] Lu C, Wang X, Shen Y, Wang C, Wang J, Yong Q, Chu F. Liquid-free, anti-freezing, solvent-resistant, cellulose-derived ionic conductive elastomer for stretchable wearable electronics and triboelectric nanogenerators. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32: 2207714

[195] Duan Z, Xu J, Zhao H, Chen Y, Huang C, Lu P. A fully degradable and enclosed triboelectric nanogenerator based on spent coffee grounds triboelectric material. Adv Funct Mater, 2026, 36 e23277

[196] Yun TG, Kim D, Kim YH, Park M, Hyun S, Han SM. Photoresponsive smart coloration electrochromic supercapacitor. Adv Mater, 2017, 29: 1606728

[197] Li Q, Hatakeyama M, Kitaoka T. Bioadaptive porous 3d scaffolds comprising cellulose and chitosan nanofibers constructed by pickering emulsion templating. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32: 2200249

[198] Liu X, Wu M, Wang M, Hu Q, Liu J, Duan Y, Liu B. Direct synthesis of photosensitizable bacterial cellulose as engineered living material for skin wound repair. Adv Mater, 2022, 34: 2109010

[199] Nudelman R, Alhmoud H, Delalat B, Fleicher S, Fine E, Guliakhmedova T, Elnathan R, Nyska A, Voelcker NH, Gozin M, Richter S. Jellyfish-based smart wound dressing devices containing in situ synthesized antibacterial nanoparticles. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29: 1902783

[200] Kim S, Ko J, Choi JH, Kang JY, Lim C, Shin M, Lee DW, Kim JW. Antigen–antibody interaction-derived bioadhesion of bacterial cellulose nanofibers to promote topical wound healing. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32: 2110557

[201] Huang S, Wang Z, Wu Q, Wu B, Chen B, Li Y, Qiu Z, Zhao Z, Tang BZ. Top-down assembly of photosensitizable flexible wood dressing with synergistic effect of anti-infection and moisture management. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2423123

[202] Yang Q, Chen R, Li M, Song H, Zhao X, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Chen J, Li J, Chen M. High antimicrobial electrotherapy and wound monitoring hydrogel with bimetal phenolic networks for smart healthcare. Adv Funct Mater, 2025, 35: 2413080

[203] Yu X, Li C, Cui J, Feng H, Ding Y, Song J, Cai P, Chen L, EL-Newehy M, Abdulhameed MM, Mo X, Han Y, Sun B. Advanced electroactive and anti-inflammatory sutures for enhancing tendon and bone regeneration to promote repair of achilles tendon sleeve avulsion. Adv Funct Mater, 2026, 36 e16062

[204] Mehmood S, Ullah I, Hussain Z, Dawit H, Ullah S, Liu X, Ahmed W, Xu M, Cao Y, Pei R. Bioactive self-pumping janus fibrous hydrogel dressings with aligned microneedle channels for chronic wound healing. Adv Funct Mater, 2026, 36 e04317

[205] Yu Z, Deng C, Meng L, Wang Y, Li C, Liu C, Liu Y, Seidi F, Zhang X, Yong Q, Wu H, Xiao H. Closed-loop responsive smart bandages for dynamic monitoring and self-regulated antibacterial therapy in wound healing. Adv Funct Mater, 2026, 36 e20327

[206] Yang F, Zhao J, Koshut WJ, Watt J, Riboh JC, Gall K, Wiley BJ. A synthetic hydrogel composite with the mechanical behavior and durability of cartilage. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30 2003451

[207] Wang X, Fang J, Zhu W, Zhong C, Ye D, Zhu M, Lu X, Zhao Y, Ren F. Bioinspired highly anisotropic, ultrastrong and stiff, and osteoconductive mineralized wood hydrogel composites for bone repair. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31 2010068

[208] Zhang J, Li F, Gao X, Qiu W, Xia B, He S, Zhang Y, Huang X, Liu B, Huang J, Ding J, Yang H. Bamboo-inspired composite conduit accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration through synergistic oriented structure and piezoelectricity. Adv Mater, 2026, 38 e09425

[209] Zhang M, Wang C, Wang H, Jian M, Hao X, Zhang Y. Carbonized cotton fabric for high-performance wearable strain sensors. Adv Funct Mater, 2017, 27 1604795

[210] Liu T, Cai C, Ma R, Deng Y, Tu L, Fan Y, Lu D. Super-hydrophobic cellulose nanofiber air filter with highly efficient filtration and humidity resistance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13: 24032

[211] Wang Q, Niu Z, Cheng W, Yang M, Yan J, Lu J, Yu H, Yue Y, Wei Y, Wang D, Zhang S, Ding B, Han G. Sustainable biomass-based filter for high-efficiency pm0.3 filtration. Nat Commun, 2025, 16: 6596

[212] Prathap A, Sureshan KM. Organogelator–cellulose composite for practical and eco-friendly marine oil-spill recovery. Angewandte Chemie Int Edit., 2017, 56: 9405

[213] Deng P, Li X, Wang Y, He Z, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Schalm GM, Li T. Highly stretchable ionic and electronic conductive fabric. Adv Fiber Mater, 2023, 5: 198

[214] Gong R, Dong Y, Ge D, Miao Z, Yu H-Y. Wet spinning fabrication of robust and uniform intrinsically conductive cellulose nanofibril/silk conductive fibers as bifunctional strain/humidity sensor in potential smart dressing. Adv Fiber Mater, 2024, 6: 993

[215] Tafete GA, Abera MK, Thothadri G. Review on nanocellulose-based materials for supercapacitors applications. J Energy Stor., 2022, 48 103938

[216] Wang H, Mo C, Zhang X, Zheng J, Han G, Qiu H, Li B, Yin K, Zhou Z. Bioinspired cellulose-based ultra-slippery film with superior transmittance, anti-fouling and de-icing properties for the durable and efficient output of solar panels. Adv Sci, 2025, 12 e14626

[217] Dogaru A-I, Oprea O-C, Isopencu G-O, Banciu A, Jinga S-I, Busuioc C. Bacterial cellulose-based nanocomposites for wound healing applications. Polymers, 2025, 17: 1225

[218] Pasaribu KM, Mahendra IP, Karina M, Masruchin N, Sholeha NA, Gea S, Gupta A, Johnston B, Radecka I. A review: current trends and future perspectives of bacterial nanocellulose-based wound dressings. Int J Biol Macromol, 2024, 279 135602

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(32571995)

Rights & permissions

Donghua University, Shanghai, China

Just Accepted

This article has successfully passed peer review and final editorial review, and will soon enter typesetting, proofreading and other publishing processes. The currently displayed version is the accepted final manuscript. The officially published version will be updated with format, DOI and citation information upon launch. We recommend that you pay attention to subsequent journal notifications and preferentially cite the officially published version. Thank you for your support and cooperation.