Progress in Fiber Thermoelectric Materials for Next-Generation Wearable Applications

Abstract

Thermoelectric conversion directly converts heat into electricity and offers a sustainable, solid-state pathway for energy harvesting, holding particular promise for next-generation wearable electronics. Beyond conventional thin-film and bulk configurations, the advent of fiber-shaped thermoelectric materials has opened new horizons by combining flexibility, breathability, and seamless textile compatibility. These merits make thermoelectric fibers particularly attractive for constructing distributed, body-conformal, and self-sustaining electronic systems. Herein, recent progress in inorganic, organic, and hybrid thermoelectric fibers is systematically reviewed, with particular emphasis on materials design, scalable fabrication strategies, and device engineering. Subsequently, their integration into wearable systems is elaborated, encompassing diverse applications in personalized healthcare and human–machine interfaces. Finally, we critically discuss the key challenges, including performance enhancement, long-term durability, and seamless system-level integration. This discussion aims to provide insights and guidance for advancing thermoelectric fibers toward intelligent, sustainable, and fully autonomous wearable technologies.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Thermoelectric / Fibers / Wearable / Devices / Applications

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(52473277)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Donghua University, Shanghai, China