Electrospun Nanofibrous Materials for Emergent Application and a Sustainable Future

Abstract

Since ancient times, fibrous materials have played a crucial role in human life. Due to their structural features, e.g. a large surface-to-volume ratio and porosity, and enhanced pore connectivity, nanofibrous materials have emerged as a particular area of focus for current research. Among the various related methods, because of the relatively simple equipment required, ease of operation, vast material selection (from polymers to inorganics), and feasibility of continuous production and industrial upscaling, electrospinning is widely utilised to fabricate nanofibres. Advancements in electrospinning technology depend on advancements in both our theoretical understanding and design of advanced manufacturing equipment for the widespread commercial applications of electrospun fibrous materials. This review examines electrospinning technology, covering its fundamental principles, experimental configurations, and diverse applications. Ways to customise the chemical, structural, and functional characteristics of electrospun nanofibres are discussed, with these customizations being essential for such fibres’ wide range of uses, such as in creating waterproof and breathable membranes, air filtration, warmth retention, noise reduction, high-temperature insulation, energy harvesting and storage, biomedicine, and emerging fields. Finally, this paper addresses current challenges facing electrospinning technology and offers future directions of research and development as well as prospective applications.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Electrospun fibres / Composites / Fabrication methods / Applications

References

[1] Shi Q, Sun J, Hou C, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang H. Advanced functional fiber and smart textile. Adv Fiber Mater. 2019, 1: 3.

[2] Gibson UJ, Wei L, Ballato J. Semiconductor core fibres: materials science in a bottle. Nat Commun. 2021, 123990.

[3] Chen M, Li P, Wang R, Xiang Y, Huang Z, Yu Q. Multifunctional fiber‐enabled intelligent health agents. Adv Mater. 2022, 342200985.

[4] Chen L, Mei S, Fu K, Zhou J. Spinning the future: the convergence of nanofiber technologies and yarn fabrication. ACS Nano. 2024, 1815358.

[5] Ding B. Preparation and characterization of nanoscaled poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers via electrospinning. Fibers Polym. 2002, 333.

[6] An HJ, Choi YC, Oh HJ, Nam I-W, Kim HD, Hahm W-G. Structure development in high-speed melt spinning of high-molecularweight poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene islands-in-the-seabicomponent fibers. Polymer. 2022, 238124365.

[7] Zhao J, Han W, Chen H, Tu M, Zeng R, Shi Y. Preparation, structure and crystallinity of chitosan nano-fibers by a solid–liquid phase separation technique. Carbohydr Polym. 2011, 831541.

[8] Yan H, Zhong M, Lv Z, Wan P. Stretchable electronic sensors of nanocomposite network films for ultrasensitive chemical vapor sensing. Small. 2017, 131701697.

[9] Sun S, Liang H-W, Wang H, Zou Q. Light-triggered self-assembly of peptide nanoparticles into nanofibers in living cells through molecular conformation changes and H-bond interactions. ACS Nano. 2022, 1618978.

[10] Yang W, Lv L, Li X, Han X, Li M, Li C. Quaternized silk nanofibrils for electricity generation from moisture and ion rectification. ACS Nano. 2020, 1410600.

[11] Zhu Z, Chen T, Huang F, Wang S, Zhu P, Xu RX. Free‐boundary microfluidic platform for advanced materials manufacturing and applications. Adv Mater. 2023, 362304840.

[12] Shi S, Si Y, Han Y, Wu T, Iqbal MI, Fei B. Recent progress in protective membranes fabricated via electrospinning: advanced materials, biomimetic structures, and functional applications. Adv Mater. 2022, 342107938.

[13] Liu C, Wang S, Wang N, Yu J, Liu Y-T, Ding B. From 1D nanofibers to 3D nanofibrous aerogels: a marvellous evolution of electrospun SiO2 nanofibers for emerging applications. Nano Micro Lett. 2022, 14194.

[14] Liu H, Liu X, Yu J, Liu Y-T, Ding B. Recent progress in electrospun Al2O3 nanofibers: component design, structure regulation and performance optimization. Appl Mater Today. 2022, 29101675.

[15] Chen S, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zhu C, Zhang Y. Status and strategies for fabricating flexible oxide ceramic micro-nanofiber materials. Mater Today. 2022, 61139.

[16] Lu TD, Wang Q, Gu SS, Sun SP. Beyond symmetry: exploring asymmetric electrospun nanofiber membranes for liquid separation. Adv Funct Mater. 2023, 342310218.

[17] Liu H, Yu J, Zhang S, Ding B. Air-conditioned masks using nanofibrous networks for daytime radiative cooling. Nano Lett. 2022, 229485.

[18] Wang F, Si Y, Yu JY, Ding B. Tailoring nanonets-engineered superflexible nanofibrous aerogels with hierarchical cage-like architecture enables renewable antimicrobial air filtration. Adv Funct Mater. 2021, 312107223.

[19] Gong X, Yin X, Wang F, Liu X, Yu J, Zhang S. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes: a versatile medium for waterproof and breathable application. Small. 2022, 192205067.

[20] Zhou W, Yu JY, Zhang S, Ding B. Direct electrospinning of fluorine-free waterproof polyamide/polydimethylsiloxane nanofibrous membranes with highly breathable performance. Compos Commun. 2022, 35101337.

[21] Ding Y, Li W, Zhang F, Liu Z, Zanjanizadeh Ezazi N, Liu D. Electrospun fibrous architectures for drug delivery, tissue engineering and cancer therapy. Adv Funct Mater. 2018, 291802852.

[22] Wang S, Fan P, Liu W, Hu B, Guo J, Wang Z. Research progress of flexible electronic devices based on electrospun nanofibers. ACS Nano. 2024, 184631737.

[23] Lu X, Wang C, Favier F, Pinna N. Electrospun nanomaterials for supercapacitor electrodes: designed architectures and electrochemical performance. Adv Energy Mater. 2016, 71601301.

[24] Cao L, Shan H, Zong D, Yu X, Yin X, Si Y. Fire-resistant and hierarchically structured elastic ceramic nanofibrous aerogels for efficient low-frequency noise reduction. Nano Lett. 2022, 221609.

[25] Wu H, Cai H, Zhang S, Yu J, Ding B. Ultralight, superelastic, and washable nanofibrous sponges with rigid-flexible coupling architecture enable reusable warmth retention. Nano Lett. 2022, 22830.

[26] Wang S, Liu C, Wang F, Yin X, Yu J, Zhang S. Recent advances in ultrafine fibrous materials for effective warmth retention. Adv Fiber Mater. 2022, 5847.

[27] Zhang X, Cheng X, Si Y, Yu J, Ding B. Elastic and highly fatigue resistant ZrO2-SiO2 nanofibrous aerogel with low energy dissipation for thermal insulation. Chem Eng J. 2022, 433133628.

[28] Liu H, Qiang S, Wu F, Zhu X-D, Liu X, Yu J. Scalable synthesis of flexible single-atom monolithic catalysts for high-efficiency, durable CO oxidation at low temperature. ACS Nano. 2023, 1719431.

[29] Kapat K, Shubhra QTH, Zhou M, Leeuwenburgh S. Piezoelectric nano‐biomaterials for biomedicine and tissue regeneration. Adv Funct Mater. 2020, 301909045.

[30] Jonidi Shariatzadeh F, Currie S, Logsetty S, Spiwak R, Liu S. Enhancing wound healing and minimizing scarring: a comprehensive review of nanofiber technology in wound dressings. Prog Mater Sci. 2025, 147101350.

[31] Mokhtari F, Samadi A, Rashed AO, Li X, Razal JM, Kong L. Recent progress in electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based nanofibers for sustainable energy and environmental applications. Prog Mater Sci. 2025, 148101376.

[32] Rahmati M, Mills DK, Urbanska AM, Saeb MR, Venugopal JR, Ramakrishna S. Electrospinning for tissue engineering applications. Prog Mater Sci. 2021, 117100721.

[33] Gao Q, Agarwal S, Greiner A, Zhang T. Electrospun fiber-based flexible electronics: fiber fabrication, device platform, functionality integration and applications. Prog Mater Sci. 2023, 137101139.

[34] Babazadeh-Mamaqani M, Razzaghi D, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Babaie A, Rezaei M, Hoogenboom R. Photo-responsive electrospun polymer nanofibers: mechanisms, properties, and applications. Prog Mater Sci. 2024, 146101312.

[35] Ren X, Liu H, Wang J, Yu J. Electrospinning-derived functional carbon-based materials for energy conversion and storage. Chin Chem Lett. 2024, 35109282.

[36] Si Y, Shi S, Hu J. Electrospinning and electrospraying synergism: twins-tech collaboration across dimensions. Matter. 2024, 71373-1405.

[37] Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang M, Ge M, Wang J, Tang Y. Rational design of electrospun nanofibers for gas purification: principles, opportunities, and challenges. Chem Eng J. 2022, 446: 137099.

[38] Huang J, Pang H, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhang C, Zhang W. Electrospinning biohybrid technology for wastewater treatment: principle, applications and perspectives. Chem Eng J. 2024.

[39] Nazemi MM, Khodabandeh A, Hadjizadeh A. Near-field electrospinning: crucial parameters, challenges, and applications. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2022, 5394.

[40] Zhan L, Deng J, Ke Q, Li X, Ouyang Y, Huang C. Grooved fibers: preparation principles through electrospinning and potential applications. Adv Fiber Mater. 2022.

[41] Alli YA, Bamisaye A, Onawole AT, Oladoye PO, Bankole OM, Koivisto B. Coaxial electrospinning: design, characterization, mechanistic insights and their emerging applications in solar cells. Nano Energy. 2024.

[42] Kianfar P, Bongiovanni R, Ameduri B, Vitale A. Electrospinning of fluorinated polymers: current state of the art on processes and applications. Polym Rev. 2023, 63127.

[43] Nguyen TD, Lee JS. Electrospinning-based carbon nanofibers for energy and sensor applications. Appl Sci. 2022, 126048.

[44] Flores-Rojas GG, Gómez-Lazaro B, López-Saucedo F, Vera-Graziano R, Bucio E, Mendizábal E. Electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering: a review. Macromol. 2023, 3524.

[45] Si Y, Shi S, Hu J. Applications of electrospinning in human health: from detection, protection, regulation to reconstruction. Nano Today. 2023, 48101723.

[46] Tayebi-Khorrami V, Rahmanian-Devin P, Fadaei MR, Movaffagh J, Askari VR. Advanced applications of smart electrospun nanofibers in cancer therapy: with insight into material capabilities and electrospinning parameters. Int J Pharm: X. 2024.

[47] Xing J, Zhang M, Liu X, Wang C, Xu N, Xing D. Multi-material electrospinning: from methods to biomedical applications. Mater Today Bio. 2023.

[48] Wang Y, Khan MA, Chen K, Zhang L, Chen X. Electrospinning of natural biopolymers for innovative food applications: a review. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2023, 16704.

[49] Lopez-Polo J, Muñoz-Shugulí C, Vidal MP, Vidal CP. Electrospun edible films and coatings: development, functionality and food applications. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2024, 143104253.

[50] Song J, Lin X, Ee LY, Li SFY, Huang M. A review on electrospinning as versatile supports for diverse nanofibers and their applications in environmental sensing. Adv Fiber Mater. 2023, 5429.

[51] Borah AR, Hazarika P, Duarah R, Goswami R, Hazarika S. Biodegradable electrospun membranes for sustainable industrial applications. ACS Omega. 2024, 911129.

[52] Zhang X, Ru Z, Sun Y, Zhang M, Wang J, Ge M. Recent advances in applications for air pollutants purification and perspectives of electrospun nanofibers. J Cleaner Prod. 2022, 378134567.

[53] Liu Y, Lv H, Liu Y, Gao Y, Kim HY, Ouyang Y. Progresses on electrospun metal–organic frameworks nanofibers and their wastewater treatment applications. Mater Today Chem. 2022, 25100974.

[54] Zeleny J. The electrical discharge from liquid points, and a hydrostatic method of measuring the electric intensity at their surfaces. Phys Rev. 1914, 369.

[55] Xue JJ, Wu T, Dai YQ, Xia YN. Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: methods, materials, and applications. Chem Rev. 2019, 1195298.

[56] Taylor GI. Electrically driven jets. Proc Royal Soc Lond Math Phys Sci. 1969, 313453

[57] Baumgarten PK. Electrostatic spinning of acrylic microfibers. J Colloid Interface Sci. 1971, 3671.

[58] Shin YM, Hohman MM, Brenner MP, Rutledge GC. Experimental characterization of electrospinning: the electrically forced jet and instabilities. Polymer. 2001, 4209955.

[59] Zhang F, Li Y, Ding B, Shao G, Li N, Zhang P. Electrospinning photocatalysis meet in situ irradiated XPS: recent mechanisms advances and challenges. Small. 2023, 192303867.

[60] Liao Y, Loh C-H, Tian M, Wang R, Fane AG. Progress in electrospun polymeric nanofibrous membranes for water treatment: fabrication, modification and applications. Prog Polym Sci. 2018, 7769.

[61] Nuansing W, Georgilis E, de Oliveira TVAG, Charalambidis G, Eleta A, Coutsolelos AG. Electrospinning of tetraphenylporphyrin compounds into wires. Part Part Syst Char. 2014, 3188.

[62] Geltmeyer J, De Roo J, den Van Broeck F, Martins JC, De Buysser K, De Clerck K. The influence of tetraethoxysilane sol preparation on the electrospinning of silica nanofibers. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 2016, 77453.

[63] Wang X, Ding B, Yu J, Yang J. Large-scale fabrication of two-dimensional spider-web-like gelatin nano-nets via electro-netting. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2011, 86345.

[64] Sharma GK, James NR. Progress in electrospun polymer composite fibers for microwave absorption and electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl Electron Mater. 2021, 34657.

[65] Yarin AL, Koombhongse S, Reneker DH. Taylor cone and jetting from liquid droplets in electrospinning of nanofibers. J Appl Phys. 2001, 904836.

[66] Taylor GI. Disintegration of water drops in an electric field. Proc R Soc Lond A Math Phys Sci. 1964, 280383

[67] Collins RT, Jones JJ, Harris MT, Basaran OA. Electrohydrodynamic tip streaming and emission of charged drops from liquid cones. Nat Phys. 2008, 4149.

[68] Helgeson ME, Grammatikos KN, Deitzel JM, Wagner NJ. Theory and kinematic measurements of the mechanics of stable electrospun polymer jets. Polymer. 2008, 492924.

[69] Reneker DH, Yarin AL. Electrospinning jets and polymer nanofibers. Polymer. 2008, 492387.

[70] He J-H, Wu Y, Zuo W-W. Critical length of straight jet in electrospinning. Polymer. 2005, 4612637.

[71] Liu F, Guo R, Shen M, Wang S, Shi X. Effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun poly [(lactic acid)‐co‐(glycolic acid)] nanofibers. Macromol Mater Eng. 2009, 294666.

[72] Shin YM, Hohman MM, Brenner MP, Rutledge GC. Electrospinning: a whipping fluid jet generates submicron polymer fibers. Appl Phys Lett. 2001, 781149.

[73] Deitzel JM, Kleinmeyer JD, Hirvonen JK, Beck Tan NC. Controlled deposition of electrospun poly(ethylene oxide) fibers. Polymer. 2001, 428163.

[74] Collins G, Federici J, Imura Y, Catalani LH. Charge generation, charge transport, and residual charge in the electrospinning of polymers: a review of issues and complications. J Appl Phys. 2012.

[75] Keirouz A, Wang Z, Reddy VS, Nagy ZK, Vass P, Buzgo M. The history of electrospinning: past, present, and future developments. Adv Mater Technol. 2023, 82201723.

[76] Shen W, Ao F, Ge X, Ning Y, Wang L, Ren H. Effects of solvents on electrospun fibers and the biological application of different hydrophilic electrospun mats. Mater Today Commun. 2022, 30103093.

[77] Avossa J, Herwig G, Toncelli C, Itel F, Rossi RM. Electrospinning based on benign solvents: current definitions, implications and strategies. Green Chem. 2022, 242347-2375.

[78] Yin J-Y, Boaretti C, Lorenzetti A, Martucci A, Roso M, Modesti M. Effects of solvent and electrospinning parameters on the morphology and piezoelectric properties of PVDF nanofibrous membrane. Nanomaterials. 2022, 12: 962.

[79] Sivan M, Madheswaran D, Hauzerova S, Novotny V, Hedvicakova V, Jencova V. AC electrospinning: impact of high voltage and solvent on the electrospinnability and productivity of polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds. Mater Today Chem. 2022, 26101025.

[80] Han D, Steckl AJ. Coaxial electrospinning formation of complex polymer fibers and their applications. ChemPlusChem. 2019, 84. 1453

[81] Coles SR, Wooldridge A. Optimising solutions for electrospinning. In: Mitchell, Geoffrey R.,(ed.) Electrospinning : Principles, Practice and Possibilities. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2015 pp. 57-70

[82] Shepa I, Mudra E, Dusza J. Electrospinning through the prism of time. Mater Today Chem. 2021, 21100543.

[83] Fong H, Chun I, Reneker DH. Beaded nanofibers formed during electrospinning. Polymer. 1999, 404585.

[84] Bhardwaj N, Kundu SC. Electrospinning: a fascinating fiber fabrication technique. Biotechnol Adv. 2010, 28325.

[85] Zong X, Kim K, Fang D, Ran S, Hsiao BS, Chu B. Structure and process relationship of electrospun bioabsorbable nanofiber membranes. Polymer. 2002, 434403.

[86] Sun Z, Deitzel JM, Knopf J, Chen X, Gillespie JJW. The effect of solvent dielectric properties on the collection of oriented electrospun fibers. J Appl Polym Sci. 2012, 1252585.

[87] Isaac B, Taylor RM, Reifsnider K. Mechanical and dielectric properties of aligned electrospun fibers. Fibers. 2021, 94.

[88] He Z, Rault F, Lewandowski M, Mohsenzadeh E, Salaün F. Electrospun PVDF nanofibers for piezoelectric applications: a review of the influence of electrospinning parameters on the β phase and crystallinity enhancement. Polymers. 2021.

[89] Azimi B, Milazzo M, Lazzeri A, Berrettini S, Uddin MJ, Qin Z. Electrospinning piezoelectric fibers for biocompatible devices. Adv Healthc Mater. 2020, 91901287.

[90] Salas C. Solution electrospinning of nanofibers. Electrospun nanofibers. 2017, 7339

[91] Bhattarai RS, Bachu RD, Boddu SHS, Bhaduri S. Biomedical applications of electrospun nanofibers: drug and nanoparticle delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2018, 115.

[92] Yang G-Z, Li H-P, Yang J-H, Wan J, Yu D-G. Influence of working temperature on the formation of electrospun polymer nanofibers. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2017, 121.

[93] Huang L, Bui NN, Manickam SS, McCutcheon JR. Controlling electrospun nanofiber morphology and mechanical properties using humidity. J Polym Sci B: Polym Physi. 2011, 491734.

[94] Ji D, Lin Y, Guo X, Ramasubramanian B, Wang R, Radacsi N. Electrospinning of nanofibres. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2024, 4. 1

[95] Lei TP, Lu XZ, Yang F. Fabrication of various micro/nano structures by modified near field electrospining. 2015, USA, AIP Advances

[96] Fattahi P, Dover JT, Brown JL. 3D near‐field electrospinning of biomaterial microfibers with potential for blended microfiber‐cell‐loaded gel composite structures. Adv Healthc Mater. 2017, 61700456.

[97] Chang J, Liu Y, Heo K, Lee BY, Lee SW, Lin L. Direct-write complementary graphene field effect transistors and junctions via near-field electrospinning. Small. 2014, 101920.

[98] Akampumuza O, Gao H, Zhang H, Wu D, Qin XH. Raising nanofiber output: the progress, mechanisms, challenges, and reasons for the pursuit. Macromol Mater Eng. 2018, 3031700269.

[99] Zheng Y, Gong RH, Zeng Y. Multijet motion and deviation in electrospinning. RSC Adv. 2015, 548533.

[100] Li D, Yue G, Li S. Fabrication and applications of multi-fluidic electrospinning multi-structure hollow and core–shell nanofibers. Engineering. 2022, 13116.

[101] Yue Y. Design of porous polydimethylsiloxane for non-fouling filtration. 2023, Canada, University of Toronto

[102] Hutmacher DW, Dalton PD. Melt electrospinning. Chem Asian J. 2011, 644.

[103] Havet M. Effect of process parameters on the EHD airflow. J Electrostat. 2009, 67222.

[104] Zhang M, Peng X, Fan P, Zhou Y, Xiao P. Recent progress in preparation and application of fibers using microfluidic spinning technology. Macromol Chem Phys. 2022, 2232100451.

[105] Lu J-L, Liu S-Y, Zou L. Graphene oxide-polydopamine loaded uniform fibrous membranes via robust multi-channel microfluidic-electrospinning method. Sep Purif Technol. 2025, 357130014.

[106] Jha BS, Colello RJ, Bowman JR. Two pole air gap electrospinning: fabrication of highly aligned, three-dimensional scaffolds for nerve reconstruction. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7203.

[107] Chen Z, Wang L, Chen C. NSC-derived extracellular matrix-modified GelMA hydrogel fibrous scaffolds for spinal cord injury repair. NPG Asia Mater. 2022, 1420.

[108] Yang Y, Yin X, Wang H. Engineering a wirelessly self-powered and electroconductive scaffold to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Nano Energy. 2023, 107108145.

[109] Liu Y, Zhang X, Xia Y, Yang H. Magnetic-field-assisted electrospinning of aligned straight and wavy polymeric nanofibers. Adv Mater. 2010, 222454.

[110] Chang W-M, Wang C-C, Chen C-Y. The combination of electrospinning and forcespinning: effects on a viscoelastic jet and a single nanofiber. Chem Eng J. 2014, 244540.

[111] Khamforoush M, Asgari T. A modified electro-centrifugal spinning method to enhance the production rate of highly aligned nanofiber. NANO. 2014, 101550016.

[112] Kancheva M, Toncheva A, Manolova N, Rashkov I. Advanced centrifugal electrospinning setup. Mater Lett. 2014, 136150.

[113] Dorati R, Chiesa E, Pisani S. The effect of process parameters on alignment of tubular electrospun nanofibers for tissue regeneration purposes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2020, 58101781.

[114] Huang Y, You X, Tang Z, Tong KY, Guo P, Zhao N. Interface engineering of flexible piezoresistive sensors via near‐field electrospinning processed spacer layers. Small Methods. 2021, 52000842.

[115] Jiang J, Zheng G, Wang X. Arced multi-nozzle electrospinning spinneret for high-throughput production of nanofibers. Micromachines. 2019, 1127.

[116] Lu Y, Xiao X, Zhan Y. Core-sheath paraffin-wax-loaded nanofibers by electrospinning for heat storage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018, 1012759.

[117] Liu Y, Zhang L, Sun X-F, Liu J, Fan J, Huang D-W. Multi-jet electrospinning via auxiliary electrode. Mater Lett. 2015, 141153.

[118] SalehHudin HS, Mohamad EN, Mahadi WNL, Muhammad Afifi A. Multiple-jet electrospinning methods for nanofiber processing: a review. Mater Manuf Process. 2018, 33479.

[119] Park CH, Pant HR, Kim CS. Novel robot-assisted angled multi-nozzle electrospinning set-up: computer simulation with experimental observation of electric field and fiber morphology. Text Res J. 2014, 841044.

[120] Xie S, Zeng Y. Effects of electric field on multineedle electrospinning: experiment and simulation study. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2012, 515336.

[121] Varesano A, Carletto RA, Mazzuchetti G. Experimental investigations on the multi-jet electrospinning process. J Mater Process Technol. 2009, 2095178.

[122] Jiang S, Duan G, Zussman E, Greiner A, Agarwal S. Highly flexible and tough concentric triaxial polystyrene fibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014, 65918.

[123] Hochleitner G, Jüngst T, Brown TD. Additive manufacturing of scaffolds with sub-micron filaments via melt electrospinning writing. Biofabrication. 2015, 7035002.

[124] Brown TD, Dalton PD, Hutmacher DW. Direct writing by way of melt electrospinning. Adv Mater. 2011, 235651.

[125] Jiang G, Zhang S, Wang Y, Qin X. An improved free surface electrospinning with micro-bubble solution system for massive production of nanofibers. Mater Lett. 2015, 14422.

[126] Jirsak O, Sanetrnik F, Lukas D, Kotek V, Martinova L, Chaloupek J. Method of nanofibres production from a polymer solution using electrostatic spinning and a device for carrying out the metho. 2009, US, Google Patents

[127] Niu H, Wang X, Lin T. Needleless electrospinning: influences of fibre generator geometry. J Text Inst. 2012, 103787.

[128] Korkjas A, Laar K, Salmi A. An ultrasound-enhanced electrospinning for generating multilayered nanofibrous structures. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2022, 78103935.

[129] Molnar K, Nagy ZK. Corona-electrospinning: needleless method for high-throughput continuous nanofiber production. Eur Polym J. 2016, 74279.

[130] Farkas B, Balogh A, Cselkó R. Corona alternating current electrospinning: a combined approach for increasing the productivity of electrospinning. Int J Pharm. 2019, 561219.

[131] Vass P, Nagy ZK, Kóczián R. Continuous drying of a protein-type drug using scaled-up fiber formation with HP-β-CD matrix resulting in a directly compressible powder for tableting. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020, 141105089.

[132] Tang Q, Ji C, Wei G. Microfluidic electrospinning core–shell nanofibers for anti-corrosion coatings with efficient self-healing properties. Adv Sci. 2025, 122409751.

[133] Chen R, Liu Z, Cui T. HE@PCL/PCE gel-nanofiber dressing with robust self-adhesion toward high wound-healing rate via microfluidic electrospinning technology. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023, 1546322.

[134] Li Q, Chen R, Cui T. Robust gradient hydrogel-loaded nanofiber fleshy artificial skin via a coupled microfluidic electrospinning-reactive coating strategy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2024, 132304321.

[135] Cheng R, Liang Z-B, Shen H, Guo J, Wang C-F, Chen S. In-situ synthesis of stable perovskite quantum dots in core-shell nanofibers via microfluidic electrospinning. Chin Chem Lett. 2023, 34107384.

[136] Gilmore TS, Gouma P-I. Scalable electrospinning using a desktop, high throughput, self-contained system. Sci Rep. 2024, 1425844.

[137] Yin J, Ahmed A, Xu L. High-throughput free surface electrospinning using solution reservoirs with different depths and its preparation mechanism study. Adv Fiber Mater. 2021, 3251.

[138] Hoffmann A, Kuehne AJC. High throughput centrifugal electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers for carbon fiber nonwovens. Polymers. 2021.

[139] Kwak BE, Yoo HJ, Lee E, Kim DH. Large-scale centrifugal multispinning production of polymer micro- and nanofibers for mask filter application with a potential of cospinning mixed multicomponent fibers. ACS Macro Lett. 2021, 10382.

[140] Stanishevsky A, Yager R, Nealy S, Severino C, Maniukiewicz W. High throughput fabrication of zirconium titanate nanofibers by using alternating field electrospinning. Mater Lett. 2023, 330133318.

[141] Beaudoin ÉJ, Kubaski MM, Samara M, Zednik RJ, Demarquette NR. Scaled-up multi-needle electrospinning process using parallel plate auxiliary electrodes. Nanomaterials. 2022, 121356.

[142] Ismail MF, Wu R, Khodamoradi M, Hassan I, Selvaganapathy PR. High‐throughput production of gelatin‐based touch‐spun nanofiber for biomedical applications. Adv Eng Mater. 2024, 262401022.

[143] Nagy ZK, Balogh A, Démuth B. High speed electrospinning for scaled-up production of amorphous solid dispersion of itraconazole. Int J Pharm. 2015, 480137.

[144] Mu'min MS, Krieger A, Wagner M, Thiele S, Kerres J. High‐throughput electrospinning of unmodified and aminated poly (pentafluorostyrene) for fiber‐reinforced proton exchange membranes. Macromol Mater Eng. 2025, 3102400078.

[145] Gong X, Ding M, Gao P. High-performance waterproof, breathable, and radiative cooling membranes based on nanoarchitectured fiber/meshworks. Nano Lett. 2023, 2311337.

[146] Sun F, Zheng YX, Che T. Durably strength and highly breathable bi-layered membrane with tunable wettability via one-step electrospinning constructing. Fibers Polym. 2023, 243467.

[147] Zhou W, Gong XB, Li Y. Waterborne electrospinning of fluorine-free stretchable nanofiber membranes with waterproof and breathable capabilities for protective textiles. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 602105.

[148] Jia Y, Yang C, Chen X. A review on electrospun magnetic nanomaterials: methods, properties and applications. J Mater Chem C. 2021, 99042.

[149] Gong X, Ji Y, Liu XY, Yu JY, Zhang SC, Ding B. Biomimetic and durably superhydrophobic nanofibrous membranes for high-performance waterproof and breathable textiles. Adv Funct Mater. 2024.

[150] Gong X, Ding M, Gao P. High-performance liquid-repellent and thermal-wet comfortable membranes using triboelectric nanostructured nanofber/meshes. Adv Mater. 2023, 35512305606.

[151] Ozbey-Unal B, Gezmis-Yavuz E, Eryildiz B, Koseoglu-Imer DY, Keskinler B, Koyuncu I. Boron removal from geothermal water by nanofiber-based membrane distillation membranes with significantly improved surface hydrophobicity. J Environ Chem Eng. 2020, 8104113.

[152] Seoul C, Kim YT, Baek CK. Electrospinning of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/dimethylformamide solutions with carbon nanotubes. J Polym Sci B. 2003, 411572.

[153] Yang F, Li Y, Yu X. Hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride fibrous membranes with simultaneously water/windproof and breathable performance. RSC Adv. 2016, 687820.

[154] Li Y, Yang F, Yu J, Ding B. Hydrophobic fibrous membranes with tunable porous structure for equilibrium of breathable and waterproof performance. Adv Mater Interfaces. 2016, 31600516.

[155] Ren GH, Lu DX, Zhang YH. Poly(methyl methacrylate) embedded fluorine-free polyurethane electrospun nanofiber membranes with enhanced waterproof and breathable performance. Compos Commun. 2023, 43101698.

[156] Zhou W, Xi Y, Yang L. Green-solvent-processed fibrous membranes with water/oil/dust-resistant and breathable performances for protective textiles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020, 132081.

[157] Wang JJ, Wei CF, Yuan Y, Shi QR, Zhong DC, Wang XY. UV-assisted stabilization of superhydrophobic nanofibrous membranes for waterproof, breathable and thermal insulation applications. Colloids Surf A. 2024, 680132634.

[158] Li Y, Zhong LB, Zhang QJ. Highly breathable and durable waterproof polyimide electrospun nanofibrous membrane for potential reusable protective clothing application: preparation, characterization and performance. J Membr Sci. 2024, 693122354.

[159] Zhang L, Guo Y, Mo R. Hierarchical weaving metafabric for unidirectional water transportation and evaporative cooling. Adv Funct Mater. 2023, 33202307590

[160] Shi S, Wu HB, Zhi CW. A skin-like nanostructured membrane for advanced wound dressing. Compos B. 2023, 250110438.

[161] Sills J, Prather KA, Marr LC. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Science. 2020, 370303.

[162] Yang X, Wang S, Liu M. All‐nanofiber‐based janus epidermal electrode with directional sweat permeability for artifact‐free biopotential monitoring. Small. 2022, 182106477.

[163] Han S, Kim J, Ko SH. Advances in air filtration technologies: Structure-based and interaction-based approaches. Mater Today Adv. 2021, 9100134.

[164] Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Feng Z, Yu D-G, Wang K. Electrospun nanofiber membranes for air filtration: a review. Nanomaterials. 2022, 121077.

[165] Le B, Omran N, Elnabawy E. Exploring advances in nanofiber-based face masks: a comprehensive review of mechanical, electrostatic, and antimicrobial functionality filtration for the removal of airborne particulate matter and pathogens. Emergent Mater. 2024, 7765.

[166] Xiong J, Li A, Liu Y, Wang L, Qin X, Yu J. Multi-scale nanoarchitectured fibrous networks for high-performance, self-sterilization, and recyclable face masks. Small. 2022, 182105570.

[167] Zhang S, Liu H, Tang N, Zhou S, Yu J, Ding B. Spider-web-inspired PM_0.3 filters based on self-sustained electrostatic nanostructured networks. Adv Mater. 2020, 322002361.

[168] Lin S, Wang S, Yang W. Trap-induced dense monocharged perfluorinated electret nanofibers for recyclable multifunctional healthcare mask. ACS Nano. 2021, 155486.

[169] Lu T, Cui J, Qu Q. Multistructured electrospun nanofibers for air filtration: a review. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021, 1323293.

[170] Scaffaro R, Citarrella MC. Nanofibrous polymeric membranes for air filtration application: a review of progress after the COVID-19 pandemic. Macromol Mater Eng. 2023, 3082300072.

[171] Yang Y, Li X, Zhou Z. Ultrathin, ultralight dual-scale fibrous networks with high-infrared transmittance for high-performance, comfortable and sustainable PM_0.3 filter. Nat Commun. 2024, 151586.

[172] Liu H, Zhang S, Liu L, Yu J, Ding B. A fluffy dual-network structured nanofiber/net filter enables high-efficiency air filtration. Adv Funct Mater. 2019, 291904108.

[173] Wang Q, Wei Y, Li W. Polarity-dominated stable N97 respirators for airborne virus capture based on nanofibrous membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2021, 6023756.

[174] Wang L, Bian Y, Lim CK. Tribo-charge enhanced hybrid air filter masks for efficient particulate matter capture with greatly extended service life. Nano Energy. 2021, 85106015.

[175] Le TT, Curry EJ, Vinikoor T. Piezoelectric nanofiber membrane for reusable, stable, and highly functional face mask filter with long-term biodegradability. Adv Funct Mater. 2022, 322113040.

[176] Yang Y, Yang Y, Huang J. Electrospun nanocomposite fibrous membranes for sustainable face mask based on triboelectric nanogenerator with high air filtration efficiency. Adv Fiber Mater. 2023, 51505.

[177] Apostolopoulou-Kalkavoura V, Munier P, Bergström L. Thermally insulating nanocellulose-based materials. Adv Mater. 2021, 332001839.

[178] Dou L, Cheng XT, Zhang XX, Si Y, Yu JY, Ding B. Temperature-invariant superelastic, fatigue resistant, and binary-network structured silica nanofibrous aerogels for thermal superinsulation. J Mater Chem A. 2020, 87775.

[179] Bi C, Tang GH, Hu ZJ, Yang HL, Li JN. Coupling model for heat transfer between solid and gas phases in aerogel and experimental investigation. Int J Heat Mass Transfer. 2014, 79126.

[180] Neuhöfer AM, Herrmann K, Lebeda F. High-temperature thermal transport in porous silica materials: direct observation of a switch from conduction to radiation. Adv Funct Mater. 2022, 322108370.

[181] Tian Y, Wang S, Yang M. Ultrathin aerogel micro/nanofiber membranes with hierarchical cellular architecture for high-performance warmth retention. ACS Nano. 2023, 1725439.

[182] Tian YC, Chen YX, Wang S. Ultrathin aerogel-structured micro/nanofiber metafabric via dual air-gelation synthesis for self-sustainable heating. Nat Commun. 2024, 156416.

[183] Gao Q, Lauster T, Kopera BAF, Retsch M, Agarwal S, Greiner A. Breathable and flexible dual-sided nonwovens with adjustable infrared optical performances for smart textile. Adv Funct Mater. 2022, 322108808.

[184] Si Y, Yu JY, Tang XM, Ge JL, Ding B. Ultralight nanofibre-assembled cellular aerogels with superelasticity and multifunctionality. Nat Commun. 2014, 55802.

[185] Wu HY, Zhao L, Si Y, Zhang SC, Yu JY, Ding B. Ultralight and superelastic fibrous sponges with effective heat preservation and photo-thermal conversion for personal cold protection. Compos Commun. 2021, 25100766.

[186] Wang S, Zhu CH, Wang F, Yu JY, Zhang SC, Ding B. Ultralight and superelastic curly micro/nanofibrous aerogels by direct electrospinning enable high-performance warmth retention. Small. 2023, 192302835.

[187] Peng YC, Cui Y. Thermal management with innovative fibers and textiles: manipulating heat transport, storage and conversion. Natl Sci Rev. 2024, 11nwae295.

[188] Zong D, Zhang X, Yin X. Electrospun fibrous sponges: principle, fabrication, and applications. Adv Fiber Mater. 2022, 41434.

[189] Zong D, Bai W, Geng M. Direct synthesis of elastic and stretchable hierarchical structured fiber and graphene-based sponges for noise reduction. ACS Nano. 2023, 1717576.

[190] Jia C, Xu Z, Luo D, Xiang H, Zhu M. Flexible ceramic fibers: recent development in preparation and application. Adv Fiber Mater. 2022, 4573.

[191] Wang P, Lv H, Cao X, Liu Y, Yu D-G. Recent progress of the preparation and application of electrospun porous nanofibers. Polymers. 2023, 15921.

[192] Avossa J, Branda F, Marulo F. Light electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone blanket for low frequencies sound absorption. Chin J Polym Sci. 2018, 361368.

[193] Passaro J, Russo P, Bifulco A. Water resistant self-extinguishing low frequency soundproofing polyvinylpyrrolidone based electrospun blankets. Polymers. 2019, 111205.

[194] Hajimohammadi M, Soltani P, Semnani D, Taban E, Fashandi H. Nonwoven fabric coated with core-shell and hollow nanofiber membranes for efficient sound absorption in buildings. Build Environ. 2022, 213108887.

[195] Zhang L, Hou Q, Li H. Investigation on the sound absorption performance of polypropylene/polyethylene glycol ultrafine fibers by melt differential electrospinning process. Appl Acoust. 2022, 200109056.

[196] Zhou Y, Li L, Yang C. Highly efficient thermo-acoustic insulating aerogels enabled by resonant cavity engineering. ACS Nano. 2023, 1714883.

[197] Cao L, Si Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Yu J, Ding B. Ultralight, superelastic and bendable lashing-structured nanofibrous aerogels for effective sound absorption. Nanoscale. 2019, 112289.

[198] Cao L, Yu X, Yin X, Si Y, Yu J, Ding B. Hierarchically maze-like structured nanofiber aerogels for effective low-frequency sound absorption. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 59721.

[199] Li X, Yu X, Zhao M, Li Z, Wang Z, Zhai W. Multi-level bioinspired microlattice with broadband sound-absorption capabilities and deformation-tolerant compressive response. Adv Funct Mater. 2023, 332210160.

[200] Zong D, Cao L, Yin X. Flexible ceramic nanofibrous sponges with hierarchically entangled graphene networks enable noise absorption. Nat Commun. 2021, 126599.

[201] Cao L, Si Y, Yin X, Yu J, Ding B. Ultralight and resilient electrospun fiber sponge with a lamellar corrugated microstructure for effective low-frequency sound absorption. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019, 1135333.

[202] Feng Y, Zong D, Hou Y. Gradient structured micro/nanofibrous sponges with superior compressibility and stretchability for broadband sound absorption. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 59359.

[203] Zong D, Cao L, Li Y. Interlocked dual‐network and superelastic electrospun fibrous sponges for efficient low‐frequency noise absorption. Small Struct. 2020, 12000004.

[204] Zeuner M, Pagano S, Schnick W. Nitridosilicates and oxonitridosilicates: from ceramic materials to structural and functional diversity. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2011, 507754.

[205] Zhang Y, Liu S, Yan J. Superior flexibility in oxide ceramic crystal nanofibers. Adv Mater. 2021, 33e2105011.

[206] Liu H, Huo X, Zhao P. Confined gelation synthesis of flexible barium aluminate nanofibers as a high-performance refractory material. ACS Nano. 2024, 1829273.

[207] Si Y, Mao X, Zheng H, Yu J, Ding B. Silica nanofibrous membranes with ultra-softness and enhanced tensile strength for thermal insulation. RSC Adv. 2015, 56027.

[208] Liu C, Liao Y, Jiao W. High toughness combined with high strength in oxide ceramic nanofibers. Adv Mater. 2023, 352304401.

[209] Wang F, Dou LY, Dai JW. In situ synthesis of biomimetic silica nanofibrous aerogels with temperature-invariant superelasticity over one million compressions. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2020, 598285.

[210] Cheng W, Jiao W, Fei Y. Direct synthesis of ultralight, elastic, high-temperature insulation N-doped TiO2 ceramic nanofibrous sponges via conjugate electrospinning. Nanoscale. 2024, 16. 1135

[211] Guo JR, Fu SB, Deng YP. Hypocrystalline ceramic aerogels for thermal insulation at extreme conditions. Nature. 2022, 606909.

[212] Cheng X, Liu YT, Si Y, Yu J, Ding B. Direct synthesis of highly stretchable ceramic nanofibrous aerogels via 3D reaction electrospinning. Nat Commun. 2022, 132637.

[213] Xu Z, Liu H, Wu F. Inhibited grain growth through phase transition modulation enables excellent mechanical properties in oxide ceramic nanofibers up to 1700 °C. Adv Mater. 2023, 35442305336.

[214] Xu Z, Liu Y, Xin Q. Ceramic meta‐aerogel with thermal superinsulation up to 1700 °C constructed by self‐crosslinked nanofibrous network via reaction electrospinning. Adv Mater. 2024, 362401299.

[215] Mirjalali S, Mahdavi Varposhti A, Abrishami S. A review on wearable electrospun polymeric piezoelectric sensors and energy harvesters. Macromol Mater Eng. 2023, 3082200442.

[216] Pullanchiyodan A, Joy R, Sreeram P. Recent advances in electrospun fibers based on transition metal oxides for supercapacitor applications: a review. Energy Adv. 2023, 2922.

[217] Ilango PR, Savariraj AD, Huang H. Electrospun flexible nanofibres for batteries: design and application. Electrochem Energy Rev. 2023, 612.

[218] Zhang F, Sherrell PC, Luo W. Organic/inorganic hybrid fibers: controllable architectures for electrochemical energy applications. Adv Sci. 2021, 82102859.

[219] Luo G, Xie J, Liu J. Highly conductive, stretchable, durable, breathable electrodes based on electrospun polyurethane mats superficially decorated with carbon nanotubes for multifunctional wearable electronics. Chem Eng J. 2023, 451138549.

[220] Zhi C, Zhang S, Wu H. Perovskite nanocrystals induced core–shell inorganic–organic nanofibers for efficient energy harvesting and self-powered monitoring. ACS Nano. 2024, 189365.

[221] Venkatesan HM, Mohammad SR, Ponnan S. Cobalt ferrite-embedded polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun nanocomposites as flexible triboelectric sensors for healthcare and polysomnographic monitoring applications. Nano Energy. 2024, 129110003.

[222] Huang L, Bu X, Zhang P. The triboelectric nanogenerator with dual functions of sensing and power generation based on electrospinning. ACS Appl Energy Mater. 2024, 78767.

[223] Ponnada S, Kiai MS, Krishnapriya R, Singhal R, Sharma RK. Lithium-free batteries: needs and challenges. Energy Fuels. 2022, 366013.

[224] Hassan MM, Wang X-Y, Bristi AA, Yang R, Li X, Lu Q. Composite scaffold of electrospun nano-porous cellulose acetate membrane casted with chitosan for flexible solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Nano Energy. 2024, 128109971.

[225] Wongprasod S, Tanapongpisit N, Laohana P. Porous electrospun carbon nanofibers bearing TiO2 hollow nanospheres for supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2024, 76712.

[226] Babu A, Aazem I, Walden R, Bairagi S, Mulvihill DM, Pillai SC. Electrospun nanofiber based TENGs for wearable electronics and self-powered sensing. Chem Eng J. 2023, 452139060.

[227] Lee KH, Farheen R, Arshad Z. Optimized Cu-doping in ZnO electro-spun nanofibers for enhanced photovoltaic performance in perovskite solar cells and photocatalytic dye degradation. RSC Adv. 2024, 1415391.

[228] Xue J, Xie J, Liu W, Xia Y. Electrospun nanofibers: new concepts, materials, and applications. Acc Chem Res. 2017, 501976.

[229] Haghighat Bayan MA, Afshar Taromi F, Lanzi M, Pierini F. Enhanced efficiency in hollow core electrospun nanofiber-based organic solar cells. Sci Rep. 2021, 1121144.

[230] Li P, Lu Z-H. Interface engineering in organic electronics: energy‐level alignment and charge transport. Small Sci. 2021, 12000015.

[231] Song Q, Ye F, Yin X. Carbon nanotube–multilayered graphene edge plane core–shell hybrid foams for ultrahigh‐performance electromagnetic‐interference shielding. Adv Mater. 2017, 291701583.

[232] Gupta S, Tai N-H. Carbon materials and their composites for electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness in X-band. Carbon. 2019, 152159.

[233] Iqbal A, Sambyal P, Koo CM. 2D MXenes for electromagnetic shielding: a review. Adv Funct Mater. 2020, 302000883.

[234] Chen Y, Pang L, Li Y. Ultra-thin and highly flexible cellulose nanofiber/silver nanowire conductive paper for effective electromagnetic interference shielding. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf. 2020, 135105960.

[235] Raagulan K, Kim BM, Chai KY. Recent advancement of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of two dimensional (2D) MXene and graphene aerogel composites. Nanomaterials. 2020, 10702.

[236] Chaudhary A, Kumar R, Teotia S, Dhawan S, Dhakate SR, Kumari S. Integration of MCMBs/MWCNTs with Fe 3 O 4 in a flexible and light weight composite paper for promising EMI shielding applications. J Mater Chem C. 2017, 5322.

[237] Guo H, Chen Y, Li Y. Electrospun fibrous materials and their applications for electromagnetic interference shielding: a review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf. 2021, 143106309.

[238] Deeraj B, Paul R, Joseph K. A brief review on electrospun polymer derived carbon fibers for EMI shielding applications. Funct Compos Mater. 2024, 513.

[239] Mo R, Yin X, Li M, Ye F, Fan X, Cheng L. Relationship between microstructure and electromagnetic properties of SiC fibers. J Am Ceram Soc. 2020, 1034352.

[240] Wang P, Cheng L, Zhang L. Lightweight, flexible SiCN ceramic nanowires applied as effective microwave absorbers in high frequency. Chem Eng J. 2018, 338248.

[241] Tas M, Musa UG, Ahmed I, Xu F, Smartt C, Hou X. Functionalised SiO2 modified icephobic nanocomposite electrospun membranes for outdoor electromagnetic shielding applications. Polymer. 2022, 240124499.

[242] Ramlow H, de Souza GB, Fonseca MP, Raizer A, Rambo CR, Machado RAF. Lightweight and flexible nanostructured C/SiCN nanofiber nonwoven for electromagnetic reflection shielding of 5G C-Band frequencies. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2023, 341631.

[243] Hou Y, Cheng L, Zhang Y. SiC nanofiber mat: a broad-band microwave absorber, and the alignment effect. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017, 943072.

[244] Im JS, Kim JG, Bae T-S, Lee Y-S. Effect of heat treatment on ZrO2-embedded electrospun carbon fibers used for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. J Phys Chem Solids. 2011, 721175.

[245] Sharma GK, James NR. Highly flexible, PEDOT: PSS-polyvinylpyrrolidone coated carbon nanofiber-polydimethylsiloxane composite for electromagnetic interference shielding. Synth Met. 2023, 296117376.

[246] Li Z, Lin Z, Han M. Flexible electrospun carbon nanofibers/silicone composite films for electromagnetic interference shielding, electrothermal and photothermal applications. Chem Eng J. 2021, 420129826.

[247] Kumar P. Ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv Mater Interfaces. 2019, 61901454.

[248] Nambiar S, Yeow JT. Polymer-composite materials for radiation protection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012, 45717.

[249] Özcan M. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles decorating electrospun PAN nanofibers for enhanced radiation shielding. Physica B. 2024, 674415584.

[250] Kuželová Košt’áková E, Kozlovská M, Benediková A. Electrospun polyvinyl butyral nanofibers loaded with bismuth oxide nanoparticles for X-ray shielding. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2023, 65242.

[251] Wu Y, Wang Z. Progress in ionizing radiation shielding materials. Adv Eng Mater. 2024, 262400855.

[252] Giuliani C, De Stefano I, Mancuso M. Advanced electrospun composites based on polycaprolactone fibers loaded with micronized tungsten powders for radiation shielding. Polymers. 2024, 162590.

[253] Özcan M, Avcıoğlu S, Kaya C, Kaya F. Boron carbide reinforced electrospun nanocomposite fiber mats for radiation shielding. Polym Compos. 2023, 444155.

[254] Chen P, Wang L, Liao M. Electrospun multifunctional radiation shielding nanofibrous membrane for daily human protection. Adv Mater Technol. 2023, 82300760.

[255] Ghane N, Khalili S, Nouri Khorasani S, Esmaeely Neisiany R, Das O, Ramakrishna S. Regeneration of the peripheral nerve via multifunctional electrospun scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2021, 109437.

[256] Dorkhani E, Noorafkan Y, Salehi Z. Design and fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride-graphene oxide/gelatine nanofibrous scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2023, 341195.

[257] Chen Y, Xu W, Shafiq M. Chondroitin sulfate cross-linked three-dimensional tailored electrospun scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. Biomater Adv. 2022, 134112643.

[258] Funnell JL, Ziemba AM, Nowak JF. Assessing the combination of magnetic field stimulation, iron oxide nanoparticles, and aligned electrospun fibers for promoting neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglia in vitro. Acta Biomater. 2021, 131302.

[259] Ye K, Liu D, Kuang H. Three-dimensional electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds displaying bone morphogenetic protein-2-derived peptides for the promotion of osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and bone regeneration. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2019, 534625.

[260] Chung H-J, Kim J-T, Kim H-J. Epicardial delivery of VEGF and cardiac stem cells guided by 3-dimensional PLLA mat enhancing cardiac regeneration and angiogenesis in acute myocardial infarction. J Controlled Release. 2015, 205218.

[261] Chen X, Ge X, Qian Y. Electrospinning multilayered scaffolds loaded with melatonin and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for peripheral nerve regeneration. Adv Funct Mater. 2020, 302004537.

[262] Subramanian G, Bialorucki C, Yildirim-Ayan E. Nanofibrous yet injectable polycaprolactone-collagen bone tissue scaffold with osteoprogenitor cells and controlled release of bone morphogenetic protein-2. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol. 2015, 5116.

[263] Guo T, Yang X, Deng J, Zhu L, Wang B, Hao SA-O. Keratin nanoparticles-coating electrospun PVA nanofibers for potential neural tissue applications. J Mater Sci: Mater Med. 2019, 3019

[264] Ozer H, Bozkurt H, Bozkurt G, Demirbilek M. Regenerative potential of chitosan-coated poly-3-hydroxybutyrate conduits seeded with mesenchymal stem cells in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. Int J Neurosci. 2018, 128828.

[265] Ding Y, Li W, Correia A. Electrospun polyhydroxybutyrate/poly(ε-caprolactone)/sol–gel-derived silica hybrid scaffolds with drug releasing function for bone tissue engineering applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018, 1014540.

[266] Hu F, Zhang X, Liu H. Neuronally differentiated adipose-derived stem cells and aligned PHBV nanofiber nerve scaffolds promote sciatic nerve regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017, 489171.

[267] Lizarraga-Valderrama LR, Taylor CS, Claeyssens F, Haycock JW, Knowles JC, Roy I. Unidirectional neuronal cell growth and differentiation on aligned polyhydroxyalkanoate blend microfibres with varying diameters. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2019, 131581.

[268] Zhang R, Han S, Liang L. Ultrasonic-driven electrical signal-iron ion synergistic stimulation based on piezotronics induced neural differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on FeOOH/PVDF nanofibrous hybrid membrane. Nano Energy. 2021, 87106192.

[269] Liu J, Cheng Y, Wang H. Regulation of TiO2@ PVDF piezoelectric nanofiber membranes on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Nano Energy. 2023, 115108742.

[270] Orkwis JA, Wolf AK, Mularczyk ZJ. Mechanical stimulation of a bioactive, functionalized PVDF-TrFE scaffold provides electrical signaling for nerve repair applications. Biomater Adv. 2022, 140213081.

[271] Baiguera S, Del Gaudio C, Lucatelli E. Electrospun gelatin scaffolds incorporating rat decellularized brain extracellular matrix for neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2014, 351205.

[272] Li Y, Liu Y, Xun X, Zhang W, Xu Y, Gu D. Three-dimensional porous scaffolds with biomimetic microarchitecture and bioactivity for cartilage tissue engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019, 1136359.

[273] Karimi Tar A, Karbasi S, Naghashzargar E, Salehi H. Biodegradation and cellular evaluation of aligned and random poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)/chitosan electrospun scaffold for nerve tissue engineering applications. Mater Technol. 2020, 3592.

[274] Dhinasekaran D, Vimalraj S, Rajendran AR, Saravanan S, Purushothaman B, Subramaniam B. Bio-inspired multifunctional collagen/electrospun bioactive glass membranes for bone tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol. 2021, 126111856.

[275] Joanne P, Kitsara M, Boitard S-E. Nanofibrous clinical-grade collagen scaffolds seeded with human cardiomyocytes induces cardiac remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy. Biomaterials. 2016, 80157.

[276] Kishan AP, Cosgriff‐Hernandez EM. Recent advancements in electrospinning design for tissue engineering applications: a review. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2017, 1052892.

[277] Khorshidi S, Solouk A, Mirzadeh H. A review of key challenges of electrospun scaffolds for tissue‐engineering applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2016, 10715.

[278] Zander NE, Orlicki JA, Rawlett AM, Beebe TP. Electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds with tailored porosity using two approaches for enhanced cellular infiltration. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2013, 24179.

[279] Sundararaghavan HG, Burdick JA. Gradients with depth in electrospun fibrous scaffolds for directed cell behavior. Biomacromol. 2011, 122344.

[280] Zhang H, Lan D, Wu B. Electrospun piezoelectric scaffold with external mechanical stimulation for promoting regeneration of peripheral nerve injury. Biomacromol. 2023, 473268-3282.

[281] Behtaj S, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Advances in electrospun nerve guidance conduits for engineering neural regeneration. Pharmaceutics. 2022, 142219.

[282] Lins LC, Wianny F, Livi S, Dehay C, Duchet‐Rumeau J, Gérard JF. Effect of polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun fiber orientation on neural stem cell differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2017, 105: 2376.

[283] Duffy P, McMahon S, Wang X. Synthetic bioresorbable poly-α-hydroxyesters as peripheral nerve guidance conduits; a review of material properties, design strategies and their efficacy to date. Biomater Sci. 2019, 74912.

[284] Cheng Y, Xu Y, Qian Y, Chen X, Ouyang Y, Yuan W-E. 3D structured self-powered PVDF/PCL scaffolds for peripheral nerve regeneration. Nano Energy. 2020, 69104411.

[285] Demir US, Shahbazi R, Calamak S, Ozturk S, Gultekinoglu M, Ulubayram K. Gold nano-decorated aligned polyurethane nanofibers for enhancement of neurite outgrowth and elongation. J Biomed Mater Res. 2018, 10661604-1613.

[286] Masaeli E, Wieringa PA, Morshed M. Peptide functionalized polyhydroxyalkanoate nanofibrous scaffolds enhance Schwann cells activity. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2014, 10: 1559.

[287] Kujawska M, Kaushik A. Exploring magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENPs): a platform for implanted deep brain stimulation. Neural Regen Res. 2023, 18129.

[288] Xu D, Zhang H, Wang Y. Piezoelectric biomaterials for neural tissue engineering. Smart Med. 2023, 2e20230002.

[289] Liu Z, Cai M, Zhang X. Cell‐traction‐triggered on‐demand electrical stimulation for neuron‐like differentiation. Adv Mater. 2021, 332106317.

[290] Formica FA, Öztürk E, Hess SC. A bioinspired ultraporous nanofiber-hydrogel mimic of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Adv Healthc Mater. 2016, 53129.

[291] Javidi H, Ramazani Saadatabadi A, Sadrnezhaad SK, Najmoddin N. Preparation and characterization of self-stimuli conductive nerve regeneration conduit using co-electrospun nanofibers filled with gelatin-chitosan hydrogels containing polyaniline-graphene-ZnO nanoparticles. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater. 2022, 733165-175.

[292] Mohseni M, Sa AR, Shirazi FH, Nemati NH. Preparation and characterization of self-electrical stimuli conductive gellan based nano scaffold for nerve regeneration containing chopped short spun nanofibers of PVDF/MCM41 and polyaniline/graphene nanoparticles: physical, mechanical and morphological studies. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021, 167881.

[293] Johnson CDL, Ganguly D, Zuidema JM. Injectable, magnetically orienting electrospun fiber conduits for neuron guidance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019, 11356.

[294] Nikolova MP, Chavali MS. Recent advances in biomaterials for 3D scaffolds: a review. Bioact Mater. 2019, 4271

[295] Banimohamad-Shotorbani B, Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh A, Mehdipour A, Jarolmasjed S, Shafaei H. The efficiency of PCL/HAp electrospun nanofibers in bone regeneration: a review. J Med Eng Technol. 2021, 45511.

[296] Zhang Y, Liu X, Zeng L. Polymer fiber scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Adv Funct Mater. 2019, 291903279.

[297] Chen W, Xu Y, Liu Y. Three-dimensional printed electrospun fiber-based scaffold for cartilage regeneration. Mater Des. 2019, 179107886.

[298] Jin G, He R, Sha B. Electrospun three-dimensional aligned nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol. 2018, 92995.

[299] Gomes MR, Ferreira FC, Sanjuan-Alberte P. Electrospun piezoelectric scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Biomater Adv. 2022, 137212808.

[300] Azimi S, Golabchi A, Nekookar A. Self-powered cardiac pacemaker by piezoelectric polymer nanogenerator implant. Nano Energy. 2021, 83105781.

[301] Su Y, Chen C, Pan H. Muscle fibers inspired high-performance piezoelectric textiles for wearable physiological monitoring. Adv Funct Mater. 2021, 312010962.

[302] Qu Z, Wang Y, Dong Y. Intelligent electrospinning nanofibrous membranes for monitoring and promotion of wound healing. Materials Today Bio. 2024, 26101093.

[303] Cai Y, Chen K, Liu C, Qu X. Harnessing strategies for enhancing diabetic wound healing from the perspective of spatial inflammation patterns. Bioact Mater. 2023, 28243

[304] Wang C, Zhang Q, Hou G, Wang C, Yan H. Sustained release of EGF/bFGF growth factors achieved by mussel-inspired core–shell nanofibers with hemostatic and anti-inflammatory effects for promoting wound healing. Eur Polym J. 2023, 190112003.

[305] Pandey G, Pandey P, Arya DK. Multilayered nanofibrous scaffold of Polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) enriched with hemostatic/antibacterial agents for rapid acute hemostatic wound healing. Int J Pharm. 2023, 638122918.

[306] Chen K, Pan H, Ji D, Li Y, Duan H, Pan W. Curcumin-loaded sandwich-like nanofibrous membrane prepared by electrospinning technology as wound dressing for accelerate wound healing. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2021, 127112245.

[307] He C, Yu B, Lv Y. Biomimetic asymmetric composite dressing by electrospinning with aligned nanofibrous and micropatterned structures for severe burn wound healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022, 1432799.

[308] Shi X, Zhou T, Huang S. An electrospun scaffold functionalized with a ROS-scavenging hydrogel stimulates ocular wound healing. Acta Biomater. 2023, 158266.

[309] Moeini A, Pedram P, Makvandi P, Malinconico M, d'Ayala GG. Wound healing and antimicrobial effect of active secondary metabolites in chitosan-based wound dressings: a review. Carbohydr Polym. 2020, 233115839.

[310] Zhang C, Yang X, Yu L. Electrospun polyasparthydrazide nanofibrous hydrogel loading with in-situ synthesized silver nanoparticles for full-thickness skin wound healing application. Mater Des. 2024, 239112818.

[311] Wang N, Liu W, Chai G. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, rapid hemostasis, and accelerated repair by multifunctional metal–organic frameworks fibrous scaffolds for diabetic wounds. Chem Eng J. 2023, 477147262.

[312] Li Y, Zhao W, Chen S, Zhai H, Wu S. Bioactive electrospun nanoyarn-constructed textile dressing patches delivering Chinese herbal compound for accelerated diabetic wound healing. Mater Des. 2024, 237112623.

[313] Li J, Chen J-N, Peng Z-X. Multifunctional electrospinning polyhydroxyalkanoate fibrous scaffolds with antibacterial and angiogenesis effects for accelerating wound healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022, 15364.

[314] Yin L, Tang Q, Ke Q. Sequential anti-infection and proangiogenesis of DMOG@ ZIF-8/gelatin-PCL electrospinning dressing for chronic wound healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023, 1548903.

[315] Wu S, Zhao W, Sun M. Novel bi-layered dressing patches constructed with radially-oriented nanofibrous pattern and herbal compound-loaded hydrogel for accelerated diabetic wound healing. Appl Mater Today. 2022, 28101542.

[316] Qi F, Gao X, Shuai Y. Magnetic-driven wireless electrical stimulation in a scaffold. Compos B. 2022, 237109864.

[317] Xia L, Zhao X, Ma X. Controllable growth of spiral ganglion neurons by magnetic colloidal nanochains. Nano Today. 2022, 44101507.

[318] Araromi OA, Graule MA, Dorsey KL. Ultra-sensitive and resilient compliant strain gauges for soft machines. Nature. 2020, 587219.

[319] Harimurti S, Wang W, Sasaki K. Janus electrode with stable asymmetric wettability for robust biosignal monitoring on sweaty skin. Mater Today. 2024, 7494.

[320] Lee S, Kim JS, Wang Y. An ultrasoft nanomesh strain sensor with extreme mechanical durability against friction for on-skin applications. Device. 2025.

[321] Miyamoto A, Kawasaki H, Lee S, Yokota T, Amagai M, Someya T. Highly precise, continuous, long‐term monitoring of skin electrical resistance by nanomesh electrodes. Adv Healthc Mater. 2022, 112102425.

[322] Papanastasiou DT, Harimurti S, Okuda C. A novel thickness-gradient electrospun nanomesh for interface-free e-skin applications. Mater Horiz. 2025, 124676.

[323] Okutani C, Yokota T, Someya T. Ultrathin fiber‐mesh polymer thermistors. Adv Sci. 2022, 92202312.

[324] Qi Y, Jiang J, Chen F. A permeable triboelectric fiber mat with 35 V cm−2 voltage output for wearable wireless sensing electronics. Small. 2025, 212504556.

[325] Zhu M, Li S, Bi P. Nanofiber-based superskin for augmented tactility. Adv Fiber Mater. 2025, 71208.

[326] Jiang J, Song X, Qi Y, Tao X, Zheng Z, Huang Q. Skin-inspired, permeable, structure-gradient fiber mats for pressure sensing in rehabilitation assistance. Adv Fiber Mater. 2025, 7894.

[327] Chen F, Zhuang Q, Ding Y. Wet‐adaptive electronic skin. Adv Mater. 2023, 352305630.

[328] Zhuang Q, Yao K, Song X. An ICU-grade breathable cardiac electronic skin for health, diagnostics, and intraoperative and postoperative monitoring. Sci Adv. 2025, 1112eadu3146.

[329] Xiao X, Yin J, Chen G, Shen S, Nashalian A, Chen J. Bioinspired acoustic textiles with nanoscale vibrations for wearable biomonitoring. Matter. 2022, 51342.

[330] Meng K, Xiao X, Wei W. Wearable pressure sensors for pulse wave monitoring. Adv Mater. 2022, 342109357.

[331] Lee J, Pyo S, Kwon DS, Jo E, Kim W, Kim J. Ultrasensitive strain sensor based on separation of overlapped carbon nanotubes. Small. 2019, 151805120.

[332] Xu W, Hu S, Zhao Y. Nacre-inspired tunable strain sensor with synergistic interfacial interaction for sign language interpretation. Nano Energy. 2021, 90106606.

[333] Dong J, Li L, Zhang C. Ultra-highly stretchable and anisotropic SEBS/F127 fiber films equipped with an adaptive deformable carbon nanotube layer for dual-mode strain sensing. J Mater Chem A. 2021, 918294.

[334] Sengupta D, Romano J, Kottapalli AGP. Electrospun bundled carbon nanofibers for skin-inspired tactile sensing, proprioception and gesture tracking applications. NPJ Flex Electron. 2021, 529.

[335] Gao Z, Xiao X, Carlo AD. Advances in wearable strain sensors based on electrospun fibers. Adv Funct Mater. 2023, 332214265.

[336] Yang T, Pan H, Tian G. Hierarchically structured PVDF/ZnO core-shell nanofibers for self-powered physiological monitoring electronics. Nano Energy. 2020, 72104706.

[337] Li T, Qu M, Carlos C. High-performance poly (vinylidene difluoride)/dopamine core/shell piezoelectric nanofiber and its application for biomedical sensors. Adv Mater. 2021, 332006093.

[338] Li H, Chen J, Chang X. A highly stretchable strain sensor with both an ultralow detection limit and an ultrawide sensing range. J Mater Chem A. 2021, 91795.

[339] Wang X, Liu X, Schubert DW. Highly sensitive ultrathin flexible thermoplastic polyurethane/carbon black fibrous film strain sensor with adjustable scaffold networks. Nano-Micro Lett. 2021, 131.

[340] Lee JH, Kim J, Liu D. Highly aligned, anisotropic carbon nanofiber films for multidirectional strain sensors with exceptional selectivity. Adv Funct Mater. 2019, 291901623.

[341] Zhou B, Liu Z, Li C. A highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on dopamine modified electrospun SEBS fibers and MWCNTs with carboxylation. Adv Electron Mater. 2021, 72100233.

[342] Huang J, Hao Y, Zhao M, Li W, Huang F, Wei Q. All-fiber-structured triboelectric nanogenerator via one-pot electrospinning for self-powered wearable sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021, 1324774.

[343] Li X, Jiang C, Zhao F. Fully stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Nano Energy. 2019, 6178.

[344] Mi H-Y, Jing X, Zheng Q. High-performance flexible triboelectric nanogenerator based on porous aerogels and electrospun nanofibers for energy harvesting and sensitive self-powered sensing. Nano Energy. 2018, 48327.

[345] Qiu H-J, Song W-Z, Wang X-X. A calibration-free self-powered sensor for vital sign monitoring and finger tap communication based on wearable triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy. 2019, 58536.

[346] Wang Y, Li W, Li C. Fabrication of ultra-high working range strain sensor using carboxyl CNTs coated electrospun TPU assisted with dopamine. Appl Surf Sci. 2021, 566150705.

[347] Khan H, Razmjou A, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Kottapalli A, Asadnia M. Sensitive and flexible polymeric strain sensor for accurate human motion monitoring. Sensors. 2018, 18418.

[348] Lu X, Qin Y, Chen X, Peng C, Yang Y, Zeng Y. An ultra-wide sensing range film strain sensor based on a branch-shaped PAN-based carbon nanofiber and carbon black synergistic conductive network for human motion detection and human–machine interfaces. J Mater Chem C. 2022, 106296.

[349] Cao H, Chai S, Tan Z. Recent advances in physical sensors based on electrospinning technology. ACS Mater Lett. 2023, 51627.

[350] Tang W, Sun Q, Wang ZL. Self-powered sensing in wearable electronics─ a paradigm shift technology. Chem Rev. 2023, 12312105.

[351] Liu Z, Hu Y, Qu X. A self-powered intracardiac pacemaker in swine model. Nat Commun. 2024, 15507.

[352] Surmenev RA, Chernozem RV, Pariy IO, Surmeneva MA. A review on piezo-and pyroelectric responses of flexible nano-and micropatterned polymer surfaces for biomedical sensing and energy harvesting applications. Nano Energy. 2021, 79105442.

[353] Kopyl S, Surmenev R, Surmeneva M, Fetisov Y, Kholkin A. Magnetoelectric effect: principles and applications in biology and medicine–a review. Mater Today Bio. 2021, 12100149.

[354] Chernozem RV, Pariy I, Surmeneva MA. Cell behavior changes and enzymatic biodegradation of hybrid electrospun poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐based scaffolds with an enhanced piezoresponse after the addition of reduced graphene oxide. Adv Healthcare Mater. 2023, 122201726.

[355] Choi YS, Hsueh Y-Y, Koo J. Stretchable, dynamic covalent polymers for soft, long-lived bioresorbable electronic stimulators designed to facilitate neuromuscular regeneration. Nat Commun. 2020, 115990.

[356] Choe JK, Kim S, Lee Ay. Flexible, biodegradable, and wireless magnetoelectric paper for simple in situ personalization of bioelectric implants. Adv Mater. 2024.

[357] Feng Z, Zhao Z, Liu Y. Piezoelectric effect polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF): from energy harvester to smart skin and electronic textiles. Adv Mater Technol. 2023, 82300021.

[358] Sun QJ, Lai QT, Tang Z, Tang XG, Zhao XH, Roy VA. Advanced funct compos mater toward E‐skin for health monitoring and artificial intelligence. Adv Mater Technol. 2023, 82201088.

[359] Wang Y, Zhu M, Wei X, Yu J, Li Z, Ding B. A dual-mode electronic skin textile for pressure and temperature sensing. Chem Eng J. 2021, 425130599.

[360] Kumar M, Kumari P, Sahatiya P. P (VDF-TrFE)/ZnO nanofiber composite based piezoelectric nanogenerator as self-powered sensor: fabrication and characterization. J Polym Res. 2022, 2944.

[361] Li J, Yin J, Wee MGV, Chinnappan A, Ramakrishna S. A self-powered piezoelectric nanofibrous membrane as wearable tactile sensor for human body motion monitoring and recognition. Adv Fiber Mater. 2023, 51417.

[362] Jiang J, Tu S, Fu R. Flexible piezoelectric pressure tactile sensor based on electrospun BaTiO3/poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposite membrane. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020, 1233989.

[363] Park SC, Nam C, Baek C, Lee M-K, Lee G-J, Park K-I. Enhanced piezoelectric performance of composite fibers based on lead-free BCTZ ceramics and P (VDF-TrFE) piezopolymer for self-powered wearable sensors. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2022, 1014370.

[364] Ahmed A, Jia Y, Huang Y. Preparation of PVDF-TrFE based electrospun nanofibers decorated with PEDOT-CNT/rGO composites for piezo-electric pressure sensor. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2019, 3014007.

[365] Abolhasani MM, Azimi S, Mousavi M. Porous graphene/poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanofibers for pressure sensing. J Appl Polym Sci. 2022, 13951907.

[366] Guo K, Gao S, Li Y. AP (VDF-TrFE) nanofiber composites based multilayer structured dual-functional flexible sensor for advanced pressure-humidity sensing. Chem Eng J. 2023, 461141970.

[367] Xu Y, Sun B, Ling Y. Multiscale porous elastomer substrates for multifunctional on-skin electronics with passive-cooling capabilities. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020, 117205.

[368] Chen J, Wang F, Zhu G. Breathable strain/temperature sensor based on fibrous networks of ionogels capable of monitoring human motion, respiration, and proximity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021, 1351567.

[369] Toloue EB, Mohammadalipour M, Mukherjee S, Karbasi S. Ultra-thin electrospun nanocomposite scaffold of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)-chitosan/magnetic mesoporous bioactive glasses for bone tissue engineering applications. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024, 254127860.

[370] Karimi S, Bagher Z, Najmoddin N, Simorgh S, Pezeshki-Modaress M. Alginate-magnetic short nanofibers 3D composite hydrogel enhances the encapsulated human olfactory mucosa stem cells bioactivity for potential nerve regeneration application. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021, 167796.

[371] Ke Q, Zhang X, Yang Y. Wearable magnetoelectric stimulation for chronic wound healing by electrospun CoFe2O4@ CTAB/PVDF dressings. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024, 169839.

[372] Martins P, Brito-Pereira R, Ribeiro S, Lanceros-Mendez S, Ribeiro C. Magnetoelectrics for biomedical applications: 130 years later, bridging materials, energy, and lifewriting. Nano Energy. 2024, 126109569.

Funding

Tomsk Polytechnic University(-)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Donghua University, Shanghai, China