Multidimensional Conformable IL-PANSion with Multisensory Capabilities for Soft Device Applications

Abstract

Equipping advanced intelligent machines with human-like nervous systems requires new sensing materials capable of conformal integration into complex multidimensional structures. Here, we introduce an ionic liquid-enhanced polyacrylonitrile/AgNO₃ formulation (IL-PANSion)—designed to be fabricated in diverse forms, including air-spun fibers, multi-material 2D printed layers, and 3D injection-molded networks. By leveraging room-temperature air spinning, IL-PANSion fibers achieve high tensile strain (up to 300 times that of conventional polyacrylonitrile fibers) and maintain over 650% stretchability for extended periods in open air. The material’s robust supramolecular network exhibits self-healing behavior, rapidly restoring mechanical integrity and conductivity after damage. In addition to mechanical strain sensing (gauge factor of 4.41), IL-PANSion detects temperature changes (S_T of 1.75 °C⁻¹), near-infrared radiation, and organic solvents, all within a single platform. By integrating IL-PANSion-based sensors into soft robotic systems, we demonstrate autonomous path-planning capabilities and the accurate identification of organic gases. Furthermore, the material can conformally fill or coat 3D structures to form hollow tubular sensors, enabling real-time monitoring of internal fluid flow and pressure—an important step toward biomimetic “organ-level” sensing. These findings showcase IL-PANSion’s versatile processing, combined with multimodal, self-healing sensing properties, making it a promising candidate for next-generation wearable health monitors, soft robotic skins, and smart infrastructures requiring integrated volumetric sensing.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Multimodal sensing / Multidimensional conformable sensors / Ionic liquid-enhanced polymers / Self-healing materials / Soft robotic sensing

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(52175026)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Donghua University, Shanghai, China

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