Nanofiber-Based Composite Solid Electrolytes for Solid-State Batteries: from Fundamentals to Applications

Abstract

Recent advancements in next-generation rechargeable batteries have focused on solid-state batteries (SSBs) due to their promising potential for improved energy density and safety. Among the various types of solid electrolytes, composite solid electrolytes (CSEs), composed of fillers and salts dispersed within a polymer matrix, have gained significant attention for their balanced properties of ionic conductivity and stability toward both electrodes, making them more suitable for practical SSB applications. In CSEs, the relationship between structure, properties, and performance is crucial. Unfortunately, conventional CSEs are still limited by randomly distributed fillers and agglomeration phenomena, which may impede ion transportation. Nanofiber fillers, characterized by their long-range structure, high surface area-to-volume ratios, and high aspect ratios, have the potential to significantly enhance CSE properties. Furthermore, they can shorten the ion-migration pathway and be aligned in a single direction. In this review, current technologies related to nanofiber-based CSEs are summarized. Typically, recent strategies for nanofiber structural design and synthesis, from principles to practical applications, are systematically reviewed. Subsequently, promising approaches to implementing nanofiber-based CSEs in SSBs with superior electrochemical performance and cyclability are discussed. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art nanofiber-based CSEs for high-performance SSBs, which have the potential to safely accelerate the development of next-generation rechargeable batteries.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Nanofibers / Solid-state batteries / Composite solid electrolytes / Hybrid electrolytes / Ionic conductivity / Chemical Sciences / Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural) / Engineering / Materials Engineering

References

[1] JanekJ, ZeierWG. Challenges in speeding up solid-state battery development. Nat Energy, 2023, 8: 230

[2] FanL-Z, HeH, NanC-W. Tailoring inorganic–polymer composites for the mass production of solid-state batteries. Nat Rev Mater, 2021, 6: 1003

[3] XiaoY, WangY, BoS-H, KimJC, MiaraLJ, CederG. Understanding interface stability in solid-state batteries. Nat Rev Mater, 2020, 5: 105

[4] NguyenA-G, ParkC-J. Insights into tailoring composite solid polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries. J Membr Sci, 2023, 675121552

[5] WangQ, WangS, LuT, GuanL, HouL, DuH, WeiH, LiuX, WeiY, ZhouH. Ultrathin solid polymer electrolyte design for high-performance li metal batteries: a perspective of synthetic chemistry. Adv Sci, 2023, 10: 2205233

[6] WuJ, RaoZ, WangH, HuangY. Order-structured solid-state electrolytes. SusMat, 2022, 2: 660

[7] LiuS, LiuW, BaD, ZhaoY, YeY, LiY, LiuJ. Filler-integrated composite polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries. Adv Mater, 2023, 35: 2110423

[8] LiangY, LiuH, WangG, WangC, NiY, NanCW, FanLZ. Challenges, interface engineering, and processing strategies toward practical sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium batteries. InfoMat, 2022, 4e12292

[9] ShiF, ChenC, XuZ-L. Recent advances on electrospun nanofiber materials for post-lithium ion batteries. Adv Fiber Mater, 2021, 3: 275

[10] NguyenA-G, RakeshV, DidwalPN, ParkC-J. Challenges and design strategies for alloy-based anode materials toward high-performance future-generation potassium-ion batteries. Energy Mater, 2023, 3300030

[11] VuD-L, KimD-Y, NguyenA-G, ParkC-J. Stabilizing interface of novel 3D-hierarchical porous carbon for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. Electrochim Acta, 2022, 418140369

[12] NguyenA-G, LeHTT, VermaR, VuD-L, ParkC-J. Boosting sodium-ion battery performance using an antimony nanoparticle self-embedded in a 3D nitrogen-doped carbon framework anode. Chem Eng J, 2022, 429132359

[13] MoonC, NguyenA-G, YangJS, NazirA, VermaR, ParkC-J. Confining SnSe particles in nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers: a free-standing, binder-free anode for potassium-ion batteries. Carbon, 2024, 218118741

[14] MiaoX, GuanS, MaC, LiL, NanCW. Role of interfaces in solid-state batteries. Adv Mater, 2023, 35: 2206402

[15] ZhaoQ, StalinS, ZhaoC-Z, ArcherLA. Designing solid-state electrolytes for safe, energy-dense batteries. Nat Rev Mater, 2020, 5: 229

[16] VuTT, CheonHJ, ShinSY, JeongG, WiE, ChangM. Hybrid electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries: challenges, progress, and prospects. Energy Storage Mater, 2023, 61102876

[17] LouS, ZhangF, FuC, ChenM, MaY, YinG, WangJ. Interface issues and challenges in all-solid-state batteries: lithium, sodium, and beyond. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2000721

[18] DidwalPN, VermaR, NguyenAG, RamasamyH, LeeGH, ParkCJ. Improving cyclability of all-solid-state batteries via stabilized electrolyte-electrode interface with additive in poly (propylene carbonate) based solid electrolyte. Adv Sci, 2022, 9: 2105448

[19] YangQ, DengN, ZhaoY, GaoL, ChengB, KangW. A review on 1D materials for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries and all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries. Chem Eng J, 2023, 451138532

[20] ZhengF, LiC, LiZ, CaoX, LuoH, LiangJ, ZhaoX, KongJ. Advanced composite solid electrolytes for lithium batteries: filler dimensional design and ion path optimization. Small, 2023, 19: 2206355

[21] LiuL, ChangD, GaoC. A review of multifunctional nanocomposite fibers: design, preparation and applications. Adv Fiber Mater, 2024, 6: 68

[22] SongZ, ChenF, Martinez-IbañezM, FengW, ForsythM, ZhouZ, ArmandM, ZhangH. A reflection on polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium metal batteries. Nat Commun, 2023, 14: 4884

[23] YangX, LiuJ, PeiN, ChenZ, LiR, FuL, ZhangP, ZhaoJ. The critical role of fillers in composite polymer electrolytes for lithium battery. Nano-Micro Letters, 2023, 15: 74

[24] WuF, WenZ, ZhaoZ, BiJ, ShangY, LiangY, LiL, ChenN, LiY, ChenR. Double-network composite solid electrolyte with stable interface for dendrite-free Li metal anode. Energy Storage Mater, 2021, 38: 447

[25] LiZ, FuJ, ZhouX, GuiS, WeiL, YangH, LiH, GuoX. Ionic conduction in polymer-based solid electrolytes. Adv Sci, 2023, 10: 2201718

[26] LiuY, FuF, TengH, SunY, ZhangS, ZhangA, ZhangN, JingR, CongL, XieH, SunL. Dual-phase elastomeric electrolyte with a latitude-longitude interwoven structure for high-energy solid-state lithium metal batteries. Adv Energy Mater, 2024, 14: 2402040

[27] AnderssonR, HernándezG, MindemarkJ. Quantifying the ion coordination strength in polymer electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2022, 24: 16343

[28] ErikssonT, MaceA, MindemarkJ, BrandellD. The role of coordination strength in solid polymer electrolytes: compositional dependence of transference numbers in the poly(ε-caprolactone)–poly(trimethylene carbonate) system. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2021, 23: 25550

[29] RosenwinkelMP, AnderssonR, MindemarkJ, SchönhoffM. Coordination effects in polymer electrolytes: fast Li+ transport by weak ion binding. J Phys Chem C, 2020, 124: 23588

[30] ChenJ, PeiZ, ChaiB, JiangP, MaL, ZhuL, HuangX. Engineering the dielectric constants of polymers: from molecular to mesoscopic scales. Adv Mater, 2023, 36: 2308670

[31] CheonHJ, VuTT, WooM, KimY, ChoiH, KimJ, ChoiY, KimYA, YunJW, KoY. Dual-functional additive for solid polymer electrolytes for enabling highly safe and long-life all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 2024, 12: 2686

[32] SungB-J, DidwalPN, VermaR, NguyenA-G, ChangDR, ParkC-J. Composite solid electrolyte comprising poly (propylene carbonate) and Li1 5Al0 5Ge1 5 (PO4) 3 for long-life all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta, 2021, 392: 139007

[33] MathiesL, DiddensD, DongD, BedrovD, LeipnerH. Transport mechanism of lithium ions in non-coordinating P (VdF-HFP) copolymer matrix. Solid State Ionics, 2020, 357115497

[34] HernándezG, LeeTK, ErdélyiM, BrandellD, MindemarkJ. Do non-coordinating polymers function as host materials for solid polymer electrolytes? The case of PVdF-HFP. J Mater Chem A, 2023, 11: 15329

[35] LiuQ, YangG, LiX, ZhangS, ChenR, WangX, GaoY, WangZ, ChenL. Polymer electrolytes based on interactions between [solvent-Li+] complex and solvent-modified polymer. Energy Storage Mater, 2022, 51: 443

[36] NieY, YangT, LuoD, LiuY, MaQ, YangL, YaoY, HuangR, LiZ, AkinogluEM, WenG, RenB, ZhuN, LiM, LiaoH, TanL, WangX, ChenZ. Tailoring vertically aligned inorganic-polymer nanocomposites with abundant lewis acid sites for ultra-stable solid-state lithium metal batteries. Adv Energy Mater, 2023, 13: 2204218

[37] YuanH, TianC, SongM, LinW, HuangT, YuA. Revealing the specific role of sulfide and nano-alumina in composite solid-state electrolytes for performance-reinforced ether-nitrile copolymers. J Energy Chem, 2024, 91: 628

[38] FamprikisT, CanepaP, DawsonJA, IslamMS, MasquelierC. Fundamentals of inorganic solid-state electrolytes for batteries. Nat Mater, 2019, 18: 1278

[39] ZhangJ, ZhaoN, ZhangM, LiY, ChuPK, GuoX, DiZ, WangX, LiH. Flexible and ion-conducting membrane electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries: dispersion of garnet nanoparticles in insulating polyethylene oxide. Nano Energy, 2016, 28: 447

[40] HuJ, WangW, ZhuX, LiuS, WangY, XuY, ZhouS, HeX, XueZ. Composite polymer electrolytes reinforced by hollow silica nanotubes for lithium metal batteries. J Membr Sci, 2021, 618118697

[41] ChengJ, GuoY, ZhangH, JiF, ZhouX, ZengZ, LiuH, SunQ, LiD, CiL. 2D flake-like garnet electrolytes for solid-state lithium metal batteries. Chem Eng J, 2024, 479147244

[42] LeeMJ, ShinDO, KimJY, OhJ, KangSH, KimJ, KimKM, LeeYM, KimSO, LeeY-G. Interfacial barrier free organic-inorganic hybrid electrolytes for solid state batteries. Energy Storage Mater, 2021, 37: 306

[43] LiuW, LeeSW, LinD, ShiF, WangS, SendekAD, CuiY. Enhancing ionic conductivity in composite polymer electrolytes with well-aligned ceramic nanowires. Nat Energy, 2017, 2: 1

[44] ZhaoY, YanJ, CaiW, LaiY, SongJ, YuJ, DingB. Elastic and well-aligned ceramic LLZO nanofiber based electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries. Energy Storage Materials, 2019, 23: 306

[45] LiY, ZhaiY, XuS, TangM, ZhangS, ZouZ. Using LLTO with vertically aligned and oriented structures to improve the ion conductivity of composite solid-state electrolytes. Mater Today Commun, 2022, 33104243

[46] ZhangH, AnX, YangY, LongY, NieS, LiuL, YangG, TianZ, CaoH, ChengZ, LiuH, NiY. Vertical aligned solid-state electrolyte templated by nanostructured “upright” cellulose film layers for advanced cell performance. EcoMat, 2022, 5e12317

[47] CaiD, ZhangS, SuM, MaZ, ZhuJ, ZhongY, LuoX, WangX, XiaX, GuC. Cellulose mesh supported ultrathin ceramic-based composite electrolyte for high-performance Li metal batteries. J Membr Sci, 2022, 661120907

[48] KimHW, KimJ, KimD, KimY, LeeW-G. A flexible and scalable li-ion conducting film using a sacrificial template for high-voltage all-solid-state batteries. J Mater Chem A, 2023, 11: 14655

[49] XieH, YangC, YaoY, JiangF, HitzE, LiuB, WangS, HuL. Flexible, scalable, and highly conductive garnet-polymer solid electrolyte templated by bacterial cellulose. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8: 1703474

[50] SuL, WangH, NiuM, FanX, MaM, ShiZ, GuoS-W. Ultralight, recoverable, and high-temperature-resistant SiC nanowire aerogel. ACS Nano, 2018, 12: 3103

[51] RenB, LiuJ, RongY, WangL, LuY, XiX, YangJ. Nanofibrous aerogel bulk assembled by cross-linked SiC/SiO x core-shell nanofibers with multifunctionality and temperature-invariant hyperelasticity. ACS Nano, 2019, 13: 11603

[52] CaiZ, SuL, WangH, NiuM, GaoH, LuD, LiM. Hydrophobic SiC@C nanowire foam with broad-band and mechanically controlled electromagnetic wave absorption. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12: 8555

[53] XuC, WangH, SongJ, BaiX, LiuZ, FangM, YuanY, ShengJ, LiX, WangN. Ultralight and resilient Al2O3 nanotube aerogels with low thermal conductivity. J Am Ceram Soc, 2018, 101: 1677

[54] KorhonenJT, HiekkataipaleP, MalmJ, KarppinenM, IkkalaO, RasRH. Inorganic hollow nanotube aerogels by atomic layer deposition onto native nanocellulose templates. ACS Nano, 2011, 5: 1967

[55] CaoX, MaC, LuoL, ChenL, ChengH, OrensteinRS, ZhangX. Nanofiber materials for lithium-ion batteries. Adv Fiber Mater, 2023, 5: 1141

[56] LiuR, HouL, YueG, LiH, ZhangJ, LiuJ, MiaoB, WangN, BaiJ, CuiZ. Progress of fabrication and applications of electrospun hierarchically porous nanofibers. Adv Fiber Mater, 2022, 4: 604

[57] LiQ, SunX, CaoD, WangY, LuanP, ZhuH. Versatile electrospinning for structural designs and ionic conductor orientation in all-solid-state lithium batteries. Electrochem Energy Rev, 2022, 5: 18

[58] XueJ, WuT, DaiY, XiaY. Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: methods, materials, and applications. Chem Rev, 2019, 119: 5298

[59] WangP, LiuJ, CuiW, LiX, LiZ, WanY, ZhangJ, LongY-Z. Electrospinning techniques for inorganic–organic composite electrolytes of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries: a brief review. J Mater Chem A, 2023, 11: 16539

[60] GaoL, LuoS, LiJ, ChengB, KangW, DengN. Core-shell structure nanofibers-ceramic nanowires based composite electrolytes with high Li transference number for high-performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater, 2021, 53: 266

[61] KessickR, FennJ, TepperG. The use of AC potentials in electrospraying and electrospinning processes. Polymer, 2004, 45: 2981

[62] ZhengY, ManZ, ZhangY, WuG, LuW, ChenW. High-Performance stretchable supercapacitors based on centrifugal electrospinning-directed hetero-structured graphene–polyaniline hierarchical fabric. Adv Fiber Mater, 2023, 5: 1759

[63] JiaC, XuZ, LuoD, XiangH, ZhuM. Flexible ceramic fibers: recent development in preparation and application. Advanced Fiber Materials, 2022, 4: 573

[64] AkiaM, CapitanachiD, MartinezM, HernandezC, de SantiagoH, MaoY, LozanoK. Development and optimization of alumina fine fibers utilizing a centrifugal spinning process. Microporous Mesoporous Mater, 2018, 262: 175

[65] RenL, SimmonsTJ, LuF, RahmiO, KothaSP. Template free and large-scale fabrication of silica nanotubes with centrifugal jet spinning. Chem Eng J, 2014, 254: 39

[66] LiuH, ZhouX, ChenY, LiT, PeiS. Titanium dioxide fibers prepared by sol–gel process and centrifugal spinning. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol, 2014, 71: 102

[67] MedeirosES, GlennGM, KlamczynskiAP, OrtsWJ, MattosoLH. Solution blow spinning: a new method to produce micro-and nanofibers from polymer solutions. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009, 113: 2322

[68] DadolGC, KilicA, TijingLD, LimKJA, CabatinganLK, TanNPB, StojanovskaE, PolatY. Solution blow spinning (SBS) and SBS-spun nanofibers: materials, methods, and applications. Mater Today Commun, 2020, 25101656

[69] DaristotleJL, BehrensAM, SandlerAD, KofinasP. A review of the fundamental principles and applications of solution blow spinning. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2016, 8: 34951

[70] HuangZ, KolbasovA, YuanY, ChengM, XuY, RojaeeR, DeivanayagamR, ForoozanT, LiuY, AmineK. Solution blowing synthesis of Li-conductive ceramic nanofibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12: 16200

[71] JiaC, LiL, LiuY, FangB, DingH, SongJ, LiuY, XiangK, LinS, LiZ. Highly compressible and anisotropic lamellar ceramic sponges with superior thermal insulation and acoustic absorption performances. Nat Commun, 2020, 11: 3732

[72] NieL, ZhuJ, WuX, ZhangM, XiaoX, GaoR, WuX, ZhuY, ChenS, HanZ, YuY, WangS, LingS, ZhouG. A large-scale fabrication of flexible, ultrathin, and robust solid electrolyte for solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv Mater, 2021, 36: 2400115

[73] ZhangL, DengN, KangJ, WangX, GaoH, LiuY, WangH, WangG, ChengB, KangW. Enhanced ionic conductivity in a novel composite electrolyte based on Gd-doped SnO2 nanotubes for ultra-long-life all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. J Energy Chem, 2023, 77: 326

[74] YuW, DengN, YanZ, GaoL, ChengK, TianX, TangL, ChengB, KangW. Mg-based inorganic nanofibers constructing fast and multi-dimensional ion conductive pathways for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. J Energy Chem, 2022, 67: 684

[75] KangJ, YanZ, GaoL, ZhangY, LiuW, YangQ, ZhaoY, DengN, ChengB, KangW. Improved ionic conductivity and enhancedinterfacial stability of solid polymer electrolytes with porous ferroelectric ceramic nanofibers. Energy Storage Mater, 2022, 53: 192

[76] MaY, WanJ, YangY, YeY, XiaoX, BoyleDT, BurkeW, HuangZ, ChenH, CuiY. Scalable, ultrathin, and high-temperature-resistant solid polymer electrolytes for energy-dense lithium metal batteries. Adv Energy Mater, 2022, 12: 2103720

[77] WangZ, SunJ, LiuR, BaZ, DongJ, ZhangQ, ZhaoX. Thin solid polymer electrolyte with high-strength and thermal-resistant via incorporating nanofibrous polyimide framework for stable lithium batteries. Small, 2023, 19: 2303422

[78] KimDH, LeeY-H, SongYB, KwakH, LeeS-Y, JungYS. Thin and flexible solid electrolyte membranes with ultrahigh thermal stability derived from solution-processable Li argyrodites for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett, 2020, 5: 718

[79] WangS, LiaoY, LiS, CuiC, LiangJ, DuG, TongZ, YuanL, ZhaiT, LiH. Ultrathin all-inorganic halide solid-state electrolyte membranes for all-solid-state li-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater, 2024, 14: 2303641

[80] NguyenA-G, LeeM-H, KimJ, ParkC-J. Construction of a high-performance composite solid electrolyte through in-situ polymerization within a self-supported porous garnet framework. Nano-Micro Lett, 2024, 16: 1

[81] NguyenAG, VermaR, SongGC, KimJ, ParkCJ. In situ polymerization on a 3D ceramic framework of composite solid electrolytes for room-temperature solid-state batteries. Adv Sci, 2023, 10: 2207744

[82] JinY, ZongX, ZhangX, JiaZ, XieH, XiongY. Constructing 3D Li+-percolated transport network in composite polymer electrolytes for rechargeable quasi-solid-state lithium batteries. Energy Storage Mater, 2022, 49: 433

[83] ZhengS, ChenY, ChenK, YangS, BagherzadehR, MiaoY-E, LiuT. In situ construction of polyether-based composite electrolyte with bi-phase ion conductivity and stable electrolyte/electrode interphase for solid-state lithium metal batteries. J Mater Chem A, 2022, 10: 19641

[84] LinX, YuJ, EffatMB, ZhouG, RobsonMJ, KwokSC, LiH, ZhanS, ShangY, CiucciF. Ultrathin and non-flammable dual-salt polymer electrolyte for high-energy-density lithium-metal battery. Adv Func Mater, 2021, 31: 2010261

[85] ChengH, YanC, OrensteinR, DiricanM, WeiS, SubjalearndeeN, ZhangX. Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber-reinforced flexible single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte for high-performance, room-temperature all-solid-state Li-metal batteries. Adv Fiber Mater, 2022, 4: 532

[86] ZhengX, WuJ, ChenJ, WangX, YangZ. 3D flame-retardant skeleton reinforced polymer electrolyte for solid-state dendrite-free lithium metal batteries. J Energy Chem, 2022, 71: 174

[87] HanL, LiuY, LiaoC, ZhaoY, CaoY, KanY, ZhuJ, HuY. Noncombustible 7 µm-thick solid polymer electrolyte for highly energy density solid state lithium batteries. Nano Energy, 2023, 112108448

[88] ShengJ, ZhangQ, SunC, WangJ, ZhongX, ChenB, LiC, GaoR, HanZ, ZhouG. Crosslinked nanofiber-reinforced solid-state electrolytes with polysulfide fixation effect towards high safety flexible lithium–sulfur batteries. Adv Func Mater, 2022, 32: 2203272

[89] LuoS, ZhaoE, GuY, HuangJ, ZhangZ, YangL, HiranoS-I. Rational design of fireproof fiber-network reinforced 3D composite solid electrolyte for dendrite-free solid-state batteries. Chem Eng J, 2021, 421: 127771

[90] LiuS, ZhouL, HanJ, WenK, GuanS, XueC, ZhangZ, XuB, LinY, ShenY. Super long-cycling all-solid-state battery with thin Li6PS5Cl-based electrolyte. Adv Energy Mater, 2022, 12: 2200660

[91] LiuS, ShanH, XiaS, YanJ, YuJ, DingB. Polymer template synthesis of flexible SiO2 nanofibers to upgrade composite electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12: 31439

[92] YuJ, WangC, LiS, LiuN, ZhuJ, LuZ. Li+-containing, continuous silica nanofibers for high Li+ conductivity in composite polymer electrolyte. Small, 2019, 15: 1902729

[93] WuS, YuZ, NieX, WangZ, HuangF, WeiQ. Fast ion conduction nanofiber matrix composite electrolyte for dendrite-free solid-state sodium-ion batteries with wide temperature operation. Adv Energy Mater, 2022, 12: 2202930

[94] LiJ, JingM-x, LiR, LiL-x, HuangZ-h, YangH, LiuM-q, HussainS, XiangJ, ShenX-q. Al2O3 fiber-reinforced polymer solid electrolyte films with excellent lithium-ion transport properties for high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries. ACS Appl Polym Mater, 2022, 4: 7144

[95] WooM-H, DidwalPN, KimH-J, LimJ-S, NguyenA-G, JinC-S, ChangDR, ParkC-J. Reinforcing effect of single-wall carbon nanotubes on the LiNi0. 6Co0. 2Mn0. 2O2 composite cathode for high-energy–density all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. Appl Surf Sci, 2021, 568: 150934

[96] LiuS, ShenX, WeiL, WangR, DingB, YuJ, YanJ. Molecular coordination induced high ionic conductivity of composite electrolytes and stable LiF/Li3N interface in long-term cycling all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater, 2023, 59102773

[97] YangH, TayK, XuY, RajbanshiB, KasaniS, BrightJ, BoryczkaJ, WangC, BaiP, WuN. Nitrogen-doped lithium lanthanum titanate nanofiber-polymer composite electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc, 2021, 168110507

[98] YanC, ZhuP, JiaH, DuZ, ZhuJ, OrensteinR, ChengH, WuN, DiricanM, ZhangX. Garnet-rich composite solid electrolytes for dendrite-free, high-rate, solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater, 2020, 26: 448

[99] YangH, BrightJ, ChenB, ZhengP, GaoX, LiuB, KasaniS, ZhangX, WuN. Chemical interaction and enhanced interfacial ion transport in a ceramic nanofiber–polymer composite electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. J Mater Chem A, 2020, 8: 7261

[100] MuY, ChuY, ShiY, HuangC, YangL, ZhangQ, LiC, FengY, ZhouY, HanM, ZhaoT, ZengL. Constructing robust LiF-enriched interfaces in high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries utilizing tailored oriented ceramic fiber electrolytes. Adv Energy Mater, 2024, 14: 2400725

[101] ZhangZ, ZhangG, ChaoL. Three–dimensional fiber network reinforced polymer electrolyte for dendrite–free all–solid–state lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater, 2021, 41: 631

[102] ZhangM, PanP, ChengZ, MaoJ, JiangL, NiC, ParkS, DengK, HuY, FuKK. Flexible, mechanically robust, solid-state electrolyte membrane with conducting oxide-enhanced 3D nanofiber networks for lithium batteries. Nano Lett, 2021, 21: 7070

[103] ZhangY, WangH, YangY, XieJ, DengQ, ZouW, ZhouA, LiJ. Polyacrylonitrile fibers network reinforced polymer electrolyte with Li-Sn alloy layer protected Li anode toward ultra-long cycle lifespan for room-temperature solid-state batteries. Chem Eng J, 2023, 461141993

[104] HuJ, HeP, ZhangB, WangB, FanL-Z. Porous film host-derived 3D composite polymer electrolyte for high-voltage solid state lithium batteries. Energy Storage Mater, 2020, 26: 283

[105] GeS, WuJ, WangR, ZhangL, LiuS, MaX, FuK, YanJ, YuJ, DingB. Tailoring practical solid electrolyte composites containing ferroelectric ceramic nanofibers and all-trans block copolymers for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. ACS Nano, 2024, 18: 13818

[106] RathPC, LiuM-S, LoS-T, DhakaRS, BresserD, YangC-C, LeeS-W, ChangJ-K. Suppression of dehydrofluorination reactions of a Li0.33La0.557TiO3-nanofiber-dispersed poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) electrolyte for quasi-solid-state lithium-metal batteries by a fluorine-rich succinonitrile interlayer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023, 15: 15429

[107] RenZ, LiJ, GongY, ShiC, LiangJ, LiY, HeC, ZhangQ, RenX. Insight into the integration way of ceramic solid-state electrolyte fillers in the composite electrolyte for high performance solid-state lithium metal battery. Energy Storage Mater, 2022, 51: 130

[108] WenzelS, LeichtweissT, KrügerD, SannJ, JanekJ. Interphase formation on lithium solid electrolytes—an in situ approach to study interfacial reactions by photoelectron spectroscopy. Solid State Ionics, 2015, 278: 98

[109] WuL, WangY, GuoX, DingP, LinZ, YuH. Interface science in polymer-based composite solid electrolytes in lithium metal batteries. SusMat, 2022, 2: 264

[110] GuoJ, FengF, ZhaoS, WangR, YangM, ShiZ, RenY, MaZ, ChenS, LiuT. Achieving ultra-stable all-solid-state sodium metal batteries with anion-trapping 3D fiber network enhanced polymer electrolyte. Small, 2023, 19: 2206740

[111] GuoJ, FengF, JiangX, WangR, ChuD, RenY, ChenF, HeP, MaF, ChenS, LiuT. Boosting selective Na+ migration kinetics in structuring composite polymer electrolyte realizes ultrastable all-solid-state sodium batteries. Adv Func Mater, 2024, 34: 2313496

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea(No. RS-2024-00337441)

National Research Council of Science & Technology(No. GTL24011-000)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Donghua University, Shanghai, China