The article presents the review of contemporary concepts on the structure and evolution of the avian telencephalon. It provides the information on the cytoarchitectonics, neuronal structure, communication system and the development of the telencephalon. A comparison with the analogous data on the mammalian telencephalon is made. The need for a revision of the classic views on the structure of the hemispheres in birds is emphasized. The evidence of homology of the dorsal regions of the hemisphere of birds with the cortical structures of the brain of mammals is provided. A modern classification of the structures of the avian brain is presented.

Using histological methods, the structural changes of the thymus and pelvic lymph nodes were studied in CBA mice 18 and 28 days after the transplantation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in the prostate. On Day 18, the substitution of prostate tissue by atypical cells was detected together with the disorganization of the thymus structure: an increase of the cortical substance size and epithelio-reticular cell number, reduction in the immunoblast number in medullary and cortical substance. Atypical tumor cells were detected in the sinuses of the lymph nodes. The area of paracortical zone was decreased, while the size of the secondary lymphoid nodules was increased. In the medulla, a reduction in size of the medullary sinuses was found. On Day 28 of the experiment, the growth of the tumor beyond the prostatic capsule was detected. In the thymus, a decrease in the proportion of the parenchyma and an increase in the area of connective tissue component was noted, while in the regional lymph nodes with metastases, the hypoplasia of the paracortical zone was observed.

The purpose of this study was to detect morphological characteristics of the rat thymus after percutaneous blood irradiation with laser different wavelengths s and otherwise normal conditions. Thymus structure and cytoarchitectonics were studied in 50 male Wistar rats by histological methods after percutaneous exposure of blood to low power laser irradiation of the femoral vein projection with wavelengths of 337, 488, 632.8 and 950 nm. The results have shown that low power laser percutaneous irradiation of the blood caused the changes of thymus structure and cytoarchitectonics, however their degree depended on laser wavelength. An increment in laser wavelength resulted in the increased number of immature lymphoid cells and the reduced number of epithelio-reticular cells in different structural-functional zones of the thymus. Possible mechanisms of laser irradiation effect on the thymus are discussed.

Cellular composition of lymphoid structures in the tracheal wall was studied under normal conditions in adult male Wistar rats resistant and susceptible to emotional stress. After the evaluation of a predictive resistance to emotional stress performed on 20 rats («Open field» test) and exception of ambivalent animals from the experiment, lymphoid structures of the tracheal wall were examined histologically in the initial portion and near the bifurcation of the organ. Quantitative differences in the cellular composition of lymphoid structures were detected between the rats with different resistance to emotional stress. In rats, resistant to emotional stress, the density of the cells of lymphoid line within the standard area of the histological section was higher in the lymphoid nodules and lymphoid cell aggregates in close proximity to tracheal glands than that one in susceptible animals. In the lamina propria of the mucosa, it was higher in stress-susceptible rats. Thus, the data obtained suggest that the local immune defense of the tracheal wall under normal conditions is more active in stress-resistant animals.

Histological and biochemical changes of the liver were studied in 20 adult male albino rats after intragastric administration of sodium selenite at a dose of 5 mg/kg during 6 days. One half of the animals received orally the solution of glutathione biosynthetic precursors (GSP) for correction of the liver damage. The control group was formed by 10 intact animals. The administration of sodium selenite resulted in the disruption of liver histoarchitectonics, development of destructive processes in the cells of the periportal and the central zones of hepatic lobules. The outflow of lymph and bile from the hepatic lobules was compromised, leading to the development of edema and expansion of the portal tracts, intercellular spaces, with their subsequent infiltration with neutrophils and lympho-histiocytic elements. In the central veins, marked endothelial damage was noted, while in the sinusoids, a number of stellate macrophages was increased. The number of binucleated hepatocytes was decreased. Biochemical analysis demonstrated hypoxia, acidification of the tissues, intensification of free radical processes, depletion of glutathione stores and antioxidant system, excessive lipid peroxidation of membranous structures of hepatocytes. Administration GSP solution to rats lead to the decrease in the severity and extension of hepatocyte dystrophic changes, reduction in the extent of mononuclear cell infiltration and venous hyperemia of the liver, associated with the activation of its reparative regeneration. Thus, the replenishment of glutathione deficiency inhibited the phenomenon of hypoxia, decreased the degree of lipid peroxidation of liver membranous structures and reduced the severity of destructive processes developing in it.

Using histological, morphometric and immunohistochemical methods, the correlation between the degree of development of the microcirculatory bed and the level of cell proliferative activity was studied in the healing zone of rat full-layer surgical skin wound. The comparison was made between the results obtained during spontaneous course of the reparative process (control group, n = 20) and under the conditions of angiogenesis stimulation by twofold paravulnary injection of 0.1 ml of Neovasculgene pCMV-VEGF165 plasmid encoding endothelial vascular growth factor (experimental group, n = 20). Morphometric analysis of the material obtained on Days 7, 14 and 21 showed that the number of blood vessels in the newly formed granulation tissue in the experimental group was 1.9 times higher than in the control. Immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated the concentration of proliferative processes in the perivascular zone, especially in animals with stimulated angiogenesis. The use of Neovasculgene resulted in the formation of the denser network of microvessels, the increased cell proliferation, the reduction of overall healing times and the formation of organospecific regenerate.

Using the histological techniques, computer morphometry and statistical analysis, age changes of prefrontal cortex thickness (PCT) were studied in the apical portions of gyri in areas 8, 10, 44, 45 and 32/10 in left human cerebral hemispheres of 121 individual aged from birth to 20 years with annual intervals. It was found that in the newborns PCT was the greatest in areas 10 and 44 and the smallest - in 45. From birth up to 20 years the greatest velocity of PCT growth was observed in areas 10 and 45, and the smallest - in area 44. The significant increase in PCT average group values was observed during the 1st year of life in all the areas explored, by 2 years - in areas 10 and 45, by 3 years - in areas 8, 32/10, and 44, by 6 years- in areas 8, 10 and 45, by 7 years - in areas 32/10 and 44. The tendency for PCT increase at the superior lateral surface of a frontal lobe until 10-12 years was demonstrated. The results obtained demonstrate that if PCT is used as a diagnostic parameter or a functionally significant marker during the study of brain in children and teenagers, it is necessary to take into consideration the age-related peculiarities of its increase as well as specificity of rate of its development in various cortical fields.

In 82 patients with acute and chronic calculous cholecystitis, the analysis of the results of laparoscoscopic studies of the organs and structures of the upper abdomen was performed, depending on the spatial orientation of the diagnostic laparoscope. It was found that for the optimal visualization of these structures and organs, the angle of the laparoscope insertion in relation to the anterior abdominal wall should be 45degrees, which is recommended to take into consideration during laparoscopic cholecystectomy