The relationship between etiologic factors causing croupous and focal pneumonias is given, primary and secondary pneumonias are correlated. The schematic-algorithm allowing to perform the early etiologic diagnosis of the disease without immediate laboratory investigations is developed.

The results of the study of semiotics of acute pneumonias as compared with tuberculosis, pulmonary cancer and some other pulmonary diseases are given. The solution support system HELPER is developed allowing not only to perform the clinical examination of patients and to create the differentially diagnostic group of diagnoses but to make data base of patients and to define the differentially diagnostic characteristics for any pair of diseases or syndromes.

The results of observations of 1196 patients being first ill with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis are analysed. By quantitative and qualitative characteristics of destructive pulmonary process, 5 categories are revealed differing widely in rate and terms of the decay cavities close and results by the action of chemotherapy. pulmonary tuberculosis with minimum destruction, bounded destructive, tuberculomas with decay and fibrocavernous pulmonary tuberculosis. The necessity to develop the differenciated therapy methods of destructive pulmonary tuberculosis depending on its quantitative and qualitative characteristics is stressed.

The results of immunocorrecting therapy by cytomedines in infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic obstructive bronchitis and their combination are analysed. The high clinical efficacy of cytomedines in infiltrative tuberculosis is shown: in patients the terms of intoxication abolition, infiltration resolution of pulmonary tissue, decay cavities close decrease, the activity of antiinfectious protection simultaneously increases. In chronic obstructive bronchitis especially in combination with tuberculosis the efficacy of one course of the therapy by cytomedines is considerably lower, which is explained by more pronounced disorders of immune status of such patients.

The prophylaxis method of postoperative mediastinitis after median sternotomy by the. block method of the basic parasternal neurovescular fascicles is described. The results obtained are analysed in 52 patients, of which 22 patients form the control group. The new method developed is a simple but effective method of postoperative mediastinitis prophylaxis and is favourable for the best healing of the sternotomie wound and decrease of the pain syndrome.

The results of immunologic examination of 68 patients with different types of pathology are presented. The immunologic deficiency is revealed in 40—50% of the cases. The seances of autotransfusion of the blood irradiated on the «Nadezhda-100» device promote the normalization of the changed immune status in patients of these categories.

The efficacy of intravenous laserotherapy in 850 patients with various clinical forms of ischemic heart disease including 349 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease, treated by means of helium-neon irradiation, α-tocopherol, solcoseril and mildronat, is studied. Faster reverse development of the pain syndrome, high readaptation to physical loads are detected in patients treated with intravenous laserotnerapy and α-tocopherol, intravenous laserotherapy, α-tocopherol and seril. The pronounced antiarrhythmic effect is observed in the group treated with solcoseril. The necessity of the medicamental «cover» of laserotherapy in patients with ischemic heart disease especially in an increase of exposition and power of the light flow of helium-neon laser, as well as the dynamic control of parameters of coagulation, hemostasis, microcirculation and peroxide oxidation of lipoids is emphasized.

The results of the dynamic investigation of microcirculation and peripheric hemodynamics in patients with sclerodermia systematica using rheovasography, ultrasonic dopplerography, heat vision, electric thermometry, conjunctival biomicroscopy, capillaroscopy are given. The reliability of microhemocirculation disorder in the given disease and utility of the objective investigation methods for the prediction and study of the treatment efficacy are shown. Helium-neon laser irradiation prescribed in the optimum selected dosage with regard to the disease variant and blood flow disorder extent gives the reliable improvement of microhemocirculation over a long period of time and results in the process stabilization.

As many as 50 healthy pregnant women to study the mathematical characteristics in-at terms from 30 to 40 weeks are examined formation of the cardiac rhythm. The deviations of all cardiac rhythm indices from the norm suggesting the increase of the sympathetic part tension of the vegetative nervous system are revealed, and the regulation systems state in pregnant women organism is close to the adaptation disturbance.

The estimation of the effect of the associated efferent therapy (hemosorption and plasmapheresis) on the characteristics of clinico-laboratory activity of the disease and results of dynamic gamma-scintimetry in 35 patients with rheumatoid arthritis is given. The application of the efferent therapy involves the pronounced clinical effect and is accompanied by the positive dynamics of indices of joints radiometry. The increase of the objectivity of the guantitative estimation of the inflammatory process dynamics in the damaged joints is shown.

The peculiarities of the function of individual links of the hemostasis system in workers of watch and expeditionary-watch teams are studied. It is established that watch and expeditionary-watch methods of labour activity cause identical changes in the hemostasis system characterized by strengthening the procoagulant blood activity, exhaustion of the anticoagulant possibilities and, as a rule, fibrinolysis depression.

The basic data of the course of pregnancy and labor in patients with uterus myoma are given. The high rate of extragenital and genital pathology, complications of pregnancy and labor is revealed in this contingent of pregnants and women in labor. The careful examination of women before pregnancy and in the course of it is necessary to reveal the pathology of genitals and attendant diseases.

The strong data on the diagnostic importance of the determination of the mean mass molecules are given. The concentration test of the mean mass molecules in pregnants with gestoses allows to diagnose the chronic intrauterine intoxication of the fetus, to justify pathogenetically the medical measures aimed at detoxication of the pregnant organism and fetus, to define the neopathologist tactics in the obstetric department and intensive therapy ward of the infantile department

On the model of guinea-pigs sensitized by biomass and allergen from the alternaria tenuis mould, the comparative study of immunologic response to the injection of these drugs is performed. In morphologic study of immunocompetent organs of animals the lack of distinctions of the immunomorphologic response in nature and terms of development to purified allergen and mould mass, suggesting the similarity og their immunologically active components, is shown.

To date, it can be considered an established fact that modern anti-atherosclerotic therapy can affect the anatomical severity of atherosclerosis. In the treatment of atherosclerosis, two main approaches are used: treatment aimed at regression of an already existing disease, and treatment with the aim of delaying its development in individuals predisposed to it. Hyperlipidemia is generally recognized as the most significant risk factor and marker for the prevalence of atherosclerosis [9, 22, 26]. The results of the six largest studies on primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis in individuals with hyperlipidemia show that both approaches reduce morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease (Table 1).

The origins of chronic nonspecific lung diseases are diseases of the respiratory system suffered in childhood and adolescence. When developing measures to improve and prevent diseases of the bronchopulmonary system in adolescents, data on its functional state are needed.

Thoracoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic method has recently become increasingly important. At the same time, we did not find in the available literature a description of the technique of thoracoscopy undertaken for pathological formations of the mediastinum.

The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), in particular myocardial infarction (MI), among young women (up to 39 years old) has ceased to be a rarity in our region. Although symptoms of the disease in women appear 10 years later than in men, their mortality between the ages of 30 and 39 from coronary artery disease is in second place after breast cancer. Moreover, in women, 67% of all cases of sudden death in history do not have symptoms of coronary artery disease. In the development of coronary artery disease, in addition to common risk factors for men and women (smoking, arterial hypertension, dyslipoproteinemia, obesity), there are purely female risk factors - taking hormonal contraceptives, menopause, hormonal levels after menopause. The combination of smoking and the use of hormonal birth control pills increases the risk of acute MI in young women by a factor of three. We should not forget about this fact: in the first year after myocardial infarction, 39% of women and 31% of men die.

We have some experience in the successful treatment of cardiac injuries. So, over the past 5 years, we have performed four successful operations for heart injuries.

In 1989-1992 in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, medical institutions of the Republic of Mari El made the transition to new business conditions. During the implementation of the Regulations on the new economic mechanism, the principles of pricing and recommendations for calculating tariffs for medical services, the conditions for budget financing of healthcare institutions in cities and districts according to differentiated gender and age standards, the system of payment by central district hospitals for consultative and diagnostic care to patients in republican and Yoshkar-Ola city hospitals and dispensaries.

At present, the possibilities of timely diagnosis of malignant gastric lymphomas have increased significantly, which is explained by advances in the practice of surgical, radiation and drug treatment. It should be taken into account that the prognosis for isolated gastric lymphomas is better than for cancer, and the period of life expectancy after timely treatment is more significant.

The important aspects of the public health state as well as the problems of the public health services of the region are considered. The possible directions of the development of the public health services are well-founded.

From August 21 to August 27, 1994, Kazan hosted the XXVII International Ampère Congress dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the phenomenon of electron paramagnetic resonance by Evgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky at Kazan University. This discovery is one of the outstanding achievements of the 20th century: it determined the development of a separate field of physical science - magnetic radio spectroscopy, associated with the names of S. Altshuler, B. Kozyrev, B. Blipi, A. Abraham, V. Voevodsky, K. Hausser, N. Wolf, K. Hutchinson, S. Weissman, D. Hyde and others.