By the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of September 22, 1977 "0 measures to further improve public health" outlined a broad program of measures to improve the health of the population of our country.

The results of a clinical examination of more than 300 patients with impaired venous circulation in the kidney are summarized.

In the fifties of this century, when urologists began to study in detail the problem of pyelorenal refluxes, the predominant affection by some pathological processes of the upper papillary-calyx segment of the kidney was noted, as well as the more frequent localization of congenital diseases in it.

The experience of surgical treatment by the method of V.M.Derzhavin of 27 children who suffered from urinary incontinence due to severe epispadias was generalized. Long-term outcomes were studied in terms of 1 to 5 years. Good and satisfactory results were obtained in 90% of those operated.

The analysis of clinical observations of 16 patients with local circulatory disorders in the kidney, 14 of whom had severe arterial hypertension, was carried out. In 10 patients, various forms of renal blood circulation anomalies were found. The most useful information in the examination of these patients is provided by a comprehensive angiographic study. The signs of local pyelonephritis revealed with its help, as well as severe proliferative-sclerotic changes in this zone, confirmed by morphological data, make it possible to consider kidney resection as the operation of choice in the treatment of these patients.

For the early diagnosis of malignant kidney tumors, a comprehensive examination using clinical, laboratory, radiological X-ray methods is necessary. Treatment of kidney cancer is predominantly surgical; recently, there have been attempts at combination therapy.

A comparative assessment of puncture biopsy and transurethral electroresection in the diagnosis of prostate cancer is presented. As a result of puncture biopsy, prostate cancer was detected in 81 out of 125 patients (64.8%), through transurethral electroresection - in 118 out of 137 (86.1%). After transurethral electroresection, satisfactory passage of urine from the bladder was restored in all patients. Transurethral electroresection is a valuable method for diagnosing prostate cancer.

It was found that relapses of nephroureterolithiasis often occur after combined operations and pyelolithotomy. Predisposing factors are chronic pyelonephritis and impaired urodynamics. With the lengthening of the observation period (more than 10 years), the frequency of disease relapses increases. Long-term medical examination is recommended.

The causes of death in urological diseases were analyzed based on the materials of the clinic for 19 years. The highest mortality rate was in the age group over 60. With tumors of the urinary bladder, the mortality rate was 15.2%, with kidney tumors - 8.9%, prostate adenoma - 6.5%, urolithiasis - 2.6%. The main causes of death in urological diseases are uremia, pulmonary embolism and urosepsis.

In 10 patients aged 48 to 70 years with post-inflammatory strictures of the urethra with a length of 12 to 16 cm, 3-4-stage surgical treatment was used, consisting of a combination of the Michalovsky method (for the penile urethra), with Johansen's operation (for other departments).  Long-term results were verified after 1-4 years. Urination was restored in all patients.

The experience of treating 157 patients with severe forms of acute renal failure after various surgical interventions (operations on the heart, lungs, stomach, organs of the urinary system, etc.) is generalized. Treatment of patients should be carried out in specialized centers, which makes it possible to significantly improve its results.

In the clinic of prostate adenoma, the leading importance belongs to the violation of the patency of the vesicourethral segment, discoordination of the detrusor activity and the resistance of the sphincters and urethra. The most important additional factors are the addition of infection and repercussion from the upper urinary tract, the inflammatory process that occurs in the tissue of the adenoma.

In the occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux in children, the main role is played by infection and anomalies of the ureteral orifices. Various clinical manifestations of this pathology force all children with dysuria, enuresis, abdominal pain, and episodic fever to be subjected to X-ray urological examination. Vesicoureteral reflux of 1-2, and sometimes even the 3rd degree responds well to conservative treatment with antibacterial drugs using local intravesical procedures. Anti-reflux operative The allowance is mainly required for 3, 4 and 5 degrees of vesicoureteral reflux.

In 32 out of 49 patients with bladder tumors, a decrease in immunity was revealed, more pronounced in patients with tumors at the T4 stage. In 12 patients, nonspecific immunostimulation with BCG vaccine was carried out 12-30 days before chemoradiation treatment. Due to this, in 6 of them, the level of the nonspecific immune system slightly increased and the immunosuppressive effect of chemoradiation therapy decreased. 5 patients with advanced stages of bladder cancer received nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG vaccine according to Toris. 2 of them showed subjective, and 1 - objective improvement. The results of the study give reason to consider the use of immunostimulation in the complex treatment of patients with bladder cancer advisable. Further development of indications and schemes of immunotherapy in patients with advanced stages of the disease is required.

Urological emergency options for acute spinal cord injuries are recommended. Tactical and technical errors of urgent therapy are considered.

Two groups of patients operated on under neuroleptic narcosis for prostate adenoma were examined. In the first group (78 patients), the surgical blood loss was compensated with an equal volume of homologous blood, in the second (66 patients), the surgical intervention was performed under conditions of acute normovolemic hemodilution. In patients of the 2nd group, a significantly more pronounced improvement in the indicators of central hemodynamics in the postoperative period and an increase in myocardial contractility with minimal energy consumption were stated.

In the recognition of chronic pyelonephritis in patients with an intestinal urinary reservoir, urine tests for active leukocytes and leukocyturia. the bacterial number, as well as the determination of the concentration capacity of the kidneys according to the Zimnitsky test, are not of great practical importance. Diagnostics should be based primarily on the data of radioisotope studies and X-ray teleuroscopy, since the inclusion of an intestinal graft in the urinary system limits the possibility of using conventional methods.

To prevent urinary tract infection and accelerate the recovery of the function of the bladder after operations on the pelvic organs for cancer, 32 patients were treated with rhythmic flow irrigation of the urinary bladder with furacillin solution using the Monroe system. None of the patients developed a urinary tract infection, and the function of the bladder was restored in a short time. In 3 patients, flow-through irrigation was undertaken for therapeutic purposes - a good result was achieved.

The clinical manifestations of HL PS were studied in 1887 patients - 1717 men and 170 women. A mild form of the disease was diagnosed in 33.6% of patients, moderate - in 46.8%, severe - in 17.3%, extremely severe with a lethal outcome - in 2.3%.

The results of examination of 112 young children with various forms of rickets are presented. D-vitamin deficiency is not the only cause of rickets in young children; signs of rickets can also develop with impaired transport of phosphates or metabolism of vitamin D