The beginning of the current century must be marked, among other things, by the introduction of new weapons into the practice of warfare, which differed sharply from the previously known types of the latter. The peculiarity of the old weapons was that they caused bleeding, from which the fighters died. The new weapons do not damage blood vessels, they make the war less bloody, which is why one would think that they act more humanely. In fact, however, this is far from the case - in many ways the new weapons are worse than the old ones. These weapons are the poisonous substances, so widely used in the last war and promising to become even more important in future wars, which is why they are now being given serious attention everywhere.

In recent years, when interest in blood biochemistry has greatly increased, the study of blood Ca content has taken a prominent place. This is quite understandable, as the role and importance of Ca in the animal organism are great and varied. There is not a single organ or cell that does not contain lime. The presence of calcium in the cell nuclei and its necessity for the proper functioning of the cell has been proven. Lime deprivation leads to cell death. A number of changes in the body depend on an imbalance between Ca and K. Kraus and Zondek state that "K and Ca are the two poles between which cell life and function oscillate".

In the present report, we will dwell on the description of several cases of septic heart lesions, in which we used polyvalent anti-streptococcal serum in high doses, and share observations on its action.
If this serum has been successfully used and is used by many people for rye, postpartum fever and some other septic lesions, in endocarditis it is used very rarely, and the available literature data on this subject speak mostly not in favor of such treatment.

Questions about the course of malaria during pregnancy and about the relationship between malaria and pregnancy can be considered more or less studied, but to date there are very few observations as to the effect of malaria on the parturition process. Similarly, the opposite effect of the act of childbirth on the course of malaria disease is almost entirely absent from the literature.

Male mammary gland tumors are very rare. According to Williams' statistics, out of 2,422 cases of mammary gland tumors, 2,397 involved women and only 25 cases involved men. Nussbaum, for 388 cases of removal of neoplasms of the female breast, had the same surgical intervention in men only 11 times. According to Schmidt, out of 150 cases of neoplasms of the breasts at the Czerny clinic, only 1 case involved a man.

For the first time Billroth performed this enormous operation in terms of the size of the injury inflicted in 1889; his patient died, and the case remained undescribed. Then Jaboulay operated on two patients who died in the first days after the operation, and was the first to make a report in the literature on this subject. The first surgeon to perform this operation, for sarcoma of the hip, with a happy immediate outcome, was Girard, whose patient lived six months and died of metastasis in the lungs.

The first reports about postoperative pulmonary complications we find in Gusenbacher and Piеtrzikowsky'oro, who drew attention to the connection between herniotomy for impinged hernias and the pulmonary complications that developed after it.Postoperative pulmonary complications undoubtedly occurred before, but then they were overshadowed by other, more formidable complications - septic ones, which abounded in the pre-antiseptic era. Now the latter have been minimized, but we have inherited the pulmonary complications entirely. They still visit every surgical hospital without exception, and surgeons are still far from being the winners in the fight against them. Only a very few surgeons have not had them in their practice at all.

Sexual dimorphism has been an extremely important and interesting problem of biology for the last 25 years. The discovery by Mac Kleen and Wilson (in 1905 ) of the x-chromosome and the quantitative difference between chromosomes in the egg cell and sperm cell of the bug Anesa tristis, which produce an even or odd combination during copulation and predetermine further development of a female (22 chromosomes) or a male (21 chromosomes), discovery by Wichardt of the possibility to distinguish human blood from that of great apes by cross immunization, as well as male blood from female blood, at a high degree of their dilution, the known difference between male and female blood in the number of red blood cells (Nägeli), their sedimentation (Faerheus) and viscosity (Determan), in Ph and the content of protein and colloidal substances, i.e., in the biochemical composition of blood cells. ie biochemical composition, as well as the total amount of blood (Rattman) - all these facts confirm that the male body is biologically sharply different from the female. At the same time, works of recent years in the field of endocrinology definitely indicate that the marked difference depends on the endocrine glands and mainly on the sex glands (Voronov, Steinach, Zavadovsky, etc.), whose hormones enter the blood. The latter, as a transmitter of everything that happens in the body, reflects as a mirror all the smallest changes in it, which is confirmed daily by clinical and experimental evidence. In particular, pregnancy in a woman, causing various changes in the whole organism, among other things, leads to a number of changes in the blood, and among these changes we can expect to find such, which depend on the function of fetal glands.

Pathologically, histologically and genetically, "globular" uterine myomas are currently studied in great detail. Many clinical phenomena observed in myomas, however, require more in-depth study. I will focus readers' attention, for example, on the question of the causal relationship between diseases of the cardiovascular system and uterine myomas, a question to which an extensive literature is devoted, but which, however, has not yet been solved definitively.

In matters of infant nutrition, constitution is a (very essential and generally recognized factor. We know well that by constitution we mean the sum of all its biological properties, i.e. morphological, functional and biochemical, since they are conditioned by the plasma and therefore have a hereditary character. However, it must be remembered that constitution is expressed mainly in the organism's ability to respond in one way or another to internal and external stimuli. Thus the state of child development is the result of the summation of two factors - on the one hand germinal rudiments, on the other - the influence of the external environment.

There are borderline areas between the individual areas of various medical disciplines that equally encompass the features of diseases belonging to two or more specialties. In the first place, perhaps, is the area encompassing the oral cavity and pharynx. Almost all specialists are interested in the condition of the latter, noting some or other peculiarities observed here both in terms of visible changes in tissues and in terms of sensitivity, reflexes, etc. If congenital defects or chronic diseases are detected, they are usually referred to a laryngologist, while acute pharyngeal diseases are handled by a pediatrician, internist, surgeon, and other specialists, each with their own approaches and methods of recognition, preventive measures, and therapy. The current status of the pathogenesis of acute pharyngeal disease, due to the wealth of clinical experience, allows, however, to speak of a uniformly rational approach to this kind of suffering.

Data of insurance companies on the incidence of diseases of the insured, of course, do not give such a complete picture of the state of health of this or that occupational group, which we get during a detailed physical examination. Nevertheless, these data, although schematic and incomplete, reflecting the dynamics of diseases, are, in our opinion, quite valuable subsidiary material for the study of occupational disease incidence. This induced us to work on development of Kazan health care workers' morbidity data, covering the period from 1/Х 1925 to 1/Х 1926. While comparing with morbidity of other groups we used tables of Dr. Pleschitzer from his article "General morbidity of insured in Kazan". Kazan" for the same period.

Going in the spring of this year on a scientific trip to Leningrad, I willingly accepted the proposal of Prof. V.S. Gruzdev to get acquainted on site with the Leningrad Radiology Institute and send a description of the latter to the editors of the "Kazan Medical Journal". The purpose of this article is to inform the readers of the latter institute, at least briefly, about the construction and the work of that institute. I want the subscribers of our magazine not only know about the existence of this relatively young institution, but also have some idea of its condition and activities. In compiling this description, I have used partly the data from my personal inspection of the institutions of the Institute and partly the material from the collection published by the latter for the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution, which contains an outline of the Institute's activities over nine years.

At present, quinine, salvarsan, methylene blue, iodine are mainly used for treatment of malaria, and recently there have been reports of magic action of plasmoquine and plasmoquinine. Each of these remedies is used by different authors in different doses and modifications, and each writes about the advantage of his own way of using one or another drug.

After conducting research on 14 chimpanzees, the author was convinced that in the hemagglutination relation the blood of this monkey species has properties inherent to human blood group II, namely, the erythrocytes of chimpanzee blood are agglutinated by human sera of groups III and IV, while the serum of chimp agglutinates red blood globules of groups I and III.

According to Silberberg, the macrophage histiocytic system is completely independent of the myeloid and lymphatic systems. Monocytes, which are direct descendants of histiocytes or represent free histiocytes themselves that have entered the blood, form a third, completely independent form of wandering cells of blood and tissues. They never replace leukocytes or lymphocytes, are much less mobile than the latter, and do not constitute blood cells in the proper sense.

According to Malten's experiments, raw vegetables and fruits are well tolerated and can fully cover the body's need for nutrients; their dietetic value is based on the fact that they are poor in purine substances, table salt and water, rich in vitamins and have an irritating effect on the digestive system, increasing at the same time the metabolism. Therefore, a diet of raw vegetables and fruits can be usefully applied to many patients, especially those suffering from gout and kidney disease, and the most valuable service is rendered by such a diet to patients with hypertension.

O. Reimer finds that the treatment with this paste makes scars from X-ray burns softer, and ulcers that still allow for conservative treatment heal faster than usual.

Having tested various remedies proposed for the treatment of these tumors, Bernhardt found that the best of them was Isaminblau dye, the intravenous injection of which in a considerable percentage of cases leads not only to the halting of tumor progression and elimination of cachexia, but also to the reverse development of neoplasms. The disadvantage of this agent is the blue coloring of the skin caused by it.

The author describes a phenomenon typical for infiltration of pulmonary tissue in contrast to pleural processes - light bronchi against the background of uniformly darkened lung fields. - On a number of very instructive radiographs N. Assmann (ib., H. 3) parses the differential-diagnostic difficulties in analyzing the X-ray picture of bronchocarcinomas, miliary forms of tbc and carcinosis, lymphogranuloma, leukemia and syphilis of the lungs. As pure cases of these diseases are rare, their picture on the X-ray is overlapping, and the diagnosis can be made only on the basis of X-ray and clinical data simultaneously.

According to Deicher's view, scarlatina is caused by the hemolytic streptococcus, due to the absorption of the toxin it produces. In uncomplicated cases, the pathogen does not leave the surface or surface layers of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Perhaps only when infected does it enter the blood, but it quickly disappears from there and only rarely can be found there in the acute stage of the disease. It is probably these streptococci entering the blood which are responsible for the later complications of the disease, as nephritis, glandular disease, etc. The antitoxic anti-scarlatino serum is, in the opinion of the author, a reliable remedy which should be used in all cases of moderate disease.

Wiederburg says that asthma is a disorder of autonomic functions of the respiratory organs, depending 1) on constitutional lability of the autonomic system, 2) on exogenous allergic irritation after previous specific sensitization, 3) on mental influences that disturb the functions of the respiratory organs. Hence, rational therapy of bronchial asthma should be based on somatic and mental desensitization and restoration of normal functions of these organs. In particular it should pursue a) elimination of chronic bronchitis, b) symptomatic treatment of seizures and c) mental influence on the general well-being of the patient.

The authors note that the in vivo diagnosis of coronary thrombosis, described by prof. Obraztsov and Strazhesko. The authors note that in vivo diagnosis of right coronary thrombosis can be differentiated from that of the left coronary artery thrombosis by Prof. Pletnev.

Two cases observed by Umber show that insulin can be used with advantage in diabetics with adrenal gland involvement, and the dosage can be the same as usual, of course, with caution. The essence of the matter is, probably, that hypoglycemia increases adrenaline production.

Р. Heim obtained very good results from intravenous infusions of 40 to 70 cc. 10% Na bicarbonici solution with simultaneous administration of 30-40 gm of soda per os. Already the first infusion leads to reduction of tetanic convulsions, which, however, after 3 - 5 hours return. Repetition of the infusion the next day leads to a more significant improvement, and so on, until, after 3-4 weeks, there is no complete recovery. Out of 6 cases of the author, such an outcome was observed in 5, and only in one case death occurred on the 4th day of the disease.

On the assumption that the pepsin content of gastric juice corresponds to the acidity of the latter, clinicians usually do not examine pepsin, but are satisfied with determining the acidity of the juice. Meanwhile, research has convinced the author that there is no direct correlation between pepsin and acidity in the juice. Usually the amount of pepsin depends on the nature of the food: in particular, it increases with a purely protein food.

M. Saidman on the basis of experimental studies and one clinical case recommends to use in acute and subacute osteomyelitis of tubular bones washing of medullary cavity with weak solutions of rivanol. For this purpose it is necessary to make several (2-5) holes in the tubular bone under local anesthesia and flush the medullary canal under weak pressure, so that infectious agents do not penetrate into the blood through the haversian canals.

G. Rosenow, on the basis of numerous observations, strongly rejects the widespread view that this frequency is insignificant.

According to Sobernheim's data, Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent causative agent of this disease (87.8%); the etiological role of Streptococcus is much more modest (14%). Of the predisposing factors, trauma is especially important. As for the therapy of osteomyelitis, according to Mönner (ibid.), in recent years there has been a tendency to refrain from extensive surgical intervention in favor of conservative methods of treatment. At the same time, the results obtained with the help of vaccine and serotherapy are still unclear.

Chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis of the spine, according to Eletsky, is a rare disease. It affects individuals who have undergone trauma of the spine and at the same time have a staphylococcal focus in the form of a furuncle, abscess, panarization, etc. I and II lumbar vertebrae are usually affected, with slight kyphosis or only flattened lumbar lordosis. The process starts from the periosteum and spreads from there to the vertebral body.

Based on the observation that postoperative pulmonary complications occur more frequently after gastric surgery, and that the microbial flora in the pulmonary secretion is mostly identical to that of the stomach, the authors performed vaccination in 24 cases of gastric ulcer and cancer using the Weill and Dufourt vaccine.

Oberthus, referring to the etiology of gangrene, notes a particular predisposition of the Jewish race to it. Anatomical substrate of gangrene is degenerative changes of arterial walls expressed in destruction of the inner elastic layer and intimal loosening by granulation tissue with subsequent obliteration of the artery, in the absence of any traces of thrombosis. He considers Oppel's theory untenable, because: a) the fact of hyperadrenalineemia in gangrene is not proved (blood of healthy people may have the same vasoconstrictive properties, and gangrene was sometimes observed in people with one adrenal gland); b) blood changes (hyperglycemia, increased number of erythrocytes, etc.) in this disease fluctuate from time to time. ) in this disease fluctuate in the range close to normal and uncharacteristic; c) in the removed adrenal glands are found hypertrophy of the cortical layer, but not of the brain layer, which produces adrenaline.

Б. V. Blok considers subcutaneous injections of pilocarpine (1% solution) in a dose of 1.0 to be the best remedy for postoperative urinary retention.

Magnant, speaking about the treatment of such hernias, distinguishes 1) prophylactic treatment consisting in primary craniectomy to remove fragments, foreign bodies and hematomas and flushing with physiological solution; 2) treatment of the hernia itself. Here the author is a supporter of Leriсhe's method, which consists in releasing the hernial pedicle and hernial base, expanding the bone defect and integrity of the hernial tumor itself.

The author had 75 cases of open fractures, in 15 of which primary amputation was performed due to contusions of the musculoskeletal apparatus and, most importantly, the neurovascular bundle, while in the remaining 60 cases early surgery was performed (within the first 5-6 hours), which consisted of simple repositioning of fragments and blind suture of soft parts after excision of the disarticulated tissues. Where the fragments could not be repositioned, they were connected either by wire or Lambott plates.

Sachs, citing one case of puerperal sepsis of odontogenic origin, strongly advises, in the interest of preventing maternal fever, the treatment of dental disease in pregnant women, especially purulent processes. He also insists that physicians should fight as vigorously as possible against the popular belief that teeth should not be treated during pregnancy.

Zieler arrives at the following points on this subject: 1) Local treatment of the cervical canal, resp. uterus, after the first acute phenomena have passed, is the most expedient way to achieve the cure of the disease with the avoidance of complications. (2) A necessary condition for this is rest of the internal organs, achieved by the administration of atropine or papaverine. (3) Of the various methods of irritant therapy, only the use of the gonococcal vaccine is of known value, as an auxiliary method. (4) During menses, as well as immediately before and after them, all treatment must be interrupted, including the use of agents acting on the general condition, if they cause fever.

On the basis of his experiments, Philipp was convinced that the placenta is impenetrable for trypanosomes, but for spirochaetes it is passable in both animals and humans, and spirochaetes penetrate the placenta even in cases where it apparently does not present any histological changes.

Gauss speaks with great praise of this method of examination, by means of which the presence of fetal remains in the uterus, uterine polyps and uterine body cancer can be recognized, the cause of uterine bleeding and the course of the reverse development of the puerperal uterus can be diagnosed. It is possible, then, that with this method gynecologists will be able to inspect uterine tubal mouths, probe and catheterize the canals of the latter. Hysteroscopy is contraindicated in pregnancy, infectious diseases of the genital tract and diseases of the appendages. Its performance requires strict adherence to the rules of asepsis.

As is known, for this purpose gynecologists use mainly two methods - the Baldwin'a-Mori method, in which the artificial vagina is formed from the small intestine, and the Popov-Schubert method, where the rectum is used to form an artificial sleeve. Each of these methods has its defenders and opponents, for each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. Wishing to combine the advantages of both methods, E. Kugue proposes to form an artificial vagina from flexura sigmoidea, which method was successfully tested by him in 5 cases.

G. Nyström and F. Soderberg observed in a 47-year-old patient, after excision of the pylorus and half of the stomach because of a 12-pericardial ulcer, formation of the same ulcer in the jejunum. After the second operation, excision of almost the whole stomach, there was complete recovery.

Kessler and Lehmann found that the cessation of ovarian activity immediately leads to a decrease in the glycogen content of the sleeve mucosa and deterioration of the sleeve flora. On this ground senile colpitis easily develops.

Contrary to the common view that rubella is completely safe, the authors describe one case of rubella with a fatal outcome and an epidemic of rubella in a village with a population under 1000 people, where out of 100 cases of rubella 2/3 were very easy, but 3 cases were fatal and the rest were accompanied by various degrees of pain.

In an extensive paper, Duken reports on his clinical and experimental studies on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of bronchiectasis in childhood. The experimental part of his work is devoted to the study of bronchial smooth muscle function in guinea pigs and dogs, to which he injected iodipine into the bronchi, followed by X-ray imaging. Using the same technique the author studied the bronchial peristalsis; which is reported by some authors.

An interesting article by Vishnepolsky and Dovgopol, who set out to establish the influence of congenital syphilis on the physical and mental development of 38 children with congenital syphilis, was devoted to this extremely important and comparatively little-studied question. Besides determining the usual dystrophies and anomalies of build in such children, the authors tried to study the state of the nervous system and psycho-nervous constitution, as well as to reveal defects of intellect and emotional-volitional sphere.

According to Kollmann, two groups of causes play a role in the origin of this disease: constitutional and those directly causing the prolapse. It usually occurs in neuropathic children who have increased tendon reflexes, dermographism, symptoms of Schaustek and Aschner, strong nervous excitability, habitual vomiting, pavor nocturnus, etc. Of the anatomical features, the considerable length of the mesentery colonis and s romani, and the indirect direction of the vertebral column favor prolapse. Directly causing prolapse are diarrhea, constipation, severe pressure while urinating, coughing (especially in whooping cough).

G. Wüllenweber reports about 30 cases, mostly tabes'a, treated by this method, and in 82% it was possible to state changes in the composition of cerebrospinal fluid, in 87% - improvement of clinical phenomena. The treatment is admissible only in sturdy patients. The main indication for it are gastric crises and shooting pains in extremities.