Muscle movements are of great importance in the physiological processes of the body. Labor of a worker in a factory, work of a peasant in a field and at home, physical training, and often even different kinds of rest (hunting, boating, skiing, skating, etc.) are connected with more or less tense muscular movements. The study of the effect of the latter on the body is of multifaceted interest: on the one hand, it gives an opportunity to establish the impact of these movements on other physiological processes of the body, and on the other hand - a more objective approach to the scientific organization of labor and physical education. As in our clinic the questions of blood formation and morphological composition of blood are given very significant attention, we used the opportunity to make observations of changes in the morphological composition of blood under the influence of muscular movements.

Not so long ago pulmonary syphilis was a rare finding on the sectional table, nor was it often diagnosed by clinicians. In 1896 Stolper (1896) had 61 cases of visceral lues per 3,000 sections, of which 4 were due to pulmonary syphilis. Сlaytor (1905) did not encounter a single case of pulmonary syphilis in 13,000 autopsies. Symmers (1916) had 0.24% pulmonary syphilis per 4,880 autopsies. Саrraro (1920) found 7.8% pulmonary syphilis in 152 syphilitics (his cases checked microscopically). Finally, Osler (1920) found 12 cases of pulmonary syphilis per 2,800 autopsies.

The world literature counts not more than 4 - 5 hundreds of mesenteric tumors of different character, most of them are cystic and only about one fourth of them are dense tumors. According to Popov's statistics (from the clinic of Prof. Fedorov) the latter have been published in 134 cases only, including malignant tumors in 75 cases, namely sarcomas in 69 cases and cancers in 6 cases. Among benign tumors, fibromas (28 cases), adenomyomas and neuromas (1 case each) are more common here.

Currently, two classifications of lower intestinal tube prolapses have been adopted: the French classification based on the different involvement of the intestinal tube layers in the prolapse, and the German classification based on the topography of the prolapsed parts along the length of the intestinal tube. The first distinguishes 1) prolapsus mucosae recti, 2) prolapsus recti completus, and 3) prolapsus recti invaginati; the second distinguishes 1) prolapsus ani, 2) prolapsus ani et recti, 3) prolapsus recti, and 4) prolapsus recti invaginati.

Several thousand years have passed since the abdominal caesarian operation, known as far back as the ancient Egyptians and included in the legislation of the Romans of the time of kings, began to be used on the dead. More than 300 years have passed since Trautmann, in Wittenberg, first successfully performed it on the living (in 1610). Finally, several decades have passed since when, thanks to the successes of antiseptics and asepsis, this operation, like many others, from almost absolutely lethal has become relatively safe for the mother. Under such conditions and with the truly colossal literature on the question of caesarian section - it would seem that this issue should have long been resolved in every detail, and in it now can not be introduced any more or less major innovations.
However, this is far from being the case: in fact, it is in recent times, over the last 10 to 15 years, that we have found a number of significant changes in this area. One of these changes concerns the scope of the caesarean section and the indications for it. This change is directly related to the outcomes of the operation, both for the fetus and especially for the mother.

The modern medical community attaches great importance to contraception. The reasons for this are: 1) the desire to eliminate the wave of abortion, 2) the desire to enable women to decide the question of maternity themselves, 3) to teach contraception where eugenic and social indications prompt it, etc. At the first meeting of maternity protection workers, the following statement was made: the duty of motherhood, although still considered as a high duty, is not compulsory for women, even if this would be to the disadvantage of the state (Kaplun). Having taken this view, we must take a closer look at existing contraceptives, study them, and recommend those that are most advisable and harmless.

According to the majority of gynecologists, the operation of forming an artificial vagina is now out of the period of discussion of its ethical acceptability. It is true that even now some authors do not recognize its advisability, but they are a significant minority, and statistics currently counting hundreds of such operations with good, in functional terms, results give this operation, with special indications, the full right of citizenship.

Most pediatricians believe that the appropriate way to feed an infant is the one that achieves the health and development of the infant. Despite recent advances in dietetics, natural feeding is the only such method. Only a few authors argue that the same results can be achieved with artificial feeding as with natural feeding, as long as it is used reasonably enough.In the infant, due to the increased growth and low resistance of the young organism, the dependence of the organism on the type of nutrition is most revealed. Every kind of animal has a special milk, and every young animal develops best on the milk of its kind. It depends on both the chemical constituents of milk and its biological characteristics.

The characteristic usually given for cerebral paralysis of facial nerve - affection only of its lower branches and very small participation of the upper branch, explained by Dejerine's bilateral supranuclear innervation of the latter, as more detailed researches of patients show, cannot be considered absolutely true. There are cases presenting retreats where both branches are involved in the lesion. Such cases have given rise to the assumption that the central conductors for the superior branch of n. facialis all the way from the cortex to the nucleus in the brainstem are separated from the conductors for the lower branches.

At the present time there is already a number of works, both laboratory and clinical-experimental, partly appeared in the press, partly reported at congresses and meetings of scientific societies - works performed with stovarsolan Aniltrest, and characterizing preventive and therapeutic value of this drug. Indications for its use are all forms of syphilis, contraindications - decompensated heart defects, nephritis of non-syphilitic origin, serious disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, far advanced pulmonary tbc, severe general exhaustion if not directly caused by syphilis, finally, organic (non-syphilitic) sufferings of the eye and auditory nerves.

Recently after our articles "Paris greens as a means of struggle against larvae of malarial mosquitoes" and "Parisergrün als Anopheles-Larvizid" there appeared 2 articles on the same subject by F. I. Yatsenko, in which the author, considering his experiments in laboratory and natural conditions quite convincing, advises to use Parisergrün instead of oil and kerosene on huge areas (calculations are made on tens!) and suggests that Parisergrün promises to displace all other larvicides. In view of the fact that our experiments published earlier as well as those which we made further do not give us the right to consider Paris greens as an excellent larvicide, we will dwell first on Yatsenko's experiments to clarify whether they really allow to draw conclusions about superiority of greens over kerosene and oil and then we will pass to description of our new experiments which did not give a difference with the previous ones.

Each social system is characterized by a certain level of general and sanitary culture). Historically, development of the latter (population health and its protection) went unevenly for different territories and population groups depending on political and cultural-economic conditions. These stages of sanitary condition, which the population of the Volga-Kama region experienced and the phases of development of health care organization here in different historical periods are still poorly covered in the literature.

In the last 3 - 4 years, the theory of Professor of Kazan Veterinary Institute M.G. Tushnov has been attracting attention. Tushnov about excitatory action on vital activity of organs and tissues of protein products of decay of the same organs and tissues. This doctrine was formulated quite recently - in the February book of the "Kazan Medical Journal" of this year, when sufficiently accumulated material allowed Prof. Tushnov to rely on it.
In view of the fact that the doctrine of Prof. Miyagawa represents a theory almost coinciding with the doctrine of Prof. Tushnov, it is interesting to get acquainted with it - especially since the experimental direction, which Miyagawa gave his thought, somewhat differs from the direction of Tushnov, starting from the same starting point, both authors then diverge under the angle, and one (Tushnov) mainly goes further on physiological line, another (Miuagawa) - mainly on pathological one.

The State Obstetric and Gynaecological Institute for Advanced Medical Training is one of the oldest obstetric institutions in Russia: last year marked the 130th anniversary of its existence. In 1797, in the house of Countess Zubova, a "maternity hospital" for the poor was arranged, along with a maternity school for 22 pupils with a budget of 22,383 rubles. The first director of the hospital was Morengeim, and the professor of the maternity school was Beck, who lectured in German. In this more than modest institution in 1798 were authorized 22 women in childbirth, and then during the first 10 years on average annually allowed 30 women in childbirth. The grain thus thrown did not die, but grew into a mighty, multi-branched tree. In 1835, according to Gruber's design, a polyclinic was established at the Institute, and in 1844 an infirmary with 6 beds, which was the germ of the clinic at the recently established Department of Postpartum Diseases. At the head of the Institute stood the major obstetricians of their time, such as Hugenberger, Ettlinger and Balandin, who introduced from 1874 antiseptic and disinfection in childbirth (with soap and carbolic acid).

The authors tend to think that the endocrine ovarian function does not diminish even in menopause. As proof they refer to the fact that intensive ovarian roentgenation in menopausal women often causes sub- and ob-jective changes, which can be regarded as castration disorders.

The posterior pituitary lobe normally consists not only of nervous tissue, but also contains at all ages glandular components. In children under 4 years of age, we find here abundant tubular branching glands lying usually in the anterior and lateral segments of the posterior lobe, as well as in the vicinity of the pituitary stalk. The cells of the glands contain colloidal masses showing the same attitude to dyes as those in the conduit passages and formations lying between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland.

As is known, the cellular infiltrate obtained in the rabbit cornea consists exclusively of small pseudo-eosinophilic multinucleated cells, sharply different from human leukocytes. With this in mind, the author implanted pieces of rabbit cornea under the skin of the human shoulder. Studying, then, these sections in a series of slices, he never encountered a single human leukocyte in the corneal infiltrate, but only pseudo-eosinophilic histiocytes. Hence the author sees in the corneal cell infiltration an exclusively histiocytic reaction.

The authors applied in 20 rusty patients prickings with antivirus in the following form: a solution of Bezredek antivirus was sterilely filled into a 1-g syringe and a thin needle was injected at a distance of 8-10 centimeters from the edge of the rust process in an amount of 0.1 cc intradermal - until a small white papule appeared, ¹/₂ - centimeter in diameter; such injections were made around the whole rust affected place, at a distance of 1 centimeter from each other. In 15 cases the local process was abruptly interrupted by such treatment, the redness did not go beyond the line of injections, the temperature dropped the next day, and the general condition improved. Only in cases of septic rye did antiviral injections prove to be ineffective.

Observations convinced the author that monocytes can be vectors of a problematic tumor agent. He found that monocytes alone, extracted from the blood of diseased chickens, were sufficient for successful transfer of chicken sarcoma.

Based on his experiments carried out with pyogenic staphylococci cultured in surgical staphylomycoses the author considers the best ways to determine the virulence of these microbes from enzymatic reactions - plasma coagulation, gemolysis and gelatin liquefaction, from biological - the method of intradermal reaction in rabbits and guinea pigs owned by Dold. These reactions most coincide with the clinical pathogenicity of staphylococci and allow to establish their virulence in a relatively short time.

In the author's opinion skin and tongue keloidosis, chalikosis and antrakochalikosis of lungs and callous ulcer of stomach are manifestations of the same peculiar connective tissue disease, to which S. gives the name of keloidosis. The essence of this disease consists in development of granulation tissue rich in fibroblasts, but poor in blood vessels, which then forms hyaline nodules ("nodose keloidosis"), or hyaline bands ("diffuse keloidosis"). The cause of keloidosis lies in any irritations of the physical and chemical nature; but in addition to this a congenital predisposition of the connective tissue is also necessary for the development of this disease.

According to Moynihan, primary infection of the gallbladder is rare, but secondary infection is more common, and its pathways to the gallbladder are different: a) through blood in general (in cases of septicemia); b) through veins; c) through lymphatic vessels; d) through bile; e) through the portal vein.

The authors, pointing out that calcium chloride was first proposed for the treatment of articular rheumatism by the Russian author (Rosen), report 28 cases of articular tbc treated with calcium chloride and ultraviolet rays with good results: patients had weight gain up to 9 kg, improvement of general condition, reduction of fistula suppuration and their closure.

Despite a well-developed clinic of artificial pneumothorax, we still do not have a definite and unanimous opinion on the duration of gas bladder maintenance. Meanwhile, this issue is extremely important, because the lung parenchyma suffers from prolonged compression.

The primary tbc lesion is localized mostly in the lungs, but not in the apices, as it was thought before, but in the marginal parts of the middle and lower lung fields. From here the infection spreads to the regional glands, and these glandular foci instead of the primary foci in the lungs form the so-called primary complex, which we still clinically are not able to recognize. With further spread of the process there comes a period of generalization: spreading along the lymphatic tracts, the infection affects distant glands, enters the blood and gives gematogenous metastases in various organs.

The authors were convinced that slow injection of 70-100 cbm of normal or ¹/₃-normal solution, phosphate (13.5% NaH₂P0₄, or 11.9, or 35.8% Na₂HPO₄) into a vein acts favorably in this symptom complex (10 in 11 cases). Especially in case of cerebral basis of disorder by this method it is possible to cut it off for 1-4 hours. The active ingredient here is the phosphoric acid ion. At the same time it is necessary to take measures against cardiac weakness.

One of the best ways to treat this disease the author considers X-rays. It would, however, be a mistake to think that all other therapies are excluded in this case - along with roentgenization, surgical treatment retains its raison d'êetre. Since tbc, then, is usually not only a local disease, but also a general disease, methods aimed at the general strengthening of the whole organism must be applied here as well.

Veilchenblau successfully uses in such cases intravenous injection of 50% cacodylated sodium solution in increasing and then decreasing batches, from 1 to 5 cc, at intervals of 3 days.

Н. Schlesinger considers a systolic murmur on the aorta, intensification of the 2nd aortic tone at unexcited pressure and peculiar pain sensations as the main signs of the disease. Fluoroscopy reveals dilation of the ascending aorta. The Wasserman reaction is positive only in ²/₃ of cases. Prognostically, a distinction must be made between benign and malignant forms. The treatment should be quite satisfactory, if the process is delayed, aneurysm growth is stopped and pain is eliminated.

J. Pal advises in acute hypertension papaverine, benzyl compounds. small intakes of camphor, nitrites, then heat (diathermy, etc.), bloodletting, warm hand and foot baths, stretching limbs. Chloral hydrate is very useful in such cases, but must not be given. Equally, the author does not approve the long-term use of nitrites, as they can have a harmful effect on the vascular wall. Atropine (or novotropine), sometimes together with papaverine, is very effective in chest pains. Morphine, unlike the above remedies, does not eliminate the cause of pain in acute hypertension, but only the pain sensation itself.

The author explains the favorable effect of such a diet not by increasing blood formation, but by reducing the decay of blood cells, and the active ingredient (which is contained, besides liver, also in meat and kidneys) does not directly affect the blood, but specifically on the reticulo-endothelial metabolic apparatus, substances.

Comparative measurements of blood pressure by oscillatory, auscultatory and palpatory methods made by the author on 37 patients led the author to conclude that the blood pressure measured by oscillatory method is 84% higher than the blood pressure in the same individuals measured by the other two methods, and that in 43% the blood pressure measured by auscultatory method is higher than the blood pressure in the same individuals measured by palpatory method.

К. Pur praises this product, which was launched by La Roche about two years ago. It is characterized by its chemical composition as diacetyl-bis-oxyphenyl-isatin. In an alkaline environment, bis-oxyphenyl-isatin detaches from it, which in the colon causes an increase in peristalsis - apparently by direct irritation of the nerve endings of the intestinal wall.

The author considers pyrosis hydrochlorica as the most frequent form, although there are cases of heartburn with reduction, even complete absence of HCl in gastric juice. However, strong acidic juice itself does not yet give chronic heartburn - this requires irritation of the cardiae or lower parts of the esophagus. Therapeutically you have to fight against increased acidity in most cases, first of all with dairy and vegetable food; long term giving of alkalis, on the contrary, is less rational, although you can do without them not always. Symptomatic against heartburn is a mixture of sweet and bitter almonds (3:1) in the form of fine powder, or almond milk.

G. N. Ter-Nersesov reports in detail about 90 cases of echinococcus in the last 15 years. In the Caucasus, echinococcus accounts for 1.2% of all cases. Recognition is mostly provided by intradermal reaction according to Iturrat-Cazoni and x-rays. Of the 210 patients, 74.4% had liver involvement, 6.17% had spleen involvement, 5.7% had muscle involvement, 3.32% had chest involvement, 1.9% had omentum involvement, 1.43% had bowel involvement, 0.95% had abdomen involvement in multiple sites, 0, 95% - liver and spleen together, 0.48% - bronchial glands, prostate, kidneys, chest-abdominal barrier, uterus, brain, thyroid, gallbladder, spinal cord, omentum, bones.

Steinert was convinced that the named reaction not only reveals amyloid degeneration, as such, but also indicates sensitization of the organism to the leukocyte protein and thus the danger of later development of amyloid. Its positive result obliges, in light chronic suppurations with good general condition of patients, to long-term and possibly non-stop removal of pus.

The author considers Staphylococcus as the most frequent causative agent of this disease, Streptococcus occurs much less frequently, and other microbes occur only in exceptional cases. The predisposing moments here are often trauma and infection. The bone marrow is usually infected by blood, but this is not the case, but for the bones the haematogenous route of infection is the rule. The germs originate either from some nest of infection or from the skin and mucous membranes; in this case the infection can remain hidden in the body for longer than is usually thought. Antigen therapy appears here to be scientifically quite reasonable.

Lissmann, after encountering in practice the question about preservation of sexual ability during prostatectomy and not finding an answer to it in the relevant literature, addressed a questionnaire on the subject to 220 urologists and surgeons in Europe and America. After processing the 100 responses, he came to the following conclusions: 1) Libido and functio erigendi are probably not affected by the so-called transmucosal prostatectomy and may even occasionally increase and, if they subside, reappear. 2) The preservation of the potentia generandi depends on the extent to which the genital parts of the posterior urethra are spared during the operation, which is undoubtedly possible. 3) Ejaculation may be destroyed by the operation.

According to P. Rostock, the best results in sarcomas are still achieved by surgery, while x-rays treatment is only acceptable in non-operative cases, as it does not yield more than 3.9% of recoveries.

О. Kraus, being negative to all types of local treatment of rye, praises intramuscular injections of milk (5 cс), deflowered for 10 minutes in a water bath. Already on the 2nd-3rd day of the disease the temperature drops critically or lytically with such treatment, at the same time swelling and redness disappear. Appropriate amounts of anti-diphtheria serum, as the author has seen, are not so favorable. Contraindications to the treatment of rust with milk are pulmonary consumption and recurrent hemorrhages in the stomach.

According to Scheidegger, this embolism occurred in 20,779 operations in 0.69% of all cases, and in ²/₃ of all cases it occurred after operations on the gastrointestinal canal. Cancer appears to be particularly predisposed to embolism. In ²/₃ of all cases, death from pulmonary embolism occurred after operations. where microbes gained access to the wound, only ¹/₃ after aseptic operations. The main source of emboli is the deep veins of the lower extremities, especially the left one; the most frequent time of embolism detection is the third day after surgery.

К. Boshamer deduces from his studies that every ether anesthesia gives a small damage to the liver, which is made very noticeable if the organ has been previously diseased, even if it is latent. Such latent damage to the liver occurs in chronic gallbladder disease, alcoholism, chronic pancreatitis, cancer and chronic diseases. In such cases the named anesthesia should be especially avoided.

According to Gülecke, severe acute cholecystitis and cholangitis, festering in the bladder, dropsy, closure of the common bile duct, colic attacks with pain and on the left side (pancreas), finally chronically returning attacks of bile colic are absolutely indicative of such treatment. At the same time, of course, it is necessary to pay attention to the age and general condition of patients. Severe suffering of heart, lungs, kidneys, diabetes and obesity - contraindicate intervention.

H. Vignes finds that lead-poisoned women often abort or give birth to dead children, and their living children usually die in the first years of life; this rule, however, may allow for exceptions. Therefore the author does not need, furthermore, that women with an abnormal course of pregnancy on account of lead poisoning present severe signs of the latter: sometimes abortions are their only symptom of saturnism.

A study of 700 women with impaired menstrual function (hypomenorrhea) convinced the author that such women are much more likely to have eclampsia, uncontrollable vomiting and other toxicosis, as well as such pregnancy complications as multiple pregnancy, fetal malformations, etc., if they become pregnant.

In recent years, physical therapy and, in particular, light therapy has become widely used in many branches of medicine, especially in gynecology, where the "Ultrasonne" lamp has proven particularly suitable for light therapy purposes. This lamp, specially designed for gynecological purposes, is an arc lamp, which has a funnel-shaped attachment, which serves as a concentrator of rays: the light source is obtained from impregnated metal carbon electrodes with a spectrum similar to the sun.

Fever during labor, depending on the upward spread of infection through the genital canal, should not, according to Siegert, be an indication for operations aimed at hastening the termination of labor: observations show that the use of such operations leads to increased morbidity in the puerperal period. In such cases, it is only necessary to resort to labor-saving operations when there is no hope of spontaneous termination of labor.

Dr. Stimson, in an article on the early diagnosis of measles, points out that most of the known symptoms of the prodromal period, such as exanthema, corneal spots, prodromal rash, etc., appear when the catarrh of the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa is already clearly expressed and when, therefore, the patient has already managed to infect the surrounding children. Therefore the symptom described by the author, which appears about 11 days after infection, even before the appearance of the catarrh, namely about 12 hours after the first rise in body temperature, is of great importance.

In 2 cases of chewing gum (ruminatio) in infants and in one older child, Mansbacher successfully applied the feeding of dense mush without or almost without milk.