On July 21, 1918, the regulations on the health authorities were published. The new People's Commissariat under the leadership of N. A. Semashko brought together the disparate affairs of public health in the old days. Thus the work of Soviet health care from the very beginning took the direction, which was formulated in the program of the All-Union Communist Party: "The basis of its activities in the field of protection of public health the All-Union Communist Party believes in conducting extensive recreational and sanitary measures aimed at preventing diseases", which distinguished it from the work of health care bodies in pre-revolutionary times. Despite extremely limited financial resources, the new People's Commissariat significantly developed the cause of public health, calling to life such sprouts which had previously found no ground for their development.

About work of the digestive apparatus outside the period of digestion we had till 1904 only separate, fragmentary indications (Bruno, Shirokikh, Walter, Cheshkov, Klodnitsky, Katznelson, and only with occurrence of capital research of Prof. V.N.Boldyrev this question became a subject for all-round and wide studying. Periodic activity of the digestive apparatus has been established on many animals, Boldyrev on dogs, Mangold on birds, Boldyrev on chickens, Boldyrev and Shcherbakov on cats and, finally, S. Anichkov on man. According to the assurance of Prof. Boldyrev, such activity is peculiar to all animals.

Biermer's classification of sputum based on its visible macroscopic properties, established back in the 60s, is still the basis of the relevant diagnostic departments. The bacteriological era of the last decades of the 19th century, having put the study of pathogens at the forefront in the study of sputum, has left aside the issue of cytology and chemical properties of the constituent elements of sputum. Whereas even for the district hospital microscopic examination of urine in suspected kidney disease is considered mandatory, and morphological examination of blood in inflammatory diseases is becoming a common laboratory method, cytological examination of sputum even in the clinical setting is still not performed. The reason for this may be seen in the fact that the degenerated form elements of sputum are both more difficult to stain and are distributed unevenly in the smear due to the admixture of large amounts of mucus and albumin; this is not the case with urine and effusions, where the distribution of elements is more even, their degeneration less pronounced, and the above impurities are absent.

Described by R. Fahrаеus and well developed recently RPE does not cease to attract the attention of clinicians as one of the subtle biological reactions. Without going into the history of this reaction, which has been described more than once, we note that its biological basis is still largely unclear to us. Despite the work of a number of researchers, among whom there are world-famous names such as Abderhalden, Michaelis, Rona, Bürker, etc., we still do not have a generally recognized theory explaining all aspects of the phenomenon in question. The most recognized is the colloidal-chemical theory, according to which the acceleration of RPE depends on the increase of positively charged globulins in blood plasma, and the deceleration depends on the increase of negatively charged albumin.

If the first years of our tbc organization went under the sign of rapid and rapid growth, then in the last 2-3 years Soviet medicine has set it a number of specific tasks of in-depth study of the tbc problem as a whole. One of its small parts is a summary of tbc mortality material for our Union. The forthcoming IV Tbc Congress should summarize the work done by the dispensaries in this direction, for on the basis of these figures it will be possible to deploy our anti-tuberculosis construction and accentuate the fight against this social evil where it is particularly prevalent. The favorable figures, i.e. the decrease in the tbc mortality rate in recent years in many cities of the USSR, are especially interesting and important when compared with the state of this issue in the national republics and provinces.

The etiology of malignant anemia is still a mystery. For a long time the disease has been attributed to the presence of the intestinal worm (bothriocephalus latus); observations show, however, that many people carry this worm in their small intestines, while very few people develop pernicious anemia.

The frequent recurrence of hemorrhoids after surgical treatment, on the one hand, and the reluctance of many patients to undergo surgery, on the other hand, lead to the search for non-bloody ways to treat this disease. Of these methods, physiotherapeutic methods (diathermy, electrocoagulation), Boas's method of coagulation injections (alcohol) and the method of fibrous (sclerosing) injections are widespread. The latter method is used mainly in France, and in the hands of Sicard, Gaugier and Bensade it gave very good results. Having acquainted with it for the first time at the beginning of 1926, at the clinic of Bensadey, I widely used it during 2 years, first at the hospital therapeutic clinic of Samara University, then at the hospital of Dorzdrav. The present report is the fruit of 2 years of observation over the results of such treatment.

In my long years of practice I have seen many men, often young men, suffering from complete sexual impotence. They go from one specialist to another and in most cases do not get help. I have not yet seen such patients cured. And the consequences of such illnesses are known to every doctor, and I cannot forget one of my companions, who after marriage, finding himself utterly helpless, began to be treated, achieved nothing and committed suicide, leaving his wife a "virgin". I personally used many ways to treat such patients, sacral injections, bougery, cauterization of seminal tubercle through urethroscope, ligation of vasa deferentia according to Steinach'y, but the results were always deplorable. I even used hypnosis, which for some reason has been taken up lately, as if they had made a discovery. All these methods, however, turned out to be invalid or of little validity.

Currently, the essence of autohemotherapy is explained by most authors as follows: first, blood contains protein bodies and, being administered parenterally, acts as protein therapy; second, it contains substances that excite the sympathetic nervous system (lipoids, salts and products of protein decomposition); third, finally, the blood of the patient contains antigens and antibodies of this infection and the toxicosis caused by it, i.e. specific proteins.

The dangers of general anesthesia, especially chloroform anesthesia, have prompted surgeons in all countries to strive to replace general inhalation anesthesia with safer methods when administering anesthesia during operations. In terms of limiting anesthetic trauma, the ideal method of anesthesia should be one that does not introduce any new damage into the body of the operated person outside the operating field. This requirement determines the very nature of anesthesia as local anesthesia.

Until recently, the question of belonging to blood groups in Landsteiner's sense has interested many authors. A large number of works in this direction has already been accumulated. Beginning with the guiding studies of Dungern and Hirszfeld, Jansk and Moss and ending with the recent works, one can see how medical thought in various countries has done much work to trace the grouping of people by blood according to the topography of examination sites and from this point of view understand the problem of heredity, give certain guidelines for the clinic in blood transfusion, gemotherapy and homoplasty, open new ways of forensic medical examination, etc. A great deal of experience has been gained in this respect. According to Prof. Rubashkin's calculations, 29,000 examinations were carried out by Russian authors alone until 1927.

There is no well-collected material on the incidence of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis among children in the USSR. The most comprehensive monograph by Breitman is more than 20 years old. Judging by anecdotal evidence and the rather large number of papers on the subject, cases of the disease are widespread and frequent, and in recent years small epidemic outbreaks and sporadic cases have been occurring more and more frequently. Over a period of 30 years, according to Prof. Kisel, 80 cases of cerebrospinal meningitis have occurred in the former Olginsky Children's Hospital in Moscow. The clinic of infants of the 2nd M. G. W. (Frishman) counts 35 cases in a shorter period. Our material indicates a higher incidence of the disease in children specifically in recent years, with infants being affected more frequently.

As mentioned above, the Ukrainian Tropical Institute widely uses subcutaneous injections of methylene blue together with quinine in pl. praecox: the lowest recurrence rate is obtained just by this method of treatment. The school of Prof. Kisel, on the contrary, seems to be skeptical about methylene blue; thus, Belyaev in his conclusions states that methylene blue has very little effect on malaria. Prof. Alekseev in his article "To specific treatment of malaria" says that methylene blue apparently acts as a substance that excites defenses, but is not, unlike quinine, a parasiticidal substance; it gives relatively good results for m. quartana.

The increase of venereal diseases in the last decade has naturally disturbed physicians, and many papers on the issue of interest to us have reappeared in the press. The purpose of this review is to trace the authors' views on the curability of gonorrhea, which have existed for decades, and to present the present state of our knowledge on this subject on the basis of the latest literature.

While most hormones are known to cause poisoning in humans and animals in large doses, vitamins, which also show their specific action in the smallest doses, were previously considered quite harmless. Since it has been discovered that vitamin D is nothing more than ergosterol activated by ultraviolet rays, it has been possible to manufacture this vitamin in unlimited large quantities and to check experimentally the question of hypervitaminosis.

The mechanism of the therapeutic action of the mud is still controversial, and some tend to see only the temperature effect. L. Berlin, proving the peculiarities of the therapeutic action of the mud, notes the harmful effect of mud treatment on the kidneys, which does not happen with the use of other thermal procedures, the growth of antibodies in the blood, the effect on metabolism and especially change the morphological composition of the blood.

The authors observed a marked decrease in blood pressure from the light baths. The patients tolerated the baths well.

The author says that this effect is highly complex because of the enormous number of factors involved, many of which cannot be accounted for. The author, giving 12 main theories as to how a carbon dioxide bath can affect the body, arrives at the position that the effect of the bath takes place through the skin.

The author was convinced that in late spring and summer this disease often causes a deterioration of the general condition, a decrease in appetite and efficiency, a decline in mood, etc. Out of 67 cases, he found such deterioration in 25 (including several adults).

There are cases of pain in the region of the pulmonary apex and between the shoulder blades, where x-rays reveal arthritic denticles on the joints of the upper rib ramifications. Since rubbing can sometimes be heard and felt here as well, it is easy to suspect a tubercular process where it does not actually exist.

In case of kidney tuberculosis the Ziehl-Neelssen staining of the sediment gives a positive result in 80%. If the result is negative, stain the preparation in a thick drop with carbolic fuchsin and decolorize with 10% sulfuric acid and an alcohol solution of sodium sulfate.

The generally accepted position that the hemato-encephalic barrier serves as an obstacle for the penetration of antibodies from blood into liquor is true only when the cerebral membranes are unaffected; in acute infections (e.g., artificial recurrence) with irritation of the cerebral membranes the barrier passability of antibodies increases dramatically. In addition, a number of carefully conducted experiments Plant'y managed to prove that by direct introduction of antigen into liquor (for example, by introducing rabbit red blood cells of ram into liquor) in the latter it is possible to cause appearance of antibodies, and thus the nervous system should be looked at as a possible source of production of the latter.

7 cases of medium strength, productive-cirrhotic form of tbc were treated with this diet by R. Müller and he absolutely did not see any difference compared to cases of the same strength, which were on salted food.

E. Hartmann, determining their number in 28 patients by the method of Сhristenson, found that during fever it fell to 60,000-25,000, once even to 14,000, on cessation of fever it rose strongly to a maximum of 840,000 after 3-4 weeks.

In order to transform cold, ischemic inflammatory processes into acute inflammatory processes, Vreden suggests producing mechanical trauma near the tbc focus by injecting a bone graft into the affected epiphysis.

When discussing this question, Oberndorfer cites the opinion of some authors that the frequent use of intravenous infusions is partly to blame. On the other hand, the reason for this is the success of treatment of heart diseases, so that relatively fewer cardiac patients die from heart failure and the organ is kept working longer.

The author puts iodine in the first place among the medicines against sclerosis, and, in contrast to the large doses in which it is used for syphilis, here it is prescribed in small doses.

The author offers the following classification of arterial hypertension: 1) hypertension on toxic ground: a) infectious-toxic (in acute glomerulonephritis, syphilis), b) pure-toxic (in lead poisoning), c) autotoxic (in malignant sclerosis, nephritis of pregnant women); 2) hypertension on reflex ground: a) of central origin (e.g., due to increased brain pressure), b) of peripheral origin, due to increased cerebral pressure), b) of peripheral origin; 3) hypertension of hormonal origin: a) depending directly on adrenal hyperfunction, and b) arising as a consequence of other, secretory disorders with subsequent adrenal dysfunction; 4) hypertension on constitutional grounds, referred to by the author as "constitutional arterial hypertension" in contrast to the former names of "permanent", "essential", or "genuin" hypertension.

According to R. F. Weiss the figures obtained by these three methods differ in general not very much, although still the difference can reach 25 mlm. of mercury. The difference between the oscillatory and ascultatory values is more frequent and greater than the difference between the auscultatory and palpatory values.

The author indicates that injected tetraiodophenolphthalein can give, on radiography, liver shadows. This occurs 2 hours after administration of the solution through the duodenal tube, or 6 hours after administration by mouth.

On the one hand, based on the observations of Danielopolu, who achieved the cessation of pain in chest pains by injecting novocaine into the 2nd and 3rd intercostal nerves on the left side, on the other hand, on the reports of Lemair, who successfully used subcutaneous novocaine injections for visceral pains by injecting a ½% solution of it into the proximal area of these pains, the authors applied this method in 26 cases of various internal organ diseases accompanied by pains.

The author recommends method G. Е. Hein's method consists in smearing the feces on a slide in a thick layer, five times thicker than usual, and drying it in the air, after which it is poured for several hours in cedar oil or Canadian balsam; it becomes lighter, and the eggs are in it (at 50-100 magnification) much faster than in previous preparations containing little feces.

According to the author, pumpkin seeds are a means to expel tapeworms, the fidelity of action is not inferior to the fern, but without the toxic side effect of the latter.

As you know, the latter recommends mixing a few drops of the recipient's blood with chloroform, then after the evaporation of the latter, liquefy the gemolysate with 1-2 drops of 3%-4% Na etrici solution and mix the liquefied gemolysate with a drop of donor blood. If there is no agglutination, the donor is either a blood recipient or blood group 1V(0).

On the basis of experimental and clinical data Dr. S.V. Heinatz was convinced that the blood poured into the abdominal cavity is absorbed mainly through the lymphatic system of the diaphragm. Within 24 hours the absorption of blood usually ends even with large hemorrhages, and the tilted position of the body according to Trendelenburg accelerates the absorption by almost 2 times.

The author cites two cases of removal of foreign bodies and stones from the bladder of women by dissecting the bladder from the vaginal side.

Based on personal clinical observations and literature review, the author concludes that in all cases of tetanus where lumbar or sacral anesthesia was applied, there was destruction of the numbness of the muscles of the lower extremities as well as the abdominal and spinal muscles for several hours, and the patients felt considerable relief.

Using abdominal, sub-thoracic hand massage for 5 minutes, the author managed to eliminate cardiac arrest in 3 cases.

Regarding the method of treating some diseases of the central nervous system by inoculation of relapsing typhus, the author draws attention to the possibility of eye damage in this case, just as it happens in independent typhoidal processes.

Based on the study of 138 surgical patients the author found that this reaction, being an indicator of the degree of intoxication of the organism by the products of inflammatory decay, can play an important role in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases. In the smooth course of the postoperative period the sedimentation reaction is accelerated, especially after laparotomies, which depends on the intensified absorption of wound secretions by peritoneum.

Based on experimental and clinical observations, the authors recommend adding potassium chloride to the novocaine solution to combat the drop in blood pressure and respiratory center paralysis.

Based on clinical observations and anatomical studies, the author believes that only severe, non-therapeutically treatable cases of chest pain should undergo surgical treatment. The main goal of surgery is the elimination of excruciating pain; the pathologically altered heart is not restored.

The author obtained good results from rectal administration, one hour before the expected birth, of 0.05-0.06 grams, per kilogram of weight, of avertin (tribromethyl alcohol). The expulsion period was either completely painless or only mildly painful. About half of the women in labor slept during the pauses between contractions, and many had no recollection of what had happened to them after avertin was injected.

The author suggests injecting a concentrated solution of histamine into the eye or injecting a solution of 1:1000 in 2 divisions for the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion. Without denying the beneficial effect of anterior chamber puncture, optic nerve massage with a tenotomy hook, etc., the author seeks, by the suggested method, without disturbing the integrity of the eye tissues, to cause the active hyperemia required here and affect the collateral circulation through the cilioretinal vessels.

By applying a parenteral injection of 0.5 to 1% sulfur emulsion in olive oil with simultaneous bismuth treatment, the author obtained improvement in 3 of 5 cases of tabetic optic atrophy.

The author suggests injecting a concentrated solution of histamine into the eye or injecting a solution of 1:1000 in 2 divisions for the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion. Without denying the beneficial effect of anterior chamber puncture, optic nerve massage with a tenotomy hook, etc., the author seeks, by the suggested method, without disturbing the integrity of the eye tissues, to cause the active hyperemia required here and affect the collateral circulation through the cilioretinal vessels.

Contrary to many other authors Ed. Martin, based on the material of 120 cases, is very sympathetic about this method of treatment. Maternal mortality in his material was only 1.7%, child mortality 3.3%.

Having studied 11 women before and during the postpartum period, the author concluded that the heart of a woman during the postpartum period performs increased work against the norm, that even during the postpartum period there remains a danger of cardiac complications in cardiac patients, and that medical observation of the latter during the first 4-6 weeks after delivery is as important as observation of them before delivery.

The author reports treatment of 21 cases of glaucoma with this remedy. In 10 cases of glaucoma chron. simplex, in 3-gl. haemorrhagicum and in 3-gl. secund, (in iridocyclitis serosa) the pressure decreased only slightly and for a short time, but in 5 other cases the improvement in this respect was very considerable.

The author found that in this disease there are bony necroses, which do not depend on changes in the skin, but rather are neurogenic, namely, of spinal cord origin. The cure is obtained by illuminating the corresponding segments of the spinal cord.