By its excruciating character, duration of course and accompanying complications, pertussis is one of the severe diseases of the child's body. The difficulty of early diagnosis in the first, catarrhal, most contagious period of infection (according to a number of authors, e.g., Weillé, Combu, Feer, contagiousness in the convulsive period is weaker or absent) and great susceptibility of children to it greatly complicate the fight against this disease. In closed institutions, where a large number of children are in constant and close contact, with the difficulty of isolation, create particularly favorable conditions for the spread of infection, and the more acute is the question of combating it.

The thirty years that have passed since the death of Professor G. A. Zakharyin of Moscow University are a sufficient period for the name of Zakharyin to be considered historical; it is also such in the importance that G. A. It is of such importance in Russian medicine. I, who began my medical work in the clinic of Prof. P.M. Popov, the closest successor of Zakhariyn and his pupil, where the traditions of Zakhariyn's school were especially preserved, should like to dwell on some features of the life and activity of G.A.

The development of the appendix, its anatomical position, histological structure, and its importance in the clinic is still a burning issue, which is why we decided to publish our modest studies in this direction, concentrating exclusively on the topography and microscopic structure of the appendix in human embryos. Before proceeding to the statement of the factual data obtained by us, we will prefer a brief literature review, and we consider it necessary to say in advance that the latter is far from being exhaustive due to the incompleteness of our special library.

The question of the possibility of life-long blood washing, for the first time put forward by Professor I.P. Mikhailovsky in 1914, was actually proved by him in 1924-25 by experiments on dogs poisoned by supralethal doses of morphine injected directly into the blood. At the same time it was found that washing the blood of these animals while alive saved them, while the control dogs, i.e. left to themselves after poisoning with morphine, all died of acute intoxication. These experiments raised a number of very important questions, the experimental elucidation of which was the urgent task of the proposed method, and without a satisfactory solution of which the use of the latter for the purposes of practical medicine was not possible.

In all known cases there was a lesion of the cardiac valve apparatus, most often of the aortic valves, which gave rise to infection of the aortic intima or pulmonary artery and appearance of wartlike exrescences on it similar to wart-like endocarditis. At the same time, in these cases the ductus arteriosus was also affected by the verrucosis process. Only in Roth's case the ulcerative wart-like process developed at the site of the unexpanded ductus arteriosus entering the pulmonary artery with complete integrity of the heart valves.

The symptom described by Guéneau-de-Mussy phrenicus (painfulness under pressure on the sensitive branches of the n. phrenici of the corresponding side) has long been considered pathognomonic for inflammatory processes involving, in respiratory diseases of the corresponding side, the diaphragmatic pleura, and served for differential recognition of these diseases from diseases of the abdominal cavity.

The question about the genesis of hypertension is still very unclear. Every year we meet in the literature revision of this pathological phenomenon and construction of new theories to explain it. It is known that an increase in blood pressure accompanies some diseases: nephritis, lead poisoning, tabetic crises, and in these cases the etiology of hypertension is associated with the nature of these diseases; in essential hypertension the etiology of the increase in blood pressure remains unclear, why exactly these forms of hypertension and cause so much debate.

The brilliant successes of bacteriology at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the current century so overshadowed the purely epidemiological study of infectious diseases that the focus began to be mainly on the bacteriological resolution of questions of an essentially epidemiological nature (the question of transmission, spread and course of infectious diseases). Koch's triad was a purely deductive principle, and the emergence of infectious diseases was postulated by the existence of those or other, but necessarily specific pathogens-discovered, or, due to the imperfection of our technology, not yet discovered. But already in the first decade of the present century individual voices of infectious disease specialists who express doubt as to the correctness of a purely bacteriological approach to the solution of epidemiological questions began to be heard, and the time after the war, which gave a great number of observations of an almost experimental character and precision, made it think that epidemiology could have its own method and experience.

So far it is necessary to admit that the most rational ways of treatment effective for various joint diseases, without distinguishing their etiology and pathogenesis, are methods of physical therapy and first of all treatment at resorts with sulfur baths and muds containing sulfur compounds. It is clear that such treatments can be available for relatively small number of patients and can be carried out only in certain places and at certain times of the year, so that in everyday practice in the vast majority of our Union they are not available in ordinary medical institutions. In the best cases these methods of treatment are replaced by cakes of imported mud or by dry-air and other thermal procedures. In view of the above, the attempt of the French authors to introduce the treatment of joint rheumatic diseases by parenteral administration of sulfur seems to be highly interesting from the practical point of view.

A total of 6 cases of tbc of the male genitalia were observed with us: 1 case of both appendages and 5 cases of testicular involvement, including one case of bilateral involvement. Of these patients, who were admitted to us in a serious condition, three underwent surgery, while the rest were treated conservatively according to Hotz-Grekov; of the last three patients, one was recently operated on at the Provincial Hospital. For all six cases fatal outcome can be noted once, one month after surgery (at home) from lung tbc.

One of the important recent advances in the biological sciences is the teaching of so-called isohemoagglutination, which, as we know, has led to the need to divide people into certain groups. The essence of the isohemoagglutination reaction is that the blood serum of one species of animal glues the erythrocytes of the same species, which depends on the presence in the erythrocytes of agglutinogens (receptors) designated by the letters A and B and in the serum agglutinins designated by the letters a and b. The presence and ratio of agglutinogens and agglutinins determine the blood group identity of an individual.

Even in ancient times, attention was drawn to various abnormal phenomena occurring sub coitu (painful sensations reaching the point of fainting, damage to the genitals, etc.), which were then mainly attributed to the abnormal size of the penis. In the medical literature such cases were first described in 1621 in an article by Plazzonus De partibus generatione inservientibus, which describes a case of formation of recto-intestinal-vaginal fistula on the grounds of sub coitus trauma. Neugebauer was the first in 1899 to collect a casuistry of vaginal injuries sub coitu, with 157 cases. After him, S. Rogov collected 16 such cases, Raspopova-Vinogradova-20 and A. Wert-18 cases.

In this article I will not dwell on a detailed description of all reflexes of the upper limbs. Such work seems unnecessary in view of the fact that the German author Kurt Tiefensee in 1925 in his extensive work entitled "Die Reflexe an den oberen Extremitäten" summed up quite successfully our knowledge in this field, having described and tested on material of the Koenigsberg psychiatric clinic all 20 upper limb reflexes known at that time, and the Russian author, employee of the Kazan psychiatric clinic, gave on pages of Kaz. Med. in 1926 he gave a detailed abstract of Tiefensee's work, thus making the results of his research available to all Russian physicians. Here I will remind readers of the 20 upper limb reflexes described by Tiefensee and then proceed to describe six new upper limb reflexes discovered by various authors in recent years.

The beginning of the study of progressive muscular atrophy dates back to the fifties of the last century, when Duesschenne and Agap described a certain type of muscular atrophy, which for a long time appeared as an independent disease (Duchenne-Agap's progressive muscular atrophy). During the following decades, isolated evasions of this form and isolated cases of muscle atrophy of a different character were described. As a result of these works, Duchenne-Agap's muscular atrophy ceased to exist as a separate disease form, but was only a type of muscular atrophy, also observed in gliomatosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc.

Several years have passed since Bezredko's major works (1921) and the publication of his book "Local Immunization" (1924) (1), during which time much material has accumulated in all specialties, particularly in ophthalmology. During this time experimental and clinical works have multiplied. These data allow us, after summarizing them, to form an impression of the benefit that local vaccine therapy can bring to the treatment of eye diseases. At the same time, the teaching of the antivirus itself has been enriched by a large number of firmly established facts, which we shall briefly describe.

When W. C. Röntgen handed the rays he had discovered "into the hands of doctors" at a historic meeting in Würzburg in 1896, he had no idea what a revolution they would bring about in medicine and would now be extremely surprised that in such a relatively short period of time modern medical radiology covered four major departments: X-ray physics (rsp. technique), X-ray biology, X-ray diagnosis and X-ray therapy. This gift from Röntgen also served as a touchstone for physicians, since the practical application of X-rays in medicine required knowledge of electricity and electrical engineering. The radiologist had to have a clear understanding of topography and anatomy and be familiar with photography.

The author proposes to fill wound cavities resp. fistulous passages with contrast masses, and foreign bodies (drainage tubes, gauze strips) that do not give shadows become visible during fluoroscopy.

According to the author, radium has a specific effect on cancer cell nuclei, causing their pycnosis, nucleus deformation, vacuole formation, nucleus wrinkling and disintegration. The surrounding connective tissue is not involved in the specific changes. L. attributes a very important importance to special spindle-shaped cells (carcinomatogenen Stiftzellen), which penetrate into cancerous masses and disconnect them.

Sweating disorder is determined by placing the palm surface of the terminal phalanx of the patient's finger on a specially prepared lapis-treated piece of paper. In healthy people or in persons with complete cardiac compensation, after a while after contact of the finger with the paper, black specks of silver chloride, formed due to the connection of silver of the paper with sweat chlorides, remain on the latter.

The author gives garlic for hypertension in elderly people in intervals (1-2 weeks) between iodine intakes, but estimates its action only as suggestive. In young people he has never seen from this remedy lowering of pressure, although subjective improvement is always there.

Автор применяет для этой цели наперстянку,—сердце тогда выносит разные вредности заметно лучше. При этом препараты, содержащие и дигитоксины, действуют сильнее, чем освобожденные от него.

Having studied the breath-hold test proposed by Gönczu on 53 patients with heart, kidney and vascular diseases, the author found that establishing the duration of breath-hold is a simple and reliable method of determining the efficiency of the heart.

Summing up the present state of the matter, the author puts the old remedies, namely, iodine salts and smoking remedies, to the fore. The former include potassium iodide and ammonium, given in a solution of 10:150, three times a day by the tablespoon, for months, with breaks every 4th week. The asthma attacks are made less frequent, weaker, and sometimes cease altogether for a long time. The reason for the effect probably lies in improved expectoration, plus perhaps an influence through the thyroid gland.

The technique of recording the venous pulse, according to the author's suggestion, can be simplified and refined by introducing a glass capsule with two hooks, between which a rubber band is put, tied around the examinee through the right clavicle and the left armpit.

For this purpose, the authors recommend injection of emulsion or iodoform suspension in glycerin, olive oil or ether 1:9 into pleural cavity, and injection, in an amount of 1-2 c.c., is done once, at most 2 times. According to the authors' observations with this method, the exudate is resorbed faster than with any other method.

The author was convinced that the strength of silk ligatures decreases considerably when they are boiled in introduction, while during steam sterilization in an autoclave, if the steam is released before the threads are extracted, the silk strength, on the contrary, is not affected, and immersion of silk threads in sterile mineral oil makes them more strong.

The authors found that normal serum contains, on average, 2-3.5 mg.-percent acid-soluble phosphorus and 7-9 mg.-percent organic phosphorus. In the warm season the figures of the former slightly increase.

Its action was studied on patients by M. Kapp, who came to the conclusion that this drug works correctly and is completely nonpoisonous. It is not absorbed by the intestines, and therefore is not excreted by the kidneys, so that the possibility of irritating them is excluded.

According to Воshamer, all ether anesthesia has a known harmful effect on the liver, which is significant in those cases where this organ has been previously affected, even if its disease has remained hidden. In such cases regeneration ability of hepatic parenchyma, apparently, weakens.

On the basis of 650 cases of rectal anesthesia with avertine, the author finds that in healthy internal organs avertine is well tolerated and the better, the older the age. In cachectic patients it is best avoided. Its normal dose is -0.15 per kilogram of weight, but no more than 12.0.

According to the observations of the author between the disease of ascarids and blood eosinophilia, undoubtedly, there is a certain correlation; therefore, after expulsion of ascarids the content of eosinophils usually decreases. The fact that eosinophilia is observed only in half of cases of ascardiosis, the author puts it in a causal connection with constitutional moments.

In the absence of fusion between the costal and pulmonary pleura M. Saidman recommends to achieve formation of such fusion by placing a sponge filling on the rib pleura. By this way the author obtained in dogs dense, persistent fissures between the sponge, pleura and surface of the lung.

In 42 cases of application of hypertonic saline solutions in ileus the author observed an improvement in the general condition of patients and a decrease in postoperative mortality from 50% to 11%. The author suggests that hypertonic saline solutions neutralize toxaemia observed in ileus.

The author cites 74 cases of this disease, of which 35 were observed by the author himself. In terms of long-term results, all these cases can be divided into 2 groups: 1) cases with a good functional effect-58, or 78.4%, and 2) cases where significant limitation of mobility and persistent claudication remained,-16 (21.6%). In addition, 9 of these 16 patients remained suffering from pain, reducing their ability to work.

After examining 112 skulls, the author verified that the distance between the outer edge of the fissurae orbitalis inf. and the tuberculum articulare was 5.7 centimeters, and the distance between the fissura orbitalis inf. and foramen ovale was 5.6 centimeters, i.e. 1 mlm less.

The author while washing his hands with soap drops a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution on them; the resulting foam pushes the germs out of the skin folds and results in sufficient dehydration.

The author recommends the following method of treating this disease: a light bandage of 2 strokes of gauze bandage is applied to the diseased breast to raise and hold it in that position, then either hot compresses or hot-water bottles are applied to it at such a temperature as the patient can tolerate. These compresses or hot-water bottles are often changed. The pain usually subsides quickly, the t° decreases, and after 1, maximum 3 days, the pus opens up.

On the basis of experiments on dogs and cats, the author found that if we separate the caudal part of the pancreas, without violating the integrity of the vessels, and introduce between it and the rest of the pancreatis, in order to avoid the thickening of the omentum, then after this operation develops a sharp hypoglycemia, and the body better tolerates carbohydrates.

During 3 years the author successfully used the following mixture for treatment of cold abscesses: metal iodine 6.0, guaiacol-10.0, chloroform-60.0, almond oil-40.0. The mixture is sterilized and after emptying pus from the abscess is injected into the latter.

The author suggests filling the defect under the cartilage with bone marrow to treat these diseases. For this purpose he opens the medullary cavity of the tibia with two longitudinal, 3 cm. long, and one transverse, 1¹/₂ cm. long, incisions, gently lifts up the bone flap with an elevator so as not to break it, and takes the marrow.

The author suggests the following method of treatment: after a vertical incision running from the cranial process to the lower edge of the m. The author suggests the following method of treatment: after a vertical incision going to the pectoralis majoris (in subjects with a strongly developed musculature this muscle is cut across, in women it is usually enough to move it downwards) the neurovascular bundle is reached and it is carefully taken away to the side. Then the anterior edge of the joint socket is found and an opening is made in its lower part, into which a bone pin taken from the tibia is inserted; if it seems necessary, the joint capsule is sutured with several stitches; then catgut stitches are placed on the muscle and aponeurosis and silk stitches on the skin, and a small swab is placed in the lower edge of the wound. The arm is bandaged to the torso.

General lighting with a quartz lamp, performed twice a week, with the duration of sessions from 3 to 20 minutes, gives an excellent effect in some eye diseases, especially in children. The achieved improvement in the general condition of the patients has a beneficial effect, e.g. on the course of blepharoconjunctivitis and phlyctenulosis keratitis.

The author cites five cases of tabetic optic atrophy, which he treated partly specifically and with nucleic acid sodium, but mainly with injections of flogetan. All cases were followed up for 3-4 years.

The beneficial effect of bee stings in rheumatic diseases gave grounds to prepare (Pollack) apicosan from bees (marketed by Wohlf's laboratory in Bielefeld, in ampoules of 1.0 q.s.). This remedy is used in the form of intermuscular injections in ascending doses, 0.3 to 1.0, every 3 to 4 days. Passow, having tried it in ocular practice, was convinced that it was beneficial in acute and often also in chronic rheumatic iridocyclitis, and also, apparently, in gouty iritis.

The author suggests the following method of treatment: after a vertical incision running from the cranial process to the lower edge of the m. The author suggests the following method of treatment: after a vertical incision going to the pectoralis majoris (in subjects with a strongly developed musculature this muscle is cut across, in women it is usually enough to move it downwards) the neurovascular bundle is reached and it is carefully taken away to the side. Then the anterior edge of the joint socket is found and an opening is made in its lower part, into which a bone pin taken from the tibia is inserted; if it seems necessary, the joint capsule is sutured with several stitches; then catgut stitches are placed on the muscle and aponeurosis and silk stitches on the skin, and a small swab is placed in the lower edge of the wound. The arm is bandaged to the torso.

Based on the histological data of Wehr's work on the pathogenesis of optic atrophy as a degenerative process occurring as a result of desolation of the feeding capillaries, in order to increase blood circulation and elevate nutrition of the optic nerve fibers the author made an experience of treatment of tabetic atrophy by surgical opening of the grid bone and sphenoid sinus with subsequent insertion of swabs changed in adrenaline solution.

Based on 2000 deliveries with 150 narrow pelvis the author comes to the following conclusions: if the labor does not progress after 16 hours of labor and the total number of contractions up to 150, a caesarian section is definitely indicated; if the yawn is partially open and the water has broken away, you can wait up to 24 hours from the beginning of contractions and the total number of contractions is 220.

According to Graves, inadequate outflow of uterine secretions is a predisposing point for the development of uterine cancer. This insufficient outflow of the uterine secretions may be due to constrictions, closure of the lumen, or scarring anywhere along its length. Inflammatory and neoplastic changes are not the cause, but the consequence of stenosis.

The author cytologically examined the contents of the vesicle from the cantharid patch in pregnant women and considers it possible to judge the resistance of the organism by its content of lymphoid elements, which are derivatives of the reticulo-endothelial system. In normal pregnancy the number of lymphocytes is markedly increased.

In the blood of pregnant women circulate specific substances (antigen), which form antibodies against placental proteins, and there is a marked change in the electric charge of the antigen. On this basis, the author advises to prepare an alcoholic extract of placenta, add it to the serum under study and pass an electric current through the mixture, observing then under a microscope the movement of particles to the anode. Without the addition of serum, this rate is 3.2 µ, per second, with the addition of normal serum it is 2.2 µ, and with pregnant serum it is 1.0 µ per second.